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	Tupian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tupian languages are a language family of 70 languages which are spoken by Indian tribesmen in South America.
		Tupi is the name of a language family that was spoken along the Brazilian coast at the time of its discovery.
		The Tupi language group consists of 6 languages in the Tupi-Guarani sublanguage family: Tupi Antigo, Nhengatu, Tupinkin, Potiguara, Omagua, and Cocoma.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tupi_languages (224 words)

	Native American languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		A language family consists of two or more tongues that are distinct and yet related historically in that they are all descended from a single ancestor language, either known or assumed to have existed.
		The languages of the Tanoan branch of Aztec-Tanoan are spoken in the Rio Grande valley, New Mexico, and Arizona.
		At present, the aboriginal languages of the Western Hemisphere are gradually being replaced by the Indo-European tongues of the European conquerors and settlers of the New World—English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.
	www.bartleby.com /65/na/NatvAmlang.html (3048 words)

	Encyclopedia: Language families and languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Nivkh or Gilyak (ethnonym: Nivxi) (language, нивхгу - Nivxgu) is a language spoken in Outer Manchuria, in the basin of the Amgun, a tributary of the Amur, along the lower reaches of the Amur and on the northern half of Sakhalin.
		A sign language (also signed language) is a language which uses manual communication instead of sound to convey meaning - simultaneously combining handshapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to fluidly express a speakers thoughts.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Language-families-and-languages (7478 words)

	Language families and languages - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Thus, provincial dialects of Latin ("Vulgar Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic.
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language isolates.
		Besides the above languages that have arisen spontaneously out of the capability for vocal communication, there are also languages that share many of their important properties.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Language_families_and_languages (501 words)

	Ellipsis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In Polish language ellipsis (called wielokropek which means multidot) is always composed of three dots without any spaces between.
		There is also no space between the ellipsis and the preceding word, but there is always a space after ellipsis, unless the next character is a closing bracket or quote mark, in which case the space is used after that character.
		In some programming languages (Perl, Ada etc), a shortened 2-character ellipsis is used to represent a range of numbers.
	lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/... (1003 words)

	Language families and languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The common ancestor of a family (or branch) is known as its "protolanguage".
		Caucasian languages (generally thought to be two separate families, North Caucasian and Kartvelian)
		Ainu language or languages (Russia, Japan) (like Arabic or Japanese, the diversity within Ainu is large enough that some consider it to be perhaps up to a dozen languages while others consider it a single language with high dialectal diversity)
	www.lighthousepoint.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Language_families_and_languages (787 words)

	Tupinamba (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Tupinamba, or better known as the Tupi, were important in the initial formation of Brazilian culture because it was with them that the Portuguese, French, and Dutch first made contact.
		One aspect of Tupi culture that horrified the Europeans the most is cannibalism.
		The Tupi are best known for their interaction with the Europeans and their influence on Brazilian culture.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/southamerica/tupinamba.html (535 words)

	Arawakan languages -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer!
		Before the Spanish conquest, Arawakan languages were spoken in a number of disconnected areas from what is now Cuba and the Bahamas southward to the present Gran Chaco and the sources of the Xingu River in southern Brazil, and from the mouth of the Amazon River to the eastern foothills of the Andes.
		These languages were used by the first European traders and missionaries as contact languages in their dealings with the Indians.
		Arawakan languages formerly extended from the peninsula of Florida in North America to the present-day Paraguay–Argentina border, and from the foothills of the Andes eastward to the Atlantic Ocean.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9355688?tocId=9355688 (816 words)

	Numbers in Over 5000 Languages
		Their ears may not be attuned to the language; or there may be dialectal variation, or even sound change.
		There is nothing inherent in the language variety to tell us what it is. Linguists sometimes use "language" to refer to a mutually intelligible group of dialects (but note that intelligibility can be partial).
		For non-African languages, a macron indicates length and is indicated :.
	www.zompist.com /numbers.shtml (926 words)

	ISO 639 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		ISO 639 is one of several international standards that list short codes for language names.
		For these languages, the first three-letter code is for bibliographic use (ISO 639-2/B), and the second three-letter code is for terminological use (ISO 639-2/T).
		Language codes in English and Italian with Perl scripts for parsing and PHP code
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/ISO_639 (286 words)

	Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 45, no. 3
		Several languages in at least three different subgroups of Tupí-Guaraní have terms for a widespread nondomesticated species of cacao as well as for domesticated cacao that are superficially similar to reconstructed Mesoamerican terms for domesticated cacao.
		It is shown that the language shift affects the function not only of the shifting language, but also of the target language, as Fulfulde has intruded into more domains of life and functions among the different ethnic groups in the study area.
		While economic, social, political, religious, and contextual factors are identified as some of the causes for the shift, language spread, language endangerment or language decline, additive bilingualism, and code-switching are found to be some of the sociolinguistic implications of the shift.
	www.indiana.edu /~anthling/v45-3.html (736 words)

	Native American languages -> Languages of South America and the West Indies on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Language of assent: republican rhetoric and metaphors of national redemption in American revolutionary drama.(Critical Essay)
		Language, identity, and the scriptorial landscape in Quebec and Catalonia*.
		Jorge Gomez rings bells as the children's choir of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe practiced Christmas songs in their native language, Chochenyo, in Pleasanton, California, on Saturday, December 4, 2004.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/NatvAmlang_LanguagesofSouthAmericaandtheWestIndies.asp (1057 words)

	lingua-geral -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Língua-geral was a modification of the Tupinambá Indian language.
		The American Indian languages do not form a single historically interrelated stock (as do the Indo-European languages), nor are there any structural features (in phonetics, grammar, or vocabulary) whereby American Indian languages can be distinguished as a whole from...
		Urdu, the national language, evolved during Mughal rule as the working language between the Muslim rulers, who spoke Persian or Turkish, and the people, who spoke different languages in different areas.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9048393?tocId=9048393 (747 words)

	E T H N O P O E T I C S :: Endangered Languages. Endangered Poetries
		The disappearance of languages and the disappearance of poetries are part of the same phenomenon the darker side, in their endangerment, of the struggle to achieve a global sense of cultural diversity.
		The following account and the partial list of the world's languages that follows might be pondered in relation to Bernard Heidsieck's great sound poem, Vaduz [presented elsewhere on Ubuweb], in which the names of countries and cultures form a series of concentric circles with the capital of Lichtenstein at their center.
		Researchers are fighting against time to save decades of data on the world's endangered languages from ending on the digital scrap heap.
	www.ubu.com /ethno/discourses/rothenberg_endangered.html (666 words)

	Search Results for Tupi-Guarani - Encyclopædia Britannica
		With the exception of Emerillon and Oyampi of French Guiana and northeastern Brazil, Tupian languages were spoken south of the Amazon, from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean and down to the Río de la...
		Portuguese is the first language of the vast majority of Brazilians, but numerous foreign words have expanded the national lexicon.
		Languages spoken by the original inhabitants of the Americas and the...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Tupi-Guarani&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (393 words)

	Denny Moore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In addition to his own research (principally in the Tupi linguistic stock), he has spent a great deal of time training Brazilian students, developing a professional infrastructure, and carrying out practical assistance projects among indigenous communities--especially literacy in the native language and use of the language to record traditional culture and knowledge.
		The Linguistics Division of the Museu Goeldi is beginning to implement an active, systematic project to apply modern electronic documentation technology to the native languages and cultures of Brazil, to preserve at least minimal knowledge of the languages and their speakers.
		This project is meant to be an extensive survey of all the languages and major dialects of the country (ten hours of audio taping and one hour of video taping), complementing but not replacing traditional intensive field study and description.
	ucjeps.berkeley.edu /Endangered_Lang_Conf/Moore.html (358 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Social Sciences: Linguistics: Languages: Natural (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Language Families - Maps of the various language families, with background reference material, based on Encyclopaedia Britannica material.
		Languages of the World - A description of major world languages and language families, with links.
		The World's Top Twenty Spoken Languages - Estimates for the world's top 20 languages (given in millions) on the basis of the number of mother-tongue (first-language) speakers and population estimates for those countries where the language has official status.
	dmoz.org /Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural (653 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages Issue 23.
		The need to preserve the languages of the world and counter the processes of language shift that are taking place worldwide has become a major concern shared by researchers, scholars and leaders of many language communities.
		The Stabilizing Indigenous Languages steering committee invites interested individuals and groups to give presentations at SILC this year, either in the form of a 15-minute talk (or less), a 1 1/2 hour workshop, or else to join one of our suggested panels, which will be 1 1/2 hours in length.
		The NWO workshop on the endangered languages program as well as the conference on languages and cultures of the andean/amazonian border area will be held in the cultural center de Griffioen of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
	www.ogmios.org /239.htm (1585 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Andean Equatorial
		You have reached the page on the Andean Equatorial language family, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		The Andean Equatorial languages, with the exception of Garifuna, are all found in South Amerida.
		Among the Arawakan languages are Araua and Taino, the latter spoken in the West Indies.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/aeqlh.htm (1424 words)

	Ethnologue report for Brazil
		Of those, 188 are living languages and 47 are extinct.
		Dialects: The closest extant languages are Ikpeng and Bakairí.
		Dialects: Related dialects or languages: Covareca, Curuminaca, Coraveca (Curave), Curucaneca, Tapii; all are extinct.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Brazil (2900 words)

	Ethnologue: Brazil
		The closest extant languages are Txicão and Bakairí.
		They prefer their language, but there is increasing use of regional Portuguese.
		Speakers formerly spoke Karipúna, an unclassified language, possibly formerly from Marajó Island at the mouth of the Amazon.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Braz.html (5094 words)

	Ethnologue: Paraguay
		Of those, 21 are living languages, 1 is a second language without mother tongue speakers, and 1 is extinct.
		The home language is Chulupí, and language use is vigorous by all Chulupí.
		A mixed language formerly used in a tannin factory with Lengua, Sanapana, Angaite, Guana, and Toba-Maskoy influences.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Para.html (972 words)

	Language families and languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Thus, provincial dialects of Latin ("Vulgar Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian languageNorwegian, Swedish languageSwedish, Danish languageDanish and Icelandic languageIcelandic/.
		Language families and languages East Asiaeast and southeast Asia and the Pacific/
		Once upon a time, there was a truly global Europe in which rulers came from multinational families, common ideals were shared with religious fervor from London to Rome, and artists born in France or Germany carved masterpieces in Bohemia, known today as the Czech Republic.
	www.infothis.com /find/Language_families_and_languages (1066 words)

	William L. Balee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Sirionó people of the Llanos de Mojos, Bolivia, speak a Tupi-Guarani language that is more closely related to some Tupi-Guarani languages spoken elsewhere in Bolivia and Paraguay than to those of Eastern Amazonia.
		The forested landscape of the terra firme in the Sirionó habitat may be the result of land accumulation and management by prehistoric moundbuilders unrelated to the Sirionó of today, culturally or linguistically.
		Yet the names of these forest trees in the Sirionó vocabulary, in a statistically significant proportion, seem to be cognate with terms for the same species in numerous other Tupi-Guarani languages, including several of those of eastern Amazonia, by using a comparative method.
	ucjeps.berkeley.edu /Endangered_Lang_Conf/Balee.html (284 words)

	Learn more about Language families and languages in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Learn more about Language families and languages in the online encyclopedia.
		Hint: Play with putting spaces before and after your words to see the different results you get.
		In the following, each "bulleted" item is a known language family.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /l/la/language_families_and_languages.html (483 words)

	individual book page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		[Using rich (and recent) data from 29 Tupi-Guarani languages from all geographical areas, D. compares them with respect to 17 phonological criteria and 15 grammatical and morphological criteria.
		D. distinguishes an axis of “coherence”—i.e., conservatism with respect to “traditional Tupi-Guarani morphology and grammar.” On the whole, the Southern languages (Paraguay, SE Brazil) show considerably more “coherence” than do the Amazonian languages.
		In his concluding paragraph he approvingly cites Wilhelm von Humboldt’s dictum that there are, historically, “no classes of languages, but only individual languages, each of which represents its own type.” — Order from: Ibero-Amerikanishes Institut PK, Potsdamer Strasse 37, Postfach 1247, D-1000 Berlin 30, W GERMANY.] 7-90
	linguistics.buffalo.edu /ssila/books/indbook/b241.htm (136 words)

	Native American Languages - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		Native American languages, languages of the native peoples of the Western Hemisphere and their descendants.
		It is thought that the numerous aboriginal tongues showing polysynthesism may originally have been the offshoots of a single parent language.
		, whose languages are spoken in Mexico and parts of Central America, and Shoshonean, to which Comanche, Hopi, Paiute, Shoshone, and Ute belong.
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?word=NatvAmlang (3128 words)

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