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Topic: Turkic European

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	Turkic peoples - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Turkic languages are a subdivision of the Altaic language group, and are one of the most geographically widespread in the world, being spoken in a vast region spanning from Europe to Siberia.
		In the earliest Turkic dictionary extant, the eponymous hero of the Turks, Alp Er Tunga, is identified with the character Afrasiyab ("Frangasyan" in the Avesta) in Persian literature.
		Turkic soldiers in the army of the Abbasid caliphs emerged as the de facto rulers of most of the Muslim Middle East (apart from Syria and Egypt), particularly after the 10th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkic (3859 words)

	Iran - Turkic-speaking Groups (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Turkic languages belong to the Ural-Altaic family, which includes many languages of Soviet Central Asia and western China, as well as Turkish, Hungarian, and Finnish.
		The various Turkic languages spoken in Iran tend to be mutually intelligible.
		Unlike Indo-European languages, Turkic languages are characterized by short base words to which are added numerous prefixes and suffixes, each addition changing the meaning of the base.
	countrystudies.us /iran/41.htm (260 words)

	Turkey, country, Asia and Europe. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Asian Turkey (made up largely of Asia Minor), which includes 97% of the country, is separated from European Turkey (made up of E Thrace) by the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles (which together form a water link between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean).
		European Turkey, which includes Edirne and most of Istanbul, is largely rolling agricultural land, drained by the Ergene River.
		It entered the League of Nations in 1932, guaranteed its European borders by joining (1934) with Greece, Romania, and Yugoslavia in the Balkan Entente, and signed (1937) a treaty (the Saadabad Pact) with Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq.
	www.bartleby.com /65/tu/Turkey.html (3780 words)

	TATAR ROOTS
		Thus, sagai~saka~sak is a Turkic word, which has passed into the ethnonym of one of Scyth tribes, and was accepted by Persians as their common ethnonym.
		In Turkic: saga - Turkic ethnonym, -dar-lar is the plural affix; Sagadar is ‘Sags’.
		In Turkic skolot consists of the part isky-sko, -lo is an affix of possession, -t is a second affix of possession.
	www.hunmagyar.org /turan/tatar/tatar-origin.html (9947 words)

	Great Steppe Empires of Asia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Turkic culture and languages are believed to have originated in the 5th century BC around the upper Ienissei river in today's Siberia.
		Turkic speaking tribes migrated from that area westward to the steppes north of the Aral and Balkash lakes where they gave rise to the Huns who later gained control of the plains between the Ural and the Carpathian mountains from the resident indo-European tribes in the 4th century AD.
		Timur, a Turkic vassal of the Chaghatai Mongols in Transoxiana overcame his masters and became the scourge of Central Asia known in the west as Tamerlane.
	berclo.net /page97/97en-steppe-empires.html (2064 words)

	Hungary encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Hungary politics and officials, Hungary History. Travel to Hungary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		At present, there are six independent Turkic countries: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan, as well as the TRNC in Northern Cyprus (recognized only by Turkey and by Nakhichevan, an autonomous region in Azerbaijan).
		There are also two other major autonomous Turkic regions: The Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (also known as East Turkestan) in western China, and the autonomous state of Gagauzia, located within eastern Moldova, and bordering Ukraine to the north.
		In the earliest Turkic dictionary extant, the eponymous hero of the Turks, Alp Er Tunga, is identified with the character Afrasiyab ("Frangasyan" in the Zend Avesta) in Persian literature.
	www.hungaryiworld.com /wiki-Turkic_peoples (2889 words)

	Xinjiang - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kara-Khanid Khanate, which arose from a confederation of Turkic tribes scattered after the destruction of the Uyghur empire, took control of western Xinjiang in the 10th century and the 11th century.
		Xinjiang is home to several Muslim Turkic groups including the Uyghurs and the Kazakhs.
		Some Uighur scholars claim descent from both the Turkic Uighurs and the pre-Turkic Tocharians (or Tokharians, whose language was Indo-European), and relatively fair-skin, hair and eyes, as well as other so-called 'Caucasoid' physical traits, are not uncommon among them.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Xinjiang (2902 words)

	Central Europe
		The Magyars determined to escape the turmoil of the steppes, and assembled east of the Carpathians for their invasion of the Hungarian Plain, which they had determined was very thinly populated with the remnants of Avars and Gepids.
		Turkic, Hunnic and Mongolian languages were certainly included, as well as the morphologically similar Uralic languages, such as Hungarian (Magyar).
		The homeland of the Turkic people is the broad region of Asia between the Caspian Sea and the Gobi Desert, generally called Turkestan.
	www.du.edu /~etuttle/misc/europe.htm (23125 words)

	«THE TATAR GAZETTE»
		The Turkic archeological cultures, naturally, are not found, for, before the arrival of Huns in Eastern Europe, there were no Turks at all.
		He was also familiar with Turkic world, for he translated to Russian the work of S.Starovolsky ‘Court of Turkish Caesar’, published in 1649 in Polish in Krakow.
		Next to Argippeans (Ar-gippei is Turkic ir-at, the part at is translated by Herodotus to Greek by the word gippei) it marks Iyrks, ethnonym of which consists from iyi~iye, that corresponds to the word bi: iyi~iye ‘owner, good, rich’, erk ‘man, male’.
	www.members.tripod.com /tatargazeta/eng_173.html (9866 words)

	«THE TATAR GAZETTE» - WEB-EXCLUSIVE
		In the military area, the Turkic states are likely to remain non-nuclear, despite having the necessary know-how and technological preconditions for building nuclear weapons.
		The main reason for this is that, besides the Japanese, the Turkic peoples are the only ones who have experienced the full horror of the damaging effects of radioactivity.
		The future of the Turkic world outlined here is a mixture of both positive and negative developments.
	members.tripod.com /tatargazeta/085.html (1077 words)

	Turkic
		The Turkic pastoral tribes that later became the Yakut, Khakass, Kirghiz, Tuvinians, Nogai (Qazaq), and Altai appeared in Central Asia around 2000 B.C. Prior to that, these tribes had left their settlements between the Dnieper and Don rivers (see map 1) and embarked on a slow, eastward migration across the unpopulated steppe of present-day Kazakhstan.
		In this way, the Turkic and Mongolian languages came to acquire similarities that deceive modern linguists as to the two families' origins (see map 2).
		The fact of their continued presence may be confirmed by the occurrence of Turkic loan words in Latin and Greek (see comparative wordlist and map 3).
	www.geocities.com /valentyn_ua/Turkic.html (546 words)

	Sons of the Conquerors: The Rise of the Turkic World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		That is why, if the Turkic states of today look a bit primitive, especially in their methods of governance, you must realize that they are building on nothing except what they inherited from the Soviet Union, which is a Communist Party.
		Then I deal with the authoritarian nature of Turkic states, their love of strong leaders, the inheritance of Ataturk, the mad tyranny of Turkmenbashi [Saparmyrat Nyýazow] in Turkmenistan, and the new but flawed success of the ruler of Kazakhstan.
		We want to use European pressure to improve Turkey, make Turkey more competitive with Europe." A progressive, Western-educated constituency within Turkey is using the EU process to convince conservatives that they have to change their ways to make Turkey stronger, more open and a more decent place to live.
	cceia.org /viewMedia.php/prmTemplateID/8/prmID/5163 (5677 words)

	Languages & Writing Systems
		The languages of Europe and of regions inhabited by descendants of Europeans (e.g., the English- and Spanish-speaking peoples of the Americas) are primarily of the Indo-European and Uralic, or, more specifically, Finno-Ugric, language families.
		The Turkic language Turkish is spoken in Turkey, and other Turkic languages are spoken in the Caucasus, where more than 30 Caucasian languages are spoken.
		Although, in many parts of Africa, European languages imported with 19th-century colonialism are still spoken as functional national languages, the native African language families are the Afro-Asiatic (formerly Hamito-Semitic), Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, and Khoisan families.
	www.crystalinks.com /languages.html (2993 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Turkic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Turkic TURKIC [Turkic], group of languages forming a subdivision of the Altaic subfamily of the Ural-Altaic family of languages (see Uralic and Altaic languages).
		The Turkic group of languages has a total of some 125 million speakers in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Central Asia, and parts of Russia and China.
		Cumans CUMANS [Cumans] or Kumans, nomadic East Turkic people, identified with the Kipchaks (or the western branch of the Kipchaks) and known in Russian as Polovtsi.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/13136.html (718 words)

	Rasho Rashev - On the origin of the Proto-Bulgarians (1992)
		It is that the Turkic linguistic remains and elements of material culture represent exclusively the language and the culture of the Proto-Bulgarian military-administrative and clan leadership.
		An indirect indication could be the Turkic language of the Danubian Proto-Bulgarians, reflected in the Namelist of the Bulgarian rulers, in the Byzantine chroniclers and in the Bulgarian stone inscriptions.
		Their Turkic origin is assumed a priori following the view about the Turkickness of all Bulgar tribes and because of analogies between some Pastirki decorations and metal objects with similar items from the culture of the First Avar khaganate.
	www.kroraina.com /bulgar/rashev.html (5042 words)

	Ukraine in 1997 (1 Odessa)
		This indo-European and turkic cultural base was overlaid by slavic language tribes who expanded east, west and south from their original lands north-east of the Carpathian mountains in the 5th and 6th centuries AD.
		In the 6th century shamanist, mongol speaking Avar tribes moved in from the eastern steppes, overran and assimilated the turkic speaking Hun descendants of Attila's hordes before moving against the slavic tribes to the north and the germanic tribes to the west where they were defeated by the Franks in 562.
		After the decadence of the Avar, it was the turn of Bulgar and Mayar tribes to dominate the steppes north of the Black Sea for a while until the turkic Khazar tribes moved in from the area around today's Chechnia in the 9th century.
	berclo.net /page97/97en-ukraine-1.html (944 words)

	Finno-Ugric and Turkic?
		between Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic (not to speak about Korean and even Japanese that have sometimes been associated with the Altaic group) seems to be as thinly founded as that between Finno-Ugric and Turkic.
		This ideology that was central for the national awakening of many European peoples, Hungarians and Finns included, was based on the idea of a unitary nationhood, expressing itself in the history, culture, and language of the people in question.
		In this thought, language, culture, and race melted together into an indivisible whole, the role of language as the most important characteristic of a nation was vastly exaggerated, and generations after generations were taught never to question the -- largely language-based -- definitions of a nation.
	homepage.univie.ac.at /Johanna.Laakso/fu_tu.html (1261 words)

	Languages of the World
		Every European language with a writing tradition has developed at least one standard that is recognized nationally, and the national standard often coexists with recognized regional standards.
		A few European languages are used internationally, as lingua francas, but there is a low degree of pidgin and creole usage in Europe today.
		Dialects of two languages in the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European also are or were spoken in Europe: the Jassic dialect of Ossetic, an Iranian language, formerly spoken in Hungary; and the European dialects of Romany, which was spread by Gypsies throughout Europe and into America.
	www.ling.hawaii.edu /faculty/stampe/Linguistics/lgsworld.html (1332 words)

	Genetic Chaos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Caucasus populations occupy an intermediate position between European and Near Eastern populations in tree and principal coordinate analyses, suggesting that they are either ancestral to European populations or derived via admixture from European and Near Eastern populations.
		Overall, the Caucasus groups showed greater similarity with West Asian than with European groups for both genetic systems, although this similarity was much more pronounced for the Y chromosome than for mtDNA, suggesting that male-mediated migrations from West Asia have influenced the genetic structure of Caucasus populations.
		We describe aspects of genetic diversity in several ethnic populations of the Caucasus of Daghestan using mitochondrial DNA sequences and a sample of 100 polymorphic ALU insertion loci.
	vetinarilord.blogspot.com /2004/10/testing-hypotheses-of-language.html (893 words)

	Dienekes' Anthropology Blog: ESHG abstracts
		I had previously posted some titles from this year's European Society of Human Genetics conference.
		Mitochondrial DNA and NRY variability was studied in 23 Caucasus populations speaking Caucasus, Turkic, andIndo-European languages.
		Genetic outliers among the studied populations are relatively recently arrived Turkic speaking Nogays.
	dienekes.blogspot.com /2005/08/eshg-abstracts.html (2116 words)

	University's Department of Slavic Languages & Literatures
		CCI, CZ Aspects of cultures and mentalities in the Eastern European culture after the fall of communism: the Eastern European culture in search of individual and regional identity; Eastern Europe and globalization.
		CCI, FL Detailed study of the American, European and Slavic scholarly literature on translation combined with close analysis of existing literary and journalistic translations and a program of practical translation projects from English to Russian and Russian to English.
		Detailed study of the American, European, and Slavic scholarly literature on translation combined with close analysis of existing literary and journalistic translations and a program of practical translation exercises and projects from English to Russian and Russian to English.
	www.duke.edu /web/slavic/courses_rus.html (5918 words)

	KU-Institutes and Centers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In the United States and European countries almost all Soviet Studies centers have been engaged mainly in studying the Russian and other Slavic republics, ignoring Caucasian and Central Asian history, the history of Turks settled in the wider area of Eurasia, culture, languages and other values.
		The Caucasus, Central Asia and Turkic Studies, except the history of Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey, rarely have been objects of serious investigation.
		In year 2000, the institute’s subject area was extended to include the Turkic World in general, including Turkey, Caucasus, Central Asia, and related areas and nations in the Balkans, Iran, Siberia, and all Russia and China.
	www.khazar.org /icenters/twscenter.shtml (590 words)

	Repertoires of characters
		Most Europeans speaking indigenous European languages speak Indo-European or Uralic languages, but there are five other language families represented in Europe.
		In the oldest texts punctuation and wordspacing were often not used; use of various dots and dashes developed into the "standard" European repertoire of punctuation marks in use today.
		This Annex comprises a list of character identifiers in ISO/IEC 10646 which are used to write European languages, followed by the two-letter language code (Annex F) used in this report for the languages which use the letter.
	www.evertype.com /standards/tc304wg2/p11 (2415 words)

	Evertype: The Alphabets of Europe
		Most Europeans speaking indigenous European languages speak Indo-European or Uralic languages, but five other language families are also represented in Europe.
		The population estimates for European languages are best taken with a spoonful of salt.
		Some of these additional letters are also basic letters which are not to be identified with any other letter; others are derived letters created either by some deformation of the basic letter itself or by adding some diacritic mark or sign to it.
	www.evertype.com /alphabets (3504 words)

	Baku - 29 May
		Another possibility, demonstrated most clearly in our work on the Turkic peoples of Central Asia, is that languages move into regions from elsewhere, while genetic similarities are base more on geographic proximity.
		The Turkic languages, including Azeri and Turkish, likely originated in an ancestral language spoken northeast of the Proto-Indo-European homeland; Turkic speakers likely spread west only a couple thousand years ago.
		Turkic and Indo-European language areas meet here in the Caucasus, but the local scene is complicated by the strong presence of two other linguistic families, Kartvelian and North Caucasian.
	popgen.well.ox.ac.uk /eurasia/htdocs/baku31may/baku31may.html (4168 words)

	The Alekseev Manuscript - Chapter VII: Bronze Age in Eurasia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Turkic is a complicated language and is found in pockets in the Caucasus, the Volga Valley, Central Asia including Xingjiang, southern and central Siberia, and in Turkey.
		Thus, as per Arutiunov, the Bulgarian language was Turkic; the Turkic language was then assimilated by the Slavic populations and thus became Indo-European.
		The Turkic language family, as per Alexeev, and the Turkic language as per HOLLIS exhibited a direct relationship, and with Arutiunov adding the finer points, the Turkic language appears to be reaching a point of resolution.
	www.drummingnet.com /alekseev/ChapterVII.html (12823 words)

	Stanford Magazine: May/June 1999
		Sharif's Tajiks are Persian-speakers who moved east to Samarkand well before the arrival of Islam there about 1,300 years ago and the heyday of overland trade.
		My recent ancestors were Ashkenazi Jews in Ukraine; that population likely moved by several routes from the Middle East to Eastern Europe over the past couple of thousand years, mixing with Indo-European and Turkic people along the way.
		The common influence of Indo-European, Semitic and Turkic ancestry is one clue to how we might share a recent ancestor.
	www.stanfordalumni.org /news/magazine/1999/mayjun/articles/dna_detectives.html (684 words)

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