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Topic: Turkestan

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	TURKESTAN - LoveToKnow Article on TURKESTAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Thus it includes (I) the governor-generalship of Turkestan, embracing the provinces of Ferghana, Samarkand, Semiryechensk, and Syr-darya; the provinces of Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk, and sometimes that of Turgai belonging to the governor-generalship of the Steppes; the Transcaspian region; and the semi-independent states of Bokhara and Khiva.
		East or Chinese Turkestan, sometimes called Kashgaria, is a region in the heart of Asia, lying between the Tian-shan ranges on the north and the Kuen-lun ranges on the south, and stretching east from the Pamirs to the desert of Gobi and the Chinese province of Kan-su (98 E.).
		The population of Dzungania is estimated at 600,000 and of Kuija at 150,000.
	52.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TU/TURKESTAN.htm (9416 words)

	Turkestan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is subdivided into West Turkestan and East Turkestan (Xinjiang Turkestan), with the Tian Shan and Pamir ranges forming a rough division between the two.
		After the Russian Revolution, a Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union was created, which was eventually split into the Kazakh SSR (Kazakhstan), Kirghiz SSR (Kyrgyzstan), Tajik SSR (Tajikistan), Turkmen SSR (Turkmenistan) and Uzbek SSR (Uzbekistan).
		Eastern Turkestan, often called Chinese Turkestan, is home to the oldest settled Turkic people in the region, the Uyghurs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkestan (373 words)

	East Turkestan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The territory of Xinjiang in western China is known as East Turkestan amongst portions of the Uyghur Turkic population.
		The Second East Turkestan Republic was established in 1944 and lasted until the arrival of the Chinese Communist Party People's Liberation Army in 1949.
		The East Turkestan Islamic Movement is a specific separatist organization that has been designated a terrorist group by the PRC and the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Eastern_Turkestan (195 words)

	First East Turkestan Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The stirrings of Uyghur separatism during the early 20th century were greatly influenced by the Turkish jadidist movement, which spread as wealthier Uyghurs, inspired by notions of Pan-Turkism, traveled abroad to Turkey, Europe, and Russia, and returned home determined to modernize and develop the educational system in Xinjiang.
		Although established as a multiethnic republic, as reflected in the choice of the "East Turkestan" name used in its founding constitution, the first coins of the new government were initially minted under the name "Republic of Uyghuristan" (Uyghurstan Jumhuriyiti).
		The extent of Islam's influence in the foundation of the ETR is disputed; while the constitution endorses sharia as the guiding law, the jadidist modernizing tradition places much greater emphases on reform and development, which is reflected in subsequent passages of the constitution that focus on health, education, and economic reforms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_East_Turkistan_Republic (1589 words)

	Turkestan (region) - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Turkestan (region)
		onwards, Turkestan was occupied by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, the Chinese, the Persians, the Mongols, and the Arabs (who introduced Islam to the region in the 9th century).
		From the 19th century, Turkestan was administered by Russia as a single colony of smaller extent.
		After the Russian Revolution, the Turkestanis applied for autonomy, and in 1918 declared a Turkestan Independent Islamic Republic, which was overthrown by force between 1918–24.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Turkestan+(region) (222 words)

	East Turkestan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The majority of the population of Eastern Turkestan had switched to the Arabic alphabet by the 18th century.
		Eastern Turkestan is represented in the UNPO through the Eastern Turkestan National Congress.
		After this invasion, Eastern Turkestan was given the name Xinjiang which means "new territory" or "New Dominion" and in 1884 it was annexed into the territory of the Manchu empire.
	www.unpo.org /member.php?arg=21 (2454 words)

	The Wild Nature of Turkestan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the tugai jungles, in lifeless at first glance deserts, from the lowest point - the bottom of the hollow Batyr (132 m.) at the Turan lowland, till the highest apex - the Peak of Victory at Tien-Shan (the altitude is 7439 m.), in surprising by contrast natural conditions, live 153 kinds of mammals.
		Sharply continental climate always was distinquished by its fluctuations of the temperature: daily fluctuation of the temperature in deserts Kara-Kum and Kyzyl-Kum are so much, that sometimes during the day it is possible to see the four seasons of the years.
		In 1976 near Bukhara was organized the special nursery for breeding and setting of jairans all over the deserted territory of Turkestan, where the living conditions allow to live, and for studing the biology of these animals in the conditions of half-free living.
	www.kz /eng/animals/intro.html (751 words)

	TURKESTAN - Online Information article about TURKESTAN
		Flora.—As a whole the flora of Turkestan is identical with that of Central Asia, which was formerly continued by geo-botanists as far west as the steppes of Russia, but which must now be considered as a separate region subdivided into two—the Central Asian proper and that of.the Gobi.
		The real masters of the steppes and highlands of Turkestan are the Kirghiz, of whom there are two branches—the Kazak (Cossack) Kirghiz, who number about 3,787,000, and the Kara (Black) Kirghiz or Burnt, who number nearly 202,000.
		They number over 350,000 and constitute the intellectual element of the country and are the principal owners of the irrigated land—the Uzbegs being their labourers—merchants, and mollahs or priests.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /TUM_VAN/TURKESTAN.html (5917 words)

	Chokaev on 1917 in Turkestan
		The government known as the "Turkestan Executive Committee" should consist of three representatives of the soviets of workers' and soldiers' deputies, three from the city administrations, and six from the regional Moslem congress.
		The organ controlling the government, the "Turkestan Regional Soviet", according to the clerics' resolution and conference, should be composed of five representatives from the regional congress of soviets of workers' and soldiers' deputies, five from the congress of city administrations and 10 from the Moslem congress.
		The exclusion of soldiers' (or Red Army) deputies was motivated by the fact that the soldiers in the Turkestan garrisons were not natives of the region and had no interest in civilian life in Turkestan; they could easily be swayed by propaganda inimical to the interests of the population.
	www.uea.ac.uk /his/webcours/russia/documents/chokaev1.shtml (2951 words)

	Turkestan - IBWiki
		Turkestan gained its independence from Russia in 1918, along with countries like Ukraine and Georgia.
		As a result of this agreement, the province was officially transferred to Turkestan in 2001, and all residents obtained dual citizenship of Turkestan and Uyguristan.
		Uygur nationalists, however, do not recognise Turkestan's annexation of the Kashi province, and for this reason the relations between the two states are fragile.
	ib.frath.net /w/Turkestan (340 words)

	The Desperate Situation in East Turkestan and
		The process of the Chinese colonisation of East Turkestan is a process of sinicization; its dimension surpassed the single fact of military occupation, involving all aspects of the society, such as those of politics, economy, culture, and religion.
		Even the local authorities in East Turkestan have the power to intervene religious activities that are supposed to be under the protection of the state constitution.
		East Turkestan, once venue of peace, tolerance and civilisation and a rich country, without hunger, now most Uyghurs live under the United Nation’s poverty line, and the land is centre of state sponsored violence with weekly executions of Uyghurs for demanding their rights to live in dignitary as human beings.
	www.radicalparty.org /uighur/enver_can.htm (3175 words)

	Kazakh Adoptive Families: Turkestan/Turkistan
		An ancient centre of the caravan trade, known earlier as Shavgar and later as Yasi, it became a religious centre known as Khazret (Hazrat) because of the 12th-century S ufi (Muslim mystic) Ahmed Yesevi, whose 14th-century mausoleum is the city's chief monument.
		In XV - X cenuries Turkestan was the residence of Kazakh Khans.
		Currently Turkestan is a place of mass pilgrimage for tourists all over the world, who come to see the matchless masterpiece of medieval architecture - Hodja Ahmed Yasavi Mausoleum.
	kazakhadoptivefamilies.com /cities/turkistan.html (1554 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Turkestan
		The trade of Turkestan amounts to about 320 millions and a half of rubles, of which 140 millions and a half are exportation and 180 millions are importation.
		Tashkent, the chief city of the Syr Daria Province, is also the centre of the administration of Russian Turkestan with a population of 191,500 inhabitants, of which 150,622 are natives, for the most part (140,000) Sarts.
		The two main rivers of Russian Turkestan which flow into the Aral Sea are the Syr Daria, Sihun, or Jaxartes, and the Amu Daria, Tihun, or Oxus.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15095a.htm (937 words)

	The Epoch Times \| The Real Terror in East Turkestan
		On August 27, 1949, a plane carrying the leadership of the Republic of East Turkestan was on its way to Beijing for talks with Mao Zedong.
		In a pattern Tibet watchers will find all too familiar, the Communists have sent wave upon wave of Han Chinese to East Turkestan to reduce the Uighur majority there (this has been so successful the Uighurs are soon to become a minority in their own land, if they aren’t already).
		Suddenly, resistance to Communism in East Turkestan was supposedly everywhere, and according to Beijing, all of it was tied to and supported by Osama bin Laden.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/4-11-22/24466.html (738 words)

	East Turkestan. Net - Harun Yahya
		East Turkestan, known as the Kuwait of the twenty-first century, is of particular interest for its oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, gold and silver mines, and is one of China's most important sources of these resources.
		One Turkestan resident interviewed by Winchester (who refused to give his real name) said that since he worked in a state office he was never able to go to the mosque, and that he would be sacked if he were to be seen doing so.
		Those party members firmly believe in religion and who refuse to change their ways after education should be given a certain period to make corrections, be persuaded to withdraw from the party or dismissed from the party according to the seriousness of their case.
	www.eastturkestan.net /china03.html (5163 words)

	Learn About Rugs - Attributes - Style - East Turkestan \| e Rug.com Handmade Carpets & Area Rugs
		Even though the area itself is no longer called East Turkestan, the rugs of this area are still labeled as East Turkestan rugs.
		East Turkestan rugs have always been rare, and they are still being woven on a small scale.
		East Turkestan rugs tend to be long and narrow.
	www.eruggallery.com /learnrugs/learn_detail/style/style_eastturk.htm (350 words)

	K. N. Pandita: Islamic warriors in Turkestan
		Soviet system pulled Turkestan out of political, social and economic stagnation and ushered in the culture of modern industrialised society.
		All the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence surfaced in the lands of Turkestan.
		It is somewhat difficult to convince these regimes that Turkestan has been the home of three major civilizations known to man viz.
	www.kashmir-information.com /KNPandita/article15.html (673 words)

	UIA - China Whitewashes the Historic Reality of East Turkestan
		The Uyghurs call their motherland “East Turkestan” because it is the eastern part of ancient Turkestan.
		If East Turkestan was part of China, then, the Chinese government should claim all the regions from the Middle East to South Asia as part of its territories.
		Second, the white paper seems to perpetuate the notion that the Chinese have always been the ruling class in what is now the People’s Republic of China and all the minorities have been their subjects who have no right to rule or separate their countries from China by any means.
	web.radicalparty.org /pressreview/print_right.php?func=detail&par=5839 (2147 words)

	China e-Lobby: Remembering the plight of East Turkestan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		While America licked its wounds, and the people of East Turkestan expressed their sympathy and support for the United States to anyone who would listen, Communist China saw an opportunity to smear the entire occupied nation for its own benefit.
		Last September, East Turkestan found its voice again, with the formation of the East Turkestan government in exile.
		If you have any time this weekend, please take a look at what they are trying to do to resist the occupation of their homeland, and the systematic annihilation of their people.
	china-e-lobby.blogspot.com /2005/08/remembering-plight-of-east-turkestan.html (921 words)

	Turkestan on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A fragment of the 'Pancavimsatisahasrika Prajnaparamita-sutra' from eastern Turkestan.
		The sportoriginated many centuries ago on the vast Turkestan plains ofCentral Asia, and is played with a headless goat or calf.
		The sport originatedmany centuries ago on the vast Turkestan plains of Central Asia,and is played with a headless goat or calf.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-T1urkesta.asp (1017 words)

	Is Eastern Turkestan a Chinese Territory? / History / About Uyghurs / UAA - Uyghur American Association (UAA) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In order to justify their domination of Eastern Turkestan, the Chinese have always claimed that this country was annexed to China two thousand years ago, that the Chinese dwelled in this territory and therefore, Eastern Turkestan is an indivisible part of China.
		During this period the people of Eastern Turkestan revolted 42 times against the Manchu rule with the purpose of regaining their independence.(13) In the last revolt of 1863, the people of Eastern Turkestan were successful in expelling the Manchus from their motherland, and founded an independent state under the leadership of Yakub Beg Badavlat.
		After this invasion, Eastern Turkestan was given the name Sinkiang, and it was annexed into the Manchu Empire on 18 November 1884.(15) This means, Eastern Turkestan was conquered during the rule of the Manchus.
	www.uyghuramerican.org /about_uyghurs/history/is_eastern_turkestan_a_chinese_territory (1462 words)

	Uighur militants Committee for Eastern Turkistan
		In 1949 the Nationalist Chinese were defeated by the Chinese communists and Eastern Turkestan fell under Chinese communist rule.
		Following the death of the exile East Turkestan leader Isa Yusuf Alptekin, who advocated non-violence and was called the Turkic Dalai Lama, no-one has had the authority to prevent militant resistance against Chinese rule in Xinjiang.
		Branded as "Xinjiang's Hamas," the Home of East Turkestan Youth is a radical group committed to achieving the goal of independence through the use of armed force.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/para/uighur.htm (1020 words)

	Walking to Eastern Turkestan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This grueling walk, beginning near the fabled Khyber Pass and passing within sight of one of the world's highest peak, K2, is only possible during a few months of the year.
		The carpets woven in Eastern Turkestan have been known in the West as Samarkand and in the Orient as Kansu because those towns were the western and eastern depots on the trade routes, becoming the places from which the carpets were marketed.
		As to color, the opinion of the collecting families is that the hot, vibrant colors are all natural dyes.
	www.rugreview.com /145estur.htm (786 words)

	Terrorism - In the Spotlight: East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM)
		The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) is a separatist Muslim group operating in China's western Xinjiang province.
		China has long viewed the ETIM and similar groups as a threat to its territorial integrity, and after the attacks on America on Sept. 11, 2001, executed a harsh crackdown on the region by increasing its military presence, detaining suspected members, and limiting religious rights.
		East Turkestan maintained a measure of independence until the early 1950s, when Mao's victorious rebel armies turned to the peripheries and began securing Chinese borders, capturing Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and East Turkestan.
	www.cdi.org /terrorism/etim.cfm (1006 words)

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