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Topic: Turbulent flow

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	Pressure
		Modeling blood flow in the human aorta according to this criterion leads to the expectation of some turbulence in the center of the flow.
		Blood flow in the human body is remarkably free of turbulence, but sounds attributed to turbulence are sometimes detected by stethescope associated with the aorta.
		But when the velocity profile for tube flow is taken into account, it is found that the maximum velocity of flow is twice the effective value, so a velocity of 66 cm/s would be expected to produce turbulence in the center of the aorta.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/pturb.html (481 words)

	FLOW TRANSITION (no JavaScript)
		This difference in the streaklines is due to the orderly nature of laminar flow in the first case, and the fluctuating character of turbulent flow in the latter.
		For pipe flow, the transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs at Re = 2100.
		In wall bounded turbulent flows, the viscous sub-layer is thought of as a relatively quiescent region punctuated with violent quasi-periodic activity such as bursting.
	wuche.wustl.edu /~sato/flowtrans/flowtrans2a.html (600 words)

	Air Flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Thus air flows in during inspiration because the alveolar pressure is less than the pressure at the mouth; air flows out during expiration because alveolar pressure exceeds the pressure at the mouth such that to double the flow rate one must quadruple the driving pressure.
		Driving pressure during turbulent flow is in fact proportional to the square of the flow rate such that to double the flow rate one must quadruple the driving pressure.
		Transitional flow, which has some of the characteristics of both laminar and turbulent flow, is found between the two along the rest of the bronchial tree.
	oac.med.jhmi.edu /res_phys/Encyclopedia/AirFlow/AirFlow.HTML (299 words)

	OMEGA ENGINEERING - Flow Control
		The flow rate and the specific gravity are inertia forces, and the pipe diameter and viscosity are drag forces.
		At very low velocities or high viscosities, R is low, and the liquid flows in smooth layers with the highest velocity at the center of the pipe and low velocities at the pipe wall where the viscous forces restrain it.
		Thus, when liquid flows through a pipe elbow, the force on the elbow's interior surface is proportional to the density of the liquid times the square of its velocity.
	www.omega.com /techref/flowcontrol.html (5120 words)

	Turbulent times for fluids
		The majority of fluid flows that are interesting from a practical point of view-from the movement of air in the atmosphere to the flow of water in central heating systems-behave in a disordered way.
		It is the ratio of the inertia of the fluid, as defined by its mass and velocity, to the thickness, or viscosity, of the fluid.
		The transition to turbulence in water from a tap is as sudden as it is in the case for flow in a pipe-which was the problem on which Reynolds carried out his pioneering work.
	members.fortunecity.com /templarseries/fluid.html (2333 words)

	Laminar and Tubular Flow
		In turbulent flow the direction of the flow is not parallel to the vessel wall and blood flows in different directions.
		Turbulent flow can often cause small whirlpools to form in the blood, much like the ones seen in rivers at points of obstruction.
		Also during the rapid phase of ejection by the ventricles turbulent flow occurs at the proximal portions of the aorta and pulmonary artery.
	library.thinkquest.org /C003758/Function/ltflow.htm (176 words)

	Laminar Flow Airfoil
		If the smooth flow of air is interrupted over a wing section, turbulence is created which results in a loss of lift and a high degree of drag.
		The usual definition of a laminar flow airfoil is that the favorable pressure gradient ends somewhere between 30 and 75% of chord.
		When air flows over any part of an aircraft there exists, immediately adjacent to the surface, a thin layer of air called the boundary layer, within which the air slows from its high velocity at the edge of the layer to a standstill at the surface itself.
	www.aviation-history.com /theory/lam-flow.htm (1694 words)

	Pipe Flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pressure loss, flow or pipe size are found from the front of the calculator by a simple setting of two dials to the known details of length, viscosity, specific gravity, etc. Scales on the reverse side permit an instant determination on whether the flow conditions are Turbulent or Laminar.
		The Flow Coefficient of the various recommended orifice or nozzles vary according to type, diameter, and the relative size of pipe in which they are fitted.
		The reverse side of the calculator determines these coefficients for liquid flows and also the correction which may be necessary for gas flows to allow for expansion should the pressure loss across the orifice or nozzle be large.
	www.hunterproducts.com /flow_caculators.htm (949 words)

	FLOTRAN: Chapter 4: FLOTRAN Laminar and Turbulent Incompressible Flow (UP19980818) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The distinction between laminar and turbulent flow lies in the ratio of the inertial transport to the viscous transport.
		For an external flow problem, such as the flow over an airfoil, the characteristic length is a parameter such as the length of the airfoil (wing cross section for a 2-D analysis).
		For flow over a flat plate, the dimension is the length along the plate from the leading edge, with the transition to turbulence occurring at a Reynolds number of approximately 500,000.
	www.uic.edu /depts/accc/software/ansys/html/guide_55/g-cfd/GCFD4.htm (3779 words)

	Transition and Turbulence
		When the flow is turbulent, the flow contains eddying motions of all sizes, and a large part of the mechanical energy in the flow goes into the formation of these eddies which eventually dissipate their energy as heat.
		In fluid flow, we often interpret the Reynolds number as the ratio of the inertia force (that is, the force given by mass x acceleration) to the viscous force.
		This is the case for pipe flow at Reynolds numbers less than the critical value of 2300 (based on pipe diamter and average velocity), and for boundary layers with a Reynolds number less than about 200,000 (based on distance from the origin of the layer and the freestream velocity).
	www.princeton.edu /~asmits/Bicycle_web/transition.html (2184 words)

	Turbulent Boundary Layers
		The boundary layer on a long slender cylinder in axial flow is of interest because of its application to linear towed sonar arrays, a long hose filled with hydrophones that is towed behind a ship or submarine.
		The turbulent boundary layer that develops on the array generates wall pressure fluctuations that are of the same magnitude as the far-field sound resulting in a noise problem.
		In particular, the effect of the transverse curvature of the wall on the structure of turbulence was not investigated prior to the work described in the four preceding papers.
	www.mech.northwestern.edu /fac/lueptow/turbulentboundarylayerflow.html (1088 words)

	Watercooling Physics - Laminar and Turbulent Flow
		A fully developed flow is one in which the boundary layer is not changing as it moves further down the channel.
		In laminar flow (remember, nice layers of moving fluid) the heat is conducted through each layer of moving fluid with the inner layers receiving the least (if any) heat transferred into them.
		In turbulent flow, the molecules are getting tossed and turned all over, with a much great number of the molecules coming in contact or near contact with the water block wall.
	www.overclockers.com /articles511/index02.asp (794 words)

	Laminar and Turbulent Flow
		The flow of real fluids exhibits viscous effect, that is they tend to "stick" to solid surfaces and have stresses within their body.
		In laminar flow the motion of the particles of fluid is very orderly with all particles moving in straight lines parallel to the pipe walls.
		This is the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow in a pipe.
	www.efm.leeds.ac.uk /CIVE/CIVE1400/Section4/laminar_turbulent.htm (1312 words)

	CiDRA-SONARtrac Flow Meter Technology - General Concepts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Sonar flow technology is a new class of industrial flow meters, utilizing measurement principles that are distinct from all conventional flow meter technologies.
		Volumetric flow rate is determined using a Reynolds number-based calibration procedure, which links the speed of the coherent turbulent structures to the volumetric flow rate.
		Sonar measurement principles are based on the naturally occurring turbulence of the flow; therefore no internal obstruction is required, eliminating pressure loss and potential for clogging.
	www.cidra.com /iss/technology/index.html (1190 words)

	Practical Mold Cooling
		Turbulent flow begins when the velocity of fluid in a channel increases to a critical level.
		the precise velocity for turbulent flow depends on several variables, including the cooling passage geometry, fluid viscosity, and roughness of the pipe walls.
		And it is true that the faster the flow rate, the more total heat you remove -- even though the change in the temperature of the water flowing through the mold is very slight.
	www.smartflow-usa.com /cooling.htm (773 words)

	Reynolds number - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers (Re<2100), where viscous forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluid motion, while turbulent flow, on the other hand, occurs at high Reynolds numbers (Re>3000) and is dominated by inertial forces, producing random eddies, vortices and other flow fluctuations.
		In turbulent flow the flow rate is proportional to the square root of the pressure gradient, as opposed to its direct proportionality to pressure gradient in laminar flow.
		Furthermore, an atheroma may be the cause of turbulent flow, and as such detecting turbulence with a stethoscope may be an indication of such a condition.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reynolds_number (1356 words)

	Computational Investigation of Wall Pressure Fluctuations beneath a Turbulent Channel Flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The wall may be the shell plating of a submarine, or the aluminum skin of an aircraft fuselage, or the sandy bottom of the estaurine channel.
		Because turbulent flow are so complex and difficult to characterize, it has not been an easy to task to relate the velocity fields to the WPFs.
		Turbulence simulations (TS) are a relatively recent computational tools in which all (or most) of the scales of turbulence are actually simulated.
	www.dt.navy.mil /hyd/com-inv-wal (3530 words)

	Turbulence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes.
		Because laminar-turbulent transition is governed by Reynolds number, the same transition occurs if the size of the object is gradually increased, or the viscosity of the fluid is decreased, or if the density of the fluid is increased.
		However, the boundary layer would separate early, as the pressure gradient switched from favorable (pressure decreasing in the flow direction) to unfavorable (pressure increasing in the flow direction), creating a large region of low pressure behind the ball that creates high form drag.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turbulent_flow (932 words)

	Pipe Flow
		This apparatus is designed to allow students to experimentally study some of the characteristics of laminar and turbulent flow in a circular pipe.
		Determine this flow rate by closing the gate valve and recording the length of time experiment it takes to collect 50 pounds of oil.
		Vary the flow rate, being sure to obtain at least five data points in both the laminar and turbulent regions.
	www.rit.edu /~rfaite/courses/tflab/pipeflow.htm (610 words)

	Supercomputing Institute Vol. 13 No. 4 Turbulent Flow
		First, the mean flow is computed by numerically solving the partial differential equations that describe the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy within a flow field.
		Additionally, since the flow is chemically reacting, equations are solved that describe the rate of reaction of air.
		The figure illustrates the effect that the flow field chemical reactions have on the stability of the boundary layer.
	www.msi.umn.edu /general/Bulletin/Vol.13-No.4/Flow.html (742 words)

	eBooks.com - Turbulent Flow eBook
		Turbulent Flow presents the essential physical and analytical background that enables readers to make informed decisions when choosing the best method for the study and prediction of turbulent flows.
		Coverage includes an introduction to turbulence theory, the fundamental equations of turbulent flow and their meaning, the techniques used in physical experiments and computer simulations, a review of the progress made in understanding the properties of turbulence, turbulence closures and their applications, and large eddy simulation methods.
		Turbulent Flow is an essential book for students and an invaluable reference for mechanical and aerospace engineers, physicists and mathematicians in related disciplines, and engineers and scientists in such fields as chemical, biological, and ocean engineering.
	www.ebooks.com /cj.asp?IID=141404 (391 words)

	Turbulent Flow in Pipes
		The need to maintain turbulent flow is usually associated with the need to keep solids suspended in the fluid, so that the solids do not settle and plug the piping.
		However, maintaining turbulent flow may not be necessary if the fluid viscosity is sufficiently high enough to impede the settling of the solids.
		In most cases it is worthwhile to try to achieve turbulent flow since it reduces the flow resistance of the fluid and consequently the pressure losses in the piping system due to this flow resistance.
	gcisolutions.com /GCINotes1298.html (456 words)

	Watercooling Physics - Laminar and Turbulent Flow
		Laminar flow is the flow if a fluid in an organized manner in layers, or as the name suggests, laminates.
		This is especially true of laminar flow because the boundary layer is very thick and, in channels that are small enough, the boundary layer may extend through the entire flow.
		However, in turbulent flow the random action of the water molecules breaks up the boundary layer and disperses the majority of it, thus increasing the ability of all the water molecules to pick up heat from the water block wall.
	www.overclockers.com /articles511 (723 words)

	Fluent Tutorial: Turbulent Pipe Flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		No turbulence model is currently available that is valid for all types of flows and so it is necessary to choose and fine-tune a model for particular classes of flows.
		So turbulent flow calculations are much more difficult and time-consuming than laminar flow calculations.
		This is an exercise to whet your appetite for turbulent flow calculations.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/fluent/pipe2/index.htm (275 words)

	Amazon.com: An Introduction to Turbulent Flow: Books: Jean Mathieu,Julian Scott (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In recent years, turbulence has become a very lively area of scientific research and application, attracting many newcomers who need a basic introduction to the subject.
		Turbulent Flows ably meets this need, developing both physical insight and the mathematical framework needed to express the theory.
		A deeper understanding of turbulence dynamics is provided by their treatment of spectral analysis and its applications.
	www.amazon.com /Introduction-Turbulent-Flow-Jean-Mathieu/dp/0521775388 (1269 words)

	Session FL - Particle-Laden Turbulent Flow.
		Therefore, a good understanding of bubbly turbulent flow requires a full knowledge of both hydrodynamic turbulence and the interaction of microbubbles with flow structures at all scales.
		Numerical simulations of dispersed two-phase flow based on force-coupling representations of the dynamical interactions between the phases are often used to investigate turbulent and transitional flows, and generally underlie turbulence closure models.
		Large eddy simulation of particle-laden turbulent channel flow has been used to obtain the budgets of the particle mean velocities, particle kinetic stresses, and fluid-particle velocity correlations, as well as to evaluate various closure approximations in two-fluid models.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/BAPSDFD96/abs/S840.html (1808 words)

	Amazon.com: Turbulent Flow: Music: Mark Shim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		"Turbulent Flow" describes the music, flowing, but always with an amount of turbulence, be it in the odd time signatures, the often unusual chord progressions or the soloists' energetic lines.
		Turbulent Flow has been my favorite album since I got it in April.
		Other than the odd "Eminence (for Betty Carter)" at the end it is a consistent flow of ideas from Shim and the rest of the players here.
	www.amazon.com /Turbulent-Flow-Mark-Shim/dp/B00004S53M (1345 words)

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