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Topic: Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement

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Lori Berenson

MRTA

Shining Path

Sendero Luminoso

Tupac Amaru

Congress of Peru

Tupac Amaru II

Alberto Fujimori

ETA

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	Túpac Amaru II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inca Túpac Amaru II Túpac Amaru II (March 19, 1738 Peru – May 1781) was the leader of an indigenous uprising in 1780 against the Spaniards in colonial Peru.
		During the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces (1968-1980), Tupac Amaru was selected by military leaders as the symbolic representation for the ideals behind the Peruvian Revolution.
		The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) is a Peruvian Marxist-Leninist insurgent group, which became known worldwide for their involvement in the Japanese embassy hostage crisis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tupac_Amaru_II (586 words)

	Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
		Tupac Amaru, which is estimated to have between 300 and 600 members, operates mainly in the upper Huallaga Valley, a vast jungle area in eastern Peru controlled by guerrillas and drug traffickers.
		Tupac Amaru was drawn and quartered in the square in Cuzco after leading an anti-Spanish rebellion which almost shook off Spain's domination of a large part of South America.
		Unlike other leaders of Tupac Amaru, who come from the middle class, Cerpa was from a working-class family and was active in the labor movement of the 1970s.
	www.ict.org.il /inter_ter/orgdet.cfm?orgid=42 (1583 words)

	Terrorism: Q & A \| Shining Path, Tupac Amaru (Peru, leftists)
		She was convicted of aiding Tupac Amaru and sentenced to 20 years in prison, where she remains.
		Tupac Amaru, named for an 18th-century rebel leader who fought Spanish colonial control, was founded on many of the communist principles that led to the Cuban revolution.
		Tupac Amaru members, who normally conceal their identities by wearing bandannas, have tried to promote a Robin Hood image of stealing from the rich to help the poor.
	www.terrorismanswers.org /groups/shiningpath_print.html (912 words)

	National Catholic Reporter: Peru crisis underscores poverty, uncertain future - reason for the actions of Tupac Amaru ...
		A nearly vanquished guerrilla group, the Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Amaru, took Peru and the world by surprise last December when in a single military attack it captured a significant portion of Lima's elite and the international diplomatic corps.
		The Tupac Amaru's assault on the Japanese ambassador's residence has reminded Peruvians of its military prowess; but the group's ability to maintain the political space it has gained once the immediate crisis is resolved is highly dubious, given its lack of a popular base of support.
		The Tupac Amaru is seeking to bring attention to the horrors of Peru's prisons.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1141/is_n13_v33/ai_19093769 (1244 words)

	Tupac Amaru rebels may try to break into world of politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		As Tupac Amaru rebels armed with guns and grenades hold hostages in a posh Lima home, trapped by police agents, they too may be maneuvering for a political future.
		The Tupac Amaru rebels lack the romantic image of the Zapatistas, who are led by a pipe-smoking, poetry-writing commander and wield antiquated weapons in their war for social justice.
		There is speculation that Cerpa, the highest ranking Tupac Amaru chief not in jail, gambled the future of the group by personally taking part in the operation.
	www.lubbockonline.com /news/122396/tupac.htm (426 words)

	ipedia.com: Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru (MRTA) is a guerrilla movement in Peru.
		They are named for Tupac Amaru II, an 18th-century rebel leader who was himself named after Tupac Amaru, the last leader of the Incan Empire.
		Traditional Marxist-Leninist revolutionary movement formed in 1983 from remnants of the Movement of the Revolutionary Left, a Peruvian insurgent group active in the 1960s.
	www.ipedia.com /tupac_amaru_revolutionary_movement.html (316 words)

	Peruvian Terrorists?
		Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) rebels in Peru made headlines around the world when they entered the Japanese ambassador's residence during a party disguised as servants carrying caviar and champagne, and proceeded to take hundreds of high level officials hostage.
		Tupac Amaru was an Inca leader who led an anti-colonialist rebellion which almost shook off Spanish domination of a large part of South America before he was caught and drawn and quartered in the square of Cuzco.
		Current demands in the embassy takeover include the release of Tupac Amaru prisoners, over 1,000 of which are now engaged in a hunger strike--somehow coordinating their activities with the outside world.
	www.zmag.org /zmag/articles/feb97peru.html (2382 words)

	CNN - Tupac Amaru -- Peru's smaller guerrilla group - Dec. 18, 1996
		Tupac Amaru, whose ideology is inspired by Fidel Castro's Cuba, most likely never had more than 1,800 members, and is believed to have no more than a few hundred now.
		Tupac Amaru was named for Tupac Amaru II, an indigenous rebel who was executed for an uprising against the Spanish in the 1700s.
		Since then, Tupac Amaru had not been heard from and its members were believed to be in their jungle hideouts.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9612/18/peru.sidebar (265 words)

	Peruvian political flags
		Tupac Amaru (real name José Condorcanqui) was born in Cuzco in 1741, and after some years declared himself an Inca descendent (which is unsure).
		Tupac Amaru II (Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui) claimed to be the descendant of Tupac Amaru I, one of the last Inca emperors.
		Tupac Amaru II reappeared in the 70’s, put forward by the progressist members of the military regime (with socialist tendencies) of general Juan Velasco (1968-1975).
	www.fotw.net /FLAGS/pe}.html (1264 words)

	Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Amaru (MRTA) On Dec. 17, 1996, members of the Peruvian leftist guerrilla Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (in Spanish, Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Amaru [MRTA]) stormed a reception at the Japanese ambassador's residence in Lima, Peru, and took hundreds of hostages.
		The revolutionary movements that arose in Russia in the early 20th century were fostered by centuries of repressive czarist rule.
		Revolutionary movements in China in the early 1900s were rooted in the idea that China had become increasingly weak and needed a radical change to maintain its territorial integrity and national pride.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9313909 (866 words)

	americas.org - Peru’s Tupac Amaru Not Dead Just Yet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A year ago, as the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement planned to capture Congress and carry out a hostage-for-prisoner exchange, police raided the group’s Lima headquarters, killing two rebels and wounding several more.
		The leaders, mostly university intellectuals who believed that a revolutionary vanguard would find support in the population at large, decided that democratic processes were hopelessly blocked.
		When Túpac Amaru confrontations with the military resulted in the deaths and repression of numerous innocent civilians, the group withdrew to organize workers in urban neighborhoods and farmers in rural villages.
	www.americas.org /item_12171 (458 words)

	MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
		Founding Philosophy: The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) is based on Marxist-Leninist revolutionary theory.
		The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement takes great pride in the fact that it is an organization of the people, and strives to connect with peasants, students, and members of trade unions.
		The MRTA is the second-largest Marxist guerrilla movement in recent Peruvian history, following the Shining Path.
	www.tkb.org /Group.jsp?groupID=121 (418 words)

	COURT TV ONLINE - TRIALS
		Berenson is accused of knowingly renting a house in 1995 for use as a hide-out by leftist Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement guerrillas and helping to plot the thwarted Congress takeover in order to exchange hostages for jailed rebels.
		She said she was "indignant" after being held in a cell for days with a Tupac Amaru prisoner suffering from untended gunshot wounds.
		The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, while smaller and far less deadly than Peru's Maoist Shining Path insurgency, is blamed for some 200 deaths since its inception in the early 1980s.
	www.courttv.com /archive/trials/news/0501/08_berenson_ap.html (865 words)

	MTRA Take-Over of Japanese Compound in Peru
		This latest assault by the Amaru guerillas is viewed as a major escalation in their battle with the established government of Peru.
		LIMA, PERU (ENN) - The Tupac Amaru rebels who have taken between 200 and 300 hostages at the residence of the Japanese ambassador threatened to start killing their captives at 1220 EST today if their demands were not met.
		Tupac Amaru lost much of its strength in recent years after most of its leaders and many of its members were captured and
	www.emergency.com /peruhost.htm (2829 words)

	Directory - Society: Issues: Terrorism: Terrorist Organizations: MRTA - Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		AI: Peru Tupac Amaru · Holding of hostages by the Tupac Amaru revolutionary movement condemned by Amnesty International.
		FAS: Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) · cached · Description, activities, strength, area of operation and external aid.
		Tupac Amaru Uprising and the Environment · cached · This case study recaps the 1997 hostage crisis in Peru, and discusses how and why groups such as Tupac Amaru have become popularized.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=5807213 (124 words)

	Tupac Amaru's Web Page Is Hot Spot On The Internet
		Supporters of the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement are filling dozens of pages on the World Wide Web with rebel propaganda, including the rebel group's official on-line newspaper, Voz Rebelde, or Rebel Voice.
		Tupac Amaru's efforts are the latest example of the burgeoning use of the Internet to advance the political and ideological agendas of radical organizations.
		Tupac Amaru's Internet presence may be one of the most comprehensive of any Latin American subversive group.
	www.spunk.org /library/copyrite/news/sp001720.html (769 words)

	The Prison of Poverty Is the Problem -- Carol Graham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		At the time, neither the MRTA nor the bigger and more radical Shining Path movement (which collapsed like a house of cards when its leadership was captured in mid-1992) was able to establish a broad base of social support.
		From 1985 to 1990, then-President Alan Garcia and his American Popular Revolutionary Alliance party--a movement from which the MRTA leadership emerged--implemented a series of "pro-poor" heterodox economic policies that resulted in hyperinflation and a 25% drop in GDP in 1988-89.
		Poverty in Lima increased from 17% in 1985 to 54% in 1990.
	www.brook.edu /dybdocroot/views/op-ed/Graham/19970112.htm (740 words)

	96-056i (Peruvian Hostage Crisis) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Tupac Amaru was an 18th-century Inca leader who staged a year-long and ultimately unsuccessful rebellion against the Spanish colonial powers, according to Thomas Skidmore, director of the Center for Latin American Studies at Brown.
		Amaru is seen as a hero also because he was one of the first to lead a rebellion encompassing not just Indians, but mestizos (people of mixed ancestry) and Afro-Indians who were slaves.
		"They see themselves as the true revolutionary movement, not Tupac Amaru." Since the capture of their leader, the Shining Path has gone underground, while the Tupac Amaru has re-emerged and solidified its organization.
	www.brown.edu /Administration/News_Bureau/1996-97/96-056i.html (494 words)

	http://www.Nadir.org/mrta, The history of struggles
		Each and every revolutionary movement is the result of the historical development of the struggle of a people to achieve liberty and justice.
		The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) is, in that sense, the highest expression of the struggles of the Peruvian people, and represents the interests of the only class which is capable of directing those interests historically at this stage: the proletariat.
		But, through Inkari, the people "eternalized" all this in its collective memory: it is the myth which speaks to us of the quartered inca and whose followers were dispersed throughout the territories of the homeland, but who later returned to Cuzco in order to unite with their people and to return to head the rebellion.
	www.nadir.org /nadir/initiativ/mrta/histo-en.htm (3335 words)

	Chronology of events in Berenson case (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Events leading up to Lori Berenson's civilian retrial for alleged involvement in the 1995 plot by the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, or MRTA, to seize Peru's Congress.
		During the closed trial, the judges wear masks and her attorney is not allowed to cross-examine witnesses.
		17, 1996: Thirteen Tupac Amaru rebels, led by Cerpa, storm the Japanese ambassador's residence during a social event and 72 hostages are held for 126 days.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/june01/2001-06-20-berenson-timeline.htm (478 words)

	A Brief History Of The MRTA
		The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) are part of a long tradition of anti-colonial liberation struggles.
		The goal of this cooperation is the creation of a popular front movement, on the basis of which a new, socialist society will be created.
		The MRTA feels that this goal cannot be achieved through parliamentary politics alone, which is why the organization went underground shortly after it was founded and began forming armed units.
	www.kurtuluscephesi.com /mrta/mrtatarih.html (711 words)

	Second Trial of New Yorker Jailed in Peru to Begin
		Berenson was jailed for life by a hooded military judge in 1996 as a leader of the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA), but her sentence was overturned last year.
		She was arrested in Peru on a public bus in November 1995 around the time the security forces raided the terrorist safe house, where 8,000 rounds of ammunition and 3,000 sticks of dynamite were found.
		Berenson has refused to criticize the Túpac Amaru group and she has chosen to remain in the same prison ward with Túpac Amaru prisoners rather than transfer to wards with prisoners who have repented.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines01/0319-02.htm (1601 words)

	UdB \| Message of Solidarity to the MRTA
		It was the objective of the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement to attempt to liberate their comrades who where in prison for political reason that the occupation of the Japanese Embassy took place to begin with.
		With revolutionary honor, grace and humility the comrades of the MRTA have fallen victims to the same imperialist beast that has taken our lands; to the same imperialist force that denies us dignity, freedom and justice.
		It is for this reason that the Revolutionary movements of all of Latin America with the EZLN and the EPR in Mexico, and the MRTA in Peru will continue to be a struggle that shall persist until its final victory.
	uniondelbarrio.org /statements/pg04.html (354 words)

	In the Spotlight: Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)
		However, the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement contributed to the death and destruction tallies at a much lesser, but still significant, rate.
		The MRTA, as the movement is referred to by its Spanish initials, was inspired by leftists who desired the overthrow of the government along the lines of the Cuban revolution.
		While the MRTA remained largely in the Shining Path’s shadow, it did stage a spectacular siege of the Japanese ambassador’s residence in Lima, thereby capturing the attention of the international audience, which had remained largely oblivious to previous incidents.
	cdi.org /program/document.cfm?DocumentID=1859&StartRow=1&... (1301 words)

	The Militant - 5/5/97 -- Protest Massacre In Peru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The vicious assault by the Peruvian regime of Alberto Fujimori on the guerrillas of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement should be condemned by working people around the world.
		But their violent repression is aimed not only at the rebels, but at all who seek to resist the capitalist assaults on their living conditions and democratic rights.
		The extent of brutality and violence the wealthy rulers of the United States and their subordinates in Peru and elsewhere are capable of, has been demonstrated once again in the cold-blooded and well-prepared military assault and killing of the Túpac Amaru rebels.
	www.themilitant.com /1997/6118/6118_8.html (275 words)

	International Conflict and the Environment: Peru and Tupac Amaru Case
		The recent attack on the Japanese ambassador's house in Peru by Tupac Amaru rebels was more than simply a display of terrorism and a demand for releasing Tupac Amaru prisoners.
		The Movimiento Revolucionario Tupac Amaru (The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, MRTA) was founded in Lima and took up arms in 1984.
		Although public opinion surveys show that most Peruvians do not sympathize with rebel movements and are vehemently opposed to terrorist violence, experts who have studied the country's insurgencies say that Peru will not overcome rebel activity and related violence until it alleviates the social and economic problems that draw people into these groups [Sims, 1997].
	www.american.edu /projects/mandala/TED/ice/TUPAC.HTM (2406 words)

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