Tupí-Guaraní - Factbites

Tupí-Guaraní - Factbites
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Topic: Tupí-Guaraní

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	Guarani
		Tupã y Arasý pusieron a los recién creados frente a ellos, y dijo Arasý: "Mujer, que de mi naciste a mi semejanza, te doy por nombre Sypavé" (es la madre común de la raza americana); y al otro, que era varón, dijo Tupã: "te doy por nombre Rupavé" (el padre común de la raza americana).
		Tupã creó y dejó con ellos a Angatupyry, espíritu del bien, y a Taú, espíritu del mal, que les indicarían el camino que habrían de seguir en la vida.
		Tupã les dio muchos consejos para vivir en amor y procrear pacíficamente, y puso a disposición de ambos todos los seres y productos de la tierra.
	www.galeon.com /diosesgx/aficiones964214.html

	Guaraní: The Language and People
		The language of Guaraní, a language once spoken throughout most of the southern half of the new world by native Americans, now occupies a seat next to Spanish as one of the official languages of Paraguay.
		The Guaraní language is part of the Tupí-Guaraní language family, a family that includes many of the indigenous languages south of the Amazon.
		The language of this time period probably had between 1.5 and 2 million speakers and is often referred to as Indigenous Guaraní (20).
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/Guarani1.html (1424 words)

	Guaraní
		The internal economic organization of the Jesuit missions among the Guarani.
		Guarani Suicide.(pobreza e incertidumbre los lleva tomar el camino fácil.)(TA: poverty and despair lead them to the easy way out.) (Hemisphere)
		The Guaraní language is currently spoken by over 4 million people in Paraguay and in adjacent portions of Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0822020.html (1424 words)

	Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 45, no. 3
		It is shown that the language shift affects the function not only of the shifting language, but also of the target language, as Fulfulde has intruded into more domains of life and functions among the different ethnic groups in the study area.
		Several languages in at least three different subgroups of Tupí-Guaraní have terms for a widespread nondomesticated species of cacao as well as for domesticated cacao that are superficially similar to reconstructed Mesoamerican terms for domesticated cacao.
		While economic, social, political, religious, and contextual factors are identified as some of the causes for the shift, language spread, language endangerment or language decline, additive bilingualism, and code-switching are found to be some of the sociolinguistic implications of the shift.
	www.indiana.edu /~anthling/v45-3.html (1424 words)

	Native American languages -> Languages of South America and the West Indies on Encyclopedia.com 2002
		When more is known about the indigenous South American languages, some of the stocks may turn out to be sufficiently closely related so as to allow linguists to group them together and thus reduce the number of basic stocks.
		A number of languages, the most important of which is Mapuche, make up the Araucanian family, which thrives in Chile and Argentina.
		In the aboriginal period the Cariban languages were important in the West Indies, Brazil, Peru, the Guianas, Venezuela, and Colombia.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/NatvAmlang_LanguagesofSouthAmericaandtheWestIndies.asp (1102 words)

	Guarani -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The aboriginal Guaraní inhabited eastern Paraguay and adjacent areas in Brazil and Argentina.
		It is divided by some scholars into two major divisions: Tupí in eastern Brazil and Guaraní in Paraguay and Argentina.
		In the 14th and 15th centuries some Tupian speakers migrated inland to the Río de la Plata, where they became the Guaraní of Paraguay.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9038310 (1102 words)

	Chef
		Los matacos reconocían 16 clases distintas según sea la especie de abeja que la elabora, la miel de camoatí de los guaraníes, las denominadas por los lule-vilelas: abocots, yalam, ame, qualè, yan, amil, quilili, vacots; con la que preparaban el guarapo (hidromiel).
		Los matacos y congéneres del Chaco Occidental: Mataco-Macca (matacos, chorotìs, ashluslay, maccaès), Matacos (agoyàes, teutas, tayndàes, mataguayos), y los guaranìes (tupì-guaranì).
	www.alimentacion-sana.com.ar /informaciones/Chef/mielargentina.htm (428 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		Chief among these were the "Mobilian" of the Gulf states based upon Choctaw; the "Chinook jargon" of the Columbia and adjacent territories of the Pacific coast, a remarkable conglomerate based upon the extinct Chinook language; and the lingoa geral of Brazil and the Paraná region, based upon Tupí-Guaraní.
		As tabulated by Chamberlain, our most recent authority (South American Linguistic Stocks, 1907), the number of South American linguistic stocks was approximately eighty, as given below, the list being liable to some change with more extended investigation.
		From the same necessity have developed certain notable trade jargons, based upon some dominant language, with incorporations from many others, including European, all smoothed down and assimilated to a common standard.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (428 words)

	Tupinambá on Encyclopedia.com
		At the time of the Spanish conquest (16th cent.), the various groups had migrated through the Amazon basin as far as Bolivia, and lived in settlements consisting of four to eight large communal dwellings, each of which accommodated 100 to 200 people organized into 30 to 60 extended patrilineal families.
		a people living in the eastern lowland area of South America, related to the Tupí of the Rio São Francisco and the Guaraní of Paraguay and adjacent portions of Brazil and Argentina.
		Although the name originally applied to only one out of a number of culturally related native groups, it has been used more inclusively in recent years, to denote the Guaraní, Caeté, Potiguara, and the original Tupinambá.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/T/Tupinamb.asp (425 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		Between the Rio Grande and the Isthmus of Panama was a alrge number of tribes, constituting some twnety-five linguistic stocks, and representing every degree of culture from the lowest savagry to a fairly advanced civilization.
		The communal pueblo structure of the Rio Grande region consisted of a number—sometimes hundreds—of square-built rooms of various sizes, of stone or adobe laid in clay mortar, with flat roof, court-yards, and intricate passage ways, suggestive of oriental things.
		In spite of the exterminating wars of the conquest and the subsequent awful oppression under the slave system, the descendants of the aboriginal races—largely Christianized and assimilated to Spanish forms—still constitute the great bulk of the population between the Rio Grande and the Isthmus.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (10210 words)

	Native American languages -> Languages of South America and the West Indies on Encyclopedia.com 2002
		Tupí serves as a lingua franca for the indigenous population in Brazil.
		In the aboriginal period (before 1500), Arawakan tongues were spoken in the West Indies and S Brazil and along the eastern side of the Andes.
		The Tupian subdivision reaches from the coast of E Brazil along the Amazon River to the Andes.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/NatvAmlang_LanguagesofSouthAmericaandtheWestIndies.asp (10210 words)

	bull-roarer. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The mythology of some Native South Americans (e.g., the Tupí-Guaraní) indicates that women originally controlled such sacred instruments of power as bull-roarers, flutes, or trumpets, but, through some calamity (often involving women’s inability to hunt), lost possession of these instruments to men.
		The control of such instruments legitimizes adult male power.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bu/bullroar.html (235 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		The number of languages and well-marked dialects may well have reached one thousand, constituting some 150 separate linguistic stocks, each stock as distinct from all the others as the Aryan languages are distinct from the Turanian or the Bantu.
		Chief among these were the "Mobilian" of the Gulf states based upon Choctaw; the "Chinook jargon" of the Columbia and adjacent territories of the Pacific coast, a remarkable conglomerate based upon the extinct Chinook language; and the lingoa geral of Brazil and the Paraná region, based upon Tupí-Guaraní.
		For South America, we have the "Catálogo" of Hervas (1784), which covers also the whole field of languages throughout the world; Brinton's work just noted, containing the summary of all known up to that time, and Chamberlain's comprehensive summary, published in 1907.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (235 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		Northward from the Columbia the body was deposited in a canoe raised upon posts, while cave burial reappeared among the Aleut of Alaska, and earth burial among the Eskimo.
		Along the whole north-west coast, from the Columbia to the Eskimo border, the prevailing type was the rectangular board structure, painted with symbolic designs, and with the great totem pole carved with the heraldic crests of the owner, towering above the doorway.
		Chief among these were the "Mobilian" of the Gulf states based upon Choctaw; the "Chinook jargon" of the Columbia and adjacent territories of the Pacific coast, a remarkable conglomerate based upon the extinct Chinook language; and the lingoa geral of Brazil and the Paraná region, based upon Tupí-Guaraní.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (235 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		Chief among these were the "Mobilian" of the Gulf states based upon Choctaw; the "Chinook jargon" of the Columbia and adjacent territories of the Pacific coast, a remarkable conglomerate based upon the extinct Chinook language; and the lingoa geral of Brazil and the Paraná region, based upon Tupí-Guaraní.
		To these must be added the noted "sign language" of the plains, a gesture code, which answered every purpose of ordinary intertribal intercourse from Canada to the Rio Grande.
		From the same necessity have developed certain notable trade jargons, based upon some dominant language, with incorporations from many others, including European, all smoothed down and assimilated to a common standard.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (10210 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		As a rule, the desert Indians, as the Apache, are spare and muscular in build, while those of the timbered regions are heavier, although not proportionately stronger.
		Height and weight vary as among Europeans, the Pueblos averaging but little more than five feet, while the Cheyenne and Arapaho are exceptionally tall, and the Tehuelche of Patagonia almost massive in build.
		To these must be added the noted "sign language" of the plains, a gesture code, which answered every purpose of ordinary intertribal intercourse from Canada to the Rio Grande.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (10210 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		Practically the whole of the West Indies were occupied by tribes of two linguistic stocks, the earlier of the Arawakan origin, the more recent being Cariban invaders from the northern coast of South America.
		As in Europe and Asia, the general movement was from north to south, but the Algonkian ( Ojibwa, etc.) and Siouan ( Sioux, etc.) tribes moved westward from the Atlantic seaboard, while the Muskhogean of the Gulf states had their earlier home west of the Mississippi.
		Chief among these were the "Mobilian" of the Gulf states based upon Choctaw; the "Chinook jargon" of the Columbia and adjacent territories of the Pacific coast, a remarkable conglomerate based upon the extinct Chinook language; and the lingoa geral of Brazil and the Paraná region, based upon Tupí-Guaraní.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (10210 words)

	Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 45, no. 3
		Several languages in at least three different subgroups of Tupí-Guaraní have terms for a widespread nondomesticated species of cacao as well as for domesticated cacao that are superficially similar to reconstructed Mesoamerican terms for domesticated cacao.
		It is shown that the language shift affects the function not only of the shifting language, but also of the target language, as Fulfulde has intruded into more domains of life and functions among the different ethnic groups in the study area.
		While economic, social, political, religious, and contextual factors are identified as some of the causes for the shift, language spread, language endangerment or language decline, additive bilingualism, and code-switching are found to be some of the sociolinguistic implications of the shift.
	www.indiana.edu /~anthling/v45-3.html (736 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		The number of languages and well-marked dialects may well have reached one thousand, constituting some 150 separate linguistic stocks, each stock as distinct from all the others as the Aryan languages are distinct from the Turanian or the Bantu.
		Chief among these were the "Mobilian" of the Gulf states based upon Choctaw; the "Chinook jargon" of the Columbia and adjacent territories of the Pacific coast, a remarkable conglomerate based upon the extinct Chinook language; and the lingoa geral of Brazil and the Paraná region, based upon Tupí-Guaraní.
		For South America, we have the "Catálogo" of Hervas (1784), which covers also the whole field of languages throughout the world; Brinton's work just noted, containing the summary of all known up to that time, and Chamberlain's comprehensive summary, published in 1907.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (736 words)

	Genetic Linguistic Relationships of Proto-Mayan or Where did Nab’ee Maya’ Tziij come from?
		Sapir is quoted by Campbell in The Languages of Native America as saying that "Middle America, in spite of its special cultural position, is distinctly a part of the whole North American linguistic complex and is connected with North America by innumerable threads"(Campbell and Mithun 959).
		Philological studies in hieroglyphics and Mayan languages identify Cholan as the principle language of the older glyphic texts (Campbell 1990).
		Guaraní is a Tupían language spoken in Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Bolivia; Quechua is the most widely spoken Native American language in the Americas.
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/proto-maya.html (736 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		The number of languages and well-marked dialects may well have reached one thousand, constituting some 150 separate linguistic stocks, each stock as distinct from all the others as the Aryan languages are distinct from the Turanian or the Bantu.
		Chief among these were the "Mobilian" of the Gulf states based upon Choctaw; the "Chinook jargon" of the Columbia and adjacent territories of the Pacific coast, a remarkable conglomerate based upon the extinct Chinook language; and the lingoa geral of Brazil and the Paraná region, based upon Tupí-Guaraní.
		For South America, we have the "Catálogo" of Hervas (1784), which covers also the whole field of languages throughout the world; Brinton's work just noted, containing the summary of all known up to that time, and Chamberlain's comprehensive summary, published in 1907.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (736 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		The Nanticoke and Choctaw scraped the flesh from the bones, which were then wrapped in a bundle, and kept in a box within the dwelling.
		Chief among these were the "Mobilian" of the Gulf states based upon Choctaw; the "Chinook jargon" of the Columbia and adjacent territories of the Pacific coast, a remarkable conglomerate based upon the extinct Chinook language; and the lingoa geral of Brazil and the Paraná region, based upon Tupí-Guaraní.
		Tree, scaffold, and cave burial were common on the plains and in the mountains, while cremation was the rule in the arid regions father to the west and south-west.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (10210 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		Chief among these were the "Mobilian" of the Gulf states based upon Choctaw; the "Chinook jargon" of the Columbia and adjacent territories of the Pacific coast, a remarkable conglomerate based upon the extinct Chinook language; and the lingoa geral of Brazil and the Paraná region, based upon Tupí-Guaraní.
		The number of languages and well-marked dialects may well have reached one thousand, constituting some 150 separate linguistic stocks, each stock as distinct from all the others as the Aryan languages are distinct from the Turanian or the Bantu.
		From the same necessity have developed certain notable trade jargons, based upon some dominant language, with incorporations from many others, including European, all smoothed down and assimilated to a common standard.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (10210 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		The number of languages and well-marked dialects may well have reached one thousand, constituting some 150 separate linguistic stocks, each stock as distinct from all the others as the Aryan languages are distinct from the Turanian or the Bantu.
		Chief among these were the "Mobilian" of the Gulf states based upon Choctaw; the "Chinook jargon" of the Columbia and adjacent territories of the Pacific coast, a remarkable conglomerate based upon the extinct Chinook language; and the lingoa geral of Brazil and the Paraná region, based upon Tupí-Guaraní.
		For South America, we have the "Catálogo" of Hervas (1784), which covers also the whole field of languages throughout the world; Brinton's work just noted, containing the summary of all known up to that time, and Chamberlain's comprehensive summary, published in 1907.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (10210 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		The number of languages and well-marked dialects may well have reached one thousand, constituting some 150 separate linguistic stocks, each stock as distinct from all the others as the Aryan languages are distinct from the Turanian or the Bantu.
		Chief among these were the "Mobilian" of the Gulf states based upon Choctaw; the "Chinook jargon" of the Columbia and adjacent territories of the Pacific coast, a remarkable conglomerate based upon the extinct Chinook language; and the lingoa geral of Brazil and the Paraná region, based upon Tupí-Guaraní.
		For South America, we have the "Catálogo" of Hervas (1784), which covers also the whole field of languages throughout the world; Brinton's work just noted, containing the summary of all known up to that time, and Chamberlain's comprehensive summary, published in 1907.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (10210 words)

	Native American languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
		Before the European conquest, Chibchan flourished in the areas now designated as Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.
		When more is known about the indigenous South American languages, some of the stocks may turn out to be sufficiently closely related so as to allow linguists to group them together and thus reduce the number of basic stocks.
		The languages of two South American stocks, Cariban and Chibchan, can also be found in Central America.
	www.bartleby.com /65/na/NatvAmlang.html (10210 words)

	history.html
		The Charrua Indians would prove to be quite resistant to subjugation.
		Early History: Pre-Columbian inhabitants of Uruguay included the Charrúa and the Tupí-Guaran who were thought to have inhabited the region for appoximately 4,000 years prior to Columbus.
	web.pdx.edu /~carlc/uruguay/history.html (10210 words)

	Native American languages -> Languages of South America and the West Indies on Encyclopedia.com 2002
		The principal linguistic groups of South America and the West Indies are usually said to be eight: Chibchan, Cariban, Gê, Quechua, Aymara, Araucanian, Arawakan, and Tupí-Guaraní.
		Quechua (also called Kechua or Quichua), Aymara, and Araucanian are linguistic families assigned to the Andean branch of the larger Andean-Equatorial stock.
		When more is known about the indigenous South American languages, some of the stocks may turn out to be sufficiently closely related so as to allow linguists to group them together and thus reduce the number of basic stocks.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/NatvAmlang_LanguagesofSouthAmericaandtheWestIndies.asp (1102 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: American Indians
		The number of languages and well-marked dialects may well have reached one thousand, constituting some 150 separate linguistic stocks, each stock as distinct from all the others as the Aryan languages are distinct from the Turanian or the Bantu.
		Chief among these were the "Mobilian" of the Gulf states based upon Choctaw; the "Chinook jargon" of the Columbia and adjacent territories of the Pacific coast, a remarkable conglomerate based upon the extinct Chinook language; and the lingoa geral of Brazil and the Paraná region, based upon Tupí-Guaraní.
		For South America, we have the "Catálogo" of Hervas (1784), which covers also the whole field of languages throughout the world; Brinton's work just noted, containing the summary of all known up to that time, and Chamberlain's comprehensive summary, published in 1907.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07747a.htm (1102 words)

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