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Topic: Tupian languages

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	Tupian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was systematized by the Jesuits and spoken until the nineteenth century in that region.
		The Tupi language subgroup consists of 6 languages in the Tupi-Guarani language family: Tupi Antigo, Nhengatu, Tupinkin, Potiguara, Omagua, and Cocoma.
		The Tupi-Guarani language family is part of a larger Tupian stock, which may be related to the Gê and Carib families in a Je-Tupi-Carib grouping.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tupian (188 words)

	Language Family Encyclopedia Articles @ 216.92.11.26 () (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The concept of linguistic ancestry is less clear-cut than the concept of biological ancestry, as in cases of extreme historical language contact, in particular the formation of creole languages and other types of mixed languages; it may be unclear which language should be considered the ancestor of a given language.
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Thai Sign Language is a mixed language derived from ASL and the native sign languages of Bangkok and Chiang Mai, and may be considered part of the ASL family.
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/Language_family (1384 words)

	NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGES. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A language family consists of two or more tongues that are distinct and yet related historically in that they are all descended from a single ancestor language, either known or assumed to have existed.
		Native American languages cannot be differentiated as a linguistic unit from other languages of the world but are grouped into a number of separate linguistic stocks having significantly different phonetics, vocabularies, and grammars.
		At present, the aboriginal languages of the Western Hemisphere are gradually being replaced by the Indo-European tongues of the European conquerors and settlers of the New World—English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Dutch.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/na/NatvAmlang.html (2994 words)

	Native American Languages - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Languages in this family are spoken throughout the Antilles; in Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua; and in all South American countries except Uruguay and Chile.
		Quechuan languages are spoken in the region of the Andes Mountains in Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Argentina, in addition to Peru.
		Languages in the Cariban family are spoken mainly in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, and Venezuela.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761573518___31/Native_American_Languages.html (540 words)

	Native American Language
		In such familiar languages, the subject of the sentence is in the nominative case—that is, the subject has the same form and function, whether the sentence is transitive (has a direct object) or intransitive (lacks an object).
		Languages that have switch reference indicate whether a subject or object of a clause is the same as or different from the subject or object of an earlier clause.
		Languages such as Russian and Latin, which distinguish the role of a noun (such as subject, direct object, or indirect object) by case marking are said to have nominal case systems.
	members.tripod.com /~treelover/nal.html (3066 words)

	Language
		Language acquisition, the process by which children and adults learn a language or languages, is a major field of linguistic study.
		A creole language, on the other hand, arises in a contact situation similar to that which produces pidgin languages and perhaps goes through a stage in which it is a pidgin, but a creole becomes the native language of its community.
		Languages of the Algonquian and Iroquoian families constitute the major indigenous languages of northeastern North America, while the Siouan family is one of the main families of central North America.
	www.geocities.com /ceacro/Language.html (6395 words)

	Je-Tupi-Carib - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Several of the major language stocks of South America are thought to be related.
		Eduardo Ribeiro of the University of Chicago has worked with Macro-Je and Tupian languages, and has noted that these share irregular morphology with each other and with Cariban (but not Panoan, pace Greenberg).
		Shared grammatical irregularities are strong supporting evidence for putative language families, as they are unlikely to be borrowed or to be due to chance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Je-Tupi-Carib (226 words)

	Languages of the World
		The label language isolate is used for a language that is the only representative of a language family, as Basque or the extinct Sumerian language; the presumptive but unknown sister languages of isolates are dead and unrecorded.
		The languages of seven of the nine extant branches of the Indo-European language family are spoken in Europe.
		Dialects of two languages in the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European also are or were spoken in Europe: the Jassic dialect of Ossetic, an Iranian language, formerly spoken in Hungary; and the European dialects of Romany, which was spread by Gypsies throughout Europe and into America.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /faculty/stampe/Linguistics/lgsworld.html (1332 words)

	BEADWORK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The only transcriptions of many now-extinct languages were made by interested soldiers and explorers untrained in phonetics; in areas of Spanish domination, the careful records of Catholic missionaries provide invaluable documentation of the way indigenous languages were spoken as long as 400 years ago.
		When such correspondences are discovered, the languages being compared are judged to have a historical connection, either genetic--because of descent from a common ancestor--or through language contact and the consequent "borrowing" of words.
		While most languages have accusative case systems like that of English (opposing grammatical categories of subject and object), active systems in which the same morpheme is used to indicate the object of a transitive verb and the subject of a stative verb are not uncommon.
	www.thehawksnest.com /html/language.html (2205 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		Various branches are found in areas along the eastern coast of the continent south of the Amazon River and inland south of the Amazon to the Andean foothills.
		The chief languages of the Tupian stock are Tupí and Guaraní.
		Tupian languages are spoken mainly in Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Brazil, and Argentina; Guaraní is the language most used throughout the Amazon region, and is the second language of Paraguay (see
	www.historychannel.com /thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=224629 (187 words)

	Genetic Linguistic Relationships of Proto-Mayan or Where did Nab’ee Maya’ Tziij come from?
		Guaraní is a Tupían language spoken in Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina, and Bolivia; Quechua is the most widely spoken Native American language in the Americas.
		Sapir is quoted by Campbell in The Languages of Native America as saying that "Middle America, in spite of its special cultural position, is distinctly a part of the whole North American linguistic complex and is connected with North America by innumerable threads"(Campbell and Mithun 959).
		Philological studies in hieroglyphics and Mayan languages identify Cholan as the principle language of the older glyphic texts (Campbell 1990).
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/proto-maya.html (1980 words)

	Tupí Stock
		Of the various families within the Tupi trunk, the Tupí-Guaraní family is the most extensive in the number of languages and in the geographical distribution of these languages, which are found in all parts of Brazil (except for the Northeast), as well as French Guiana, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru.
		Clause subordination and nominalization in Tupí-Guaraní and Cariban languages.
		The use of coreferential and reflexive markers in Tupi-Guarani languages.
	www.sil.org /americas/brasil/INDGLANG/EnglTupi.htm (174 words)

	Native American Languages
		Many descriptions of Indian languages are important in the literature of the linguistic school known as American structuralism.
		Current research on the native languages of the Americas is published in several periodicals, notably the International Journal of American Linguistics.
		Alaskan languages and some as far south as California have Russian loans, for instance, dating from the time of extensive trade with Russia, and borrowings from Spanish are common throughout California, the Southwest, and, of course, Latin America.
	www.indians.org /welker/americas.htm (1965 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages.
		At the second International Conference on Endangered Languages (Nov 30 — December 2 2001 in Kyoto as part of the Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Project), it became clear that UNESCO and endangered-language advocates share the same goal: the maintenance and perpetuation of language diversity.
		to strengthen research and the collection of materials relating to endangered languages, for which little or no such activities had been undertaken to date, and which belong to a specific category such as language isolates, languages of special interest for typological and historical-comparative linguistics, and are in imminent danger of extinction, 4.
		Language Attitudes and Policies: the dominant group’s or the neighboring group’s attitudes toward languages affect the maintenance or abandonment of the language of the ethnolinguistic community.
	www.ogmios.org /215.htm (2444 words)

	DOBES Summer School - Lectures: Abstracts
		Language documentation as a linguistic endeavor in its own right (rather than an ancillary task in an analytical project) has only recently been (re-)introduced to mainstream linguistics.
		His major research interests are in Amazonian languages, morphosyntactic typology in general, the typology of systems of nominal classification in particular, language contact, tones, and language documentation theory and practice.
		He has worked with Wichita (the language of a small tribe in Oklahoma; there are now only 7 living speakers) since 1965, and with Lakota (a large, still viable tribe with many speakers in the northern plains of the US and Canada) since the early 70s.
	titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de /curric/dobes/sslectut.htm (3281 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		Guaraní is the only Indian language to have become a national and literary language spoken by large numbers of non-Indians (half of its 2 million speakers are Paraguayans of European descent).
		In languages with classificatory verb systems, characteristics of nouns are expressed by distinct verbs, akin to the English use of to drink for liquids and to eat for solids.
		The study of American Indian languages has provided rich insights for linguistic theory, language change, the prehistory of the Americas, and the relation of language to culture as well as to modes of thought and perception.
	www.historychannel.com /thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=200877 (3546 words)

	DoBeS — Language
		Since in the 20th century the Awetí had a rather marginal position in the multiethnic cultural area of the Upper Xingú, Portuguese is spoken only by some of them, mostly by men.
		The Awetí language belongs to the larger group of Tupian languages, but not having any immediate relatives, it represents a linguistic family on its own.
		During the period reaching from the time of the first contact with the non-Indian world in the end of 1880s till the middle of the twentieth century, the Awetí were greatly reduced in number, down to 24 persons according to an official 1954 census.
	www.mpi.nl /DOBES/projects/aweti (161 words)

	Do you like Brazilian Portuguese? \| Antimoon Forum
		Those who support the "separate language" position could easily say "well it evolved from Portuguese and it is a Romance language, but it is still separate." Naturally this position is ludicrous, but we see ludicrous arguments all the time.
		The principal language spoken by the tropical forest peoples of Brazil, Tupian, or Tupí-Guaraní, became the lingua franca between the natives and the Portuguese traders, missionaries, adventurers, and administrators; it continued to be used similarly in the Amazon and western Brazil until the 19th century.
		The Tupian influence in Brazilian place-names is overwhelming, and it is estimated that thousands of indigenous words and expressions have entered the Brazilian Portuguese language.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/t706-270.htm (1876 words)

	CNWS Newsletter June 2003 - New Projects
		Members of the Department of African Languages and Cultures started this integrated research project, which is financed by the Netherlands Organisation of Scientific Research NWO as part of the "Endangered Languages Programme".
		Bunak, however, is different: it could either be related to languages spoken in Papua, or be a descendant of one of the languages spoken by the population living in Timor before the Austronesians arrived, some 4-5000 years ago.
		Many languages in this family, as in many other South American language families, are endangered and may actually disappear in the next couple of generations; the need for research of the kind I am doing is thus urgent.
	www.cnws.leidenuniv.nl /index.php3?m=45&c=56 (4658 words)

	Ethnologue report for Brazil
		Of those, 188 are living languages and 47 are extinct.
		Dialects: The closest extant languages are Ikpeng and Bakairí.
		Dialects: Related dialects or languages: Covareca, Curuminaca, Coraveca (Curave), Curucaneca, Tapii; all are extinct.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Brazil (2900 words)

	Structure
		Some consonants in the Portuguese language are similar to many consonants in other romance languages.
		The Portuguese language does not have the letters k, w, y in their alphabet unless it has been derived from another language.
		Portuguese is the only language to use the future and past subjunctive in everyday speech.
	si.unm.edu /linguistics/portuguese/STRUCT~1.HTM (315 words)

	Schleicher, Comparative and internal reconstruction: Abstract
		This study examines the Tupi-Guarani (TG) language family a language family comprising languages spoken in Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and French Guiana.
		The proposed reconstruction of PTG is significant in that it differs in a number of significant ways from earlier attempts at reconstruction by Jensen (1984).
		Additionally, the phonological reconstruction of Pre-TG is shown to contribute positively to the ability to identify cognates between TG and non-TG languages in the Tupian stock.
	ling.wisc.edu /abstracts/schleicher.htm (376 words)

	Tupi - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Tupí-Guaraní, South American language family of the Tupian language stock, composed of more than 35 indigenous languages.
		Native American Languages : language families: Tupí-Guaraní – Guaraní
		Guaraní, indigenous South American language of the Tupí-Guaraní language family.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Tupi.html (108 words)

	Lymphocyte Antigens
		Numerous effects on language have been claimed, including impressive recent findings by Foster (1998) of lexical elements shared by Austronesian and Quechua as well as by Mixe-Zoquean.
		Previously, Imbelloni (1928b) had claimed that Quechua seemed to be 30% Polynesian and Christian (1923) had argued for a Sanskrit (via Indonesian) influence on Araucanian, all paralleling the genetic evidence.
		Linguistic influences are included; Key (1994 and previous publications) found what she considered to be Anatolian elements in Quechua, Aymara, and Uru-Chipaya (and others), as well as Proto-Indo-European elements in certain Panoan, Tupian, Ge, and, especially, nuclear Paezan languages.
	www.neara.org /Guthrie/lymphocyteantigens02.htm (8225 words)

	L.C. Subject Headings Weekly List 01 (January 02, 2002)
		Works on the large South American language family that includes Tupi, Guarani, and related languages are entered under Tupian languages.
		* 550 BT Indians of South America--Languages CANCEL * 550 BT Tupi-Guarani languages * 681 Note under Tupian languages 150 Tupian languages [May Subd Geog] [sp2001010410] 680 Here are entered works on the large South American language family that includes Tupi, Guarani, and related languages.
		Works on the language group that includes the Tupi language (Nheengatu) and its closely-related languages and dialects, such as Tupinamba and Potiguara, are entered under Tupi languages.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/cpso/wls02/awls0201.html (281 words)

	HRELP - Projects
		These five languages belong to the lesser-known branches of the Tupi family.
		The general objectives are: to salvage the maximum information about the language and about the traditional culture expressed through the language; for the community and for science, making this information widely available while respecting the wishes and rights of the native communities.
		Practical language materials will be prepared for the communities, as well as copies of the recordings and transcriptions.
	www.hrelp.org /grants/projects/index.php?projid=33 (204 words)

	Our Graduate Students - Department of Linguistics - University of Oregon
		Interests: Historical and comparative linguistics, language death, areal linguistics, Afro-Asiatic languages (especially the Ethiopian-Semitic and Cushitic families), historical syntax and typology
		Interests:Second language acquisition, bilingual ed pedagogy, maintenance of minority languages, revitalization of endangered languages (esp.
		Interests:Descriptive Linguistics, Historical and Comparative Linguistics, Typology, Indigenous Languages of SouthAmerica (specially Andean and Amazonian languages of Peru), Endangered Languages, Linguistic contact.
	logos.uoregon.edu /students/graduate.html (304 words)

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