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	Ottoman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Empire was situated in the middle of East and West, and interacted throughout its six-century history with both the East and the West.
		With the rise of the empire, the characteristics and nature of the state were defined, and the Ottomans definitively carved out their own preserve in history under the rule of Mehmed II.
		Turkish independence resulted with the 'coup de grâce' to the Ottoman state, almost mercifully, in 1922, with the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the new republican assembly of Turkey.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottoman_Empire (5679 words)

	Ottoman Empire and the Armenian Genocide
		The Ottoman Empire was the state responsible for the Armenian Genocide.
		The Ottoman Empire was in existence from 1300 to 1923.
		Yet, in the final analysis, the centuries of Turkish rule resulted in the utter ruin of historic Armenia, the expulsion of the Armenians from Asiatic Turkey and the permanent exile of surviving Armenians.
	www.armenian-genocide.org /encyclopedia/ottoman.htm (774 words)

	Royalty.nu - Sultans of the Ottoman Empire - History of Turkey
		The Ottoman Empire arose from a Turkish principality founded in Anatolia (Asia Minor) at the end of the 13th century, when the empire of the Seljuk Turks had collapsed and the Byzantine Empire was crumbling.
		The modernization of the empire during the 19th and early 20th centuries, the spread of nationalism, the empire's demise, and the rise of the Republic of Turkey.
		Istanbul and the Civilization of the Ottoman Empire by Bernard Lewis.
	www.royalty.nu /history/empires/Ottoman (2443 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.3, Entry 272, TURKEY.: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Under this government, a number of races preserve a distinct organization, tribal, ecclesiastical or territorial, and the territory recognized in treaties as the Turkish empire, the government carried on by the Turks and the races inhabiting Turkey, must be carefully distinguished in the study and discussion of this subject.
		Politically the empire of the sultan is divided, in part by geographical conditions, and in part by race and language, into certain grand divisions, accepted in discussions of the eastern question, and familiar in its diplomatic correspondence; but these divisions are undefined and have no administrative significance.
		Orkhan crossed the Bosphorus, and the Turkish rule was established in its present European limits by the battle of Kassova (1356), when the defeat of Bajazet I. (1389-1402), on his eastern frontier, midway in Asia Minor, by Tamerlane, would have destroyed the Turkish empire had it been an Asiatic power.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy1042.html (7167 words)

	Brief History of Ottoman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The population of the Ottoman empire was mixed linguistically, culturally, and by religion.
		The collapse and extinction of the Ottoman empire was a consequence of World War I. The government made the mistake of entering the war on the side of the Central Powers, and the defeat of Germany meant the end for the Ottomans.
		It was an empire with a talent for war and government and also had grasped one great imperial secret: empires depend on minimal government for their survival; once they begin to interfere too much with the lives of their citizens, people begin to think they could run their own affairs better.
	www.ottomansouvenir.com /General/more_on_ottoman_empire.htm (2822 words)

	Turkish Ottoman Empire, Turkish Government, Victims
		The Turkish court concluded that the leaders of the Young Turk government were guilty of murder.
		On Saturday the 3rd of September 1955, the wife of the Turkish Consul in Thessaloniki asked for, and received, from a photographer in Thessaloniki supposedly for a keepsake a series of photographs and films of the Turkish Consulate and the neighboring home where Kemal Ataturk was born.
		These persecutions are known and approved b the Turkish authorities in violation of the articles 37-45 of the Treaty of Lausanne, which stipulate the protection of minorities and the non-distinction among Turkish civilians, concerning their civil rights.
	www.unitedhumanrights.org /Turkish.php (5778 words)

	Ottoman Empire -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Ottoman Empire was an imperial power that existed from 1299 to 1923 (634 years), one of the largest (The domain ruled by an emperor or empress) empires to rule the borders of the (The largest inland sea; between Europe and Africa and Asia) Mediterranean Sea.
		The Empire was founded by (The conqueror of Turkey who founded the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman dynasty that ruled Turkey after the 13th century; conquered most of Asia Minor and assumed the title of emir in 1299 (1259-1326)) Osman I (in Arabic ʿUthmān, hence the name Ottoman Empire).
		For centuries, the Ottoman Empire was the refuge of the (A person belonging to the worldwide group claiming descent from Jacob (or converted to it) and connected by cultural or religious ties) Jews of Europe, who did not have the freedom of religion in Europe that the citizens of the Ottoman Empire did.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/o/ot/ottoman_empire.htm (3015 words)

	Islamic Poems from Ottoman Empire - Turkish Poems - The Legends and Poetry of the Turks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Turkish literature is of a less advanced character than that of most of the Semitic literatures from which it is sprung.
		The Ottoman Turks, that is, the Turks who founded the present Turkish Empire, were a Tartar or Turanian tribe from Central Asia who adopted the Islamic faith and began their conquest of the Islamic world about the year 1300.
		We are told that when the first Turkish epic poet Ahmedi presented to Sultan Bajazet's son his long epic history of Alexander the Great, the prince rebuked the poet's years of labor, saying that one tiny, perfectly polished poem would have been worth more than all the epics.
	www.islamic-paths.org /Home/English/Discover/Poems/Poems_Turks.htm (1041 words)

	The Fall of Constantinople in 1453
		A bastion of orthodox Christianity, it was conquered by the Crusaders--the "defenders" of Christianity, and this colossal blow on it was one of the main causes for the fall of the Empire under the fanatic and irresistible power of the Ottoman Turks.
		One of the major explanations for the fall of Constantinople in the fatal 1453 is viewing it from the angle of the political consequences of the Latin Conquest and fall of the city in 1204.
		Although it had gained considerable victories against the Second Bulgarian Empire in the late thirteenth century due to the Tartar invasions and was not troubled from the East, in the same period, because of the divisions of the Seljukian Turks, the Empire did not have the resources for a quick revival.
	www.geocities.com /Paris/5972/Constantinople.html (3600 words)

	Turk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A native or inhabitant of Turkey Turkey, or a member of Turkish language speaking minorities in neighboring areas (see Demographics of Russia)
		the Young Turks, a political party in the late Ottoman Empire; the name later came to be applied to any ambitious and non-conformist young adult
		In the Ottoman Empire, Turk often referred to any Muslim as contrasted with a Christian or Jew
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkish (240 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Turkish Empire
		It is composed of the Turkish city of Stamboul, of the European districts of Galata and Pera separated by the natural roadstead of the Golden Horn, and of the suburbs of Scutari, Haïdar-Pacha, and Kadi Keui.
		The Turkish Empire has moreover entered into a period of transformation, the end of which no one can foresee, and what delays still more the task of the new power is the infinite diversity of races and religions which make up the empire.
		The Christian propaganda has been carried on in the Turkish Empire by means of the missions, the oldest of which date back to the time of the Crusades.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15097a.htm (5280 words)

	Seljuk Turks - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Seljuk Turks (Turkish: Selçuk; Arabic: سلجوق Saljūq, السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; Persian: سلجوقيان; Saljūqiyān; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that occupied parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries.
		When Malik Shah died in 1092 the empire split, as his brother and four sons quarrelled over the apportioning of the empire among themselves.
		As the dynasty declined in the middle of the 13th century, the Mongols invaded Anatolia in the 1260s and divided it into small emirates called the Anatolian beyliks, which in turn were later conquered by the Ottomans.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Seljuk_Turks (596 words)

	[No title]
		They were not devised to radically change the constitution of the Turkish Empire, but instead to improve, "to a certain degree", the general situation by reforming the administration, police, the finance department and the judiciary.
		Their task was to heal the chronic diseases in the Empire through periodic reforms, while, at the same, allowing the Empire to maintain its integrity.
		Still it was a direct interference in the domestic affairs of the Empire; the Turkish administration was controlled by foreign civil servants, and foreign officers were reorganizing the police force.
	www.gate.net /~mango/Mirtschteg_Reforms.htm (1273 words)

	The Life of Ottoman Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		But it's a little known fact that the word Sepharad is found in the Holy Scriptures (Obadiah 1:20) applied to a region around Sardis, where Jewish exiles were deported after the capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar.
		One of the most significant innovations that Jews brought to the Ottoman Empire was the printing press.
		In the free air of the Ottoman Empire, Jewish litterature flourished.
	www.mersina.com /lib/turkish_jews/history/life.htm (436 words)

	TURKISH CRESCENT MOON & STAR
		The Crescent Moon and Star (Sun during the Ottoman Empire) are ancient Turkish celestial symbols of power originating from the Turkish, ancestoral lands of Siberia and Central Asia.
		The founder of the Ottoman Turkish empire, Osman, had a dream in which he invisioned a Crescent Moon stretching over the Earth, he took it as a good sign and made it the symbol of his dynasty.
		Where ever a Turkish army met with a Euro-Christian one, of course it would be seen that the Turks used a Moon and Europeans assumed that this was the symbol of Islam used by muslim people.
	www.geocities.com /Pentagon/Bunker/6066/ayyildiz.html (1014 words)

	The Ottoman Empire
		The Turkish nomads expanded westward under the leadership of the Seljuk family of sultans.
		the Ottoman Empire stretched from the borders of Poland in the North to Yemen in the South and from
		Turkish philosophers and politicians called upon the Turks to think of themselves as a nation.
	www.globaled.org /nyworld/materials/ottoman/whoare.html (1991 words)

	Ottoman Empire
		The Ottoman Empire was not a Turkish empire as such, since Turks did not profit more from the benefits of the state than the peoples in non-Turkish territories.
		And even though the first sultans were Turkish, they generally married non-Turkish women, so the race of later sultans was not Turkish either.
		The empire was through most of its period not a state in the modern sense of the word, but more of a military administration.
	i-cias.com /e.o/ottomans.htm (200 words)

	History of Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Following this substantial change, the Karahanid Empire of central Asia (10th and 11th centuries) and the Ghaznavid Empire (10th and 12th centuries) developed in areas known today as Iran, Afghanistan, and Northern India.
		The magnificent reign of Sultan Suleyman I (1520 -1566) is known as the golden age of the Ottoman Empire.
		The Ottoman Empire more than doubled the boundaries of its realm under Suleyman the Magnificent's direction and was transformed into a full-fledged Muslim world empire.
	www.tconnections.com /Turkey/history_of_turkey.htm (686 words)

	Turkish Jewish Encounters
		The Second Turkish Jewish meeting was between the Turkish people living in Crimea and Eastern Europe who had adopted the Karaite religion.
		This empire was a safe haven for Jews throughout its history until its end at the beginning of 20th century.
		Ali Güler and Salahi Sonyels articles are about the transition from the Ottoman Empire into Turkish Republic and the effects of this on the Jewish and Muslim Turks of the Empire and the Republic.
	www.turkiye.net /sota/turkjew.htm (1672 words)

	AllRefer.com - Ottoman Empire (Turkish And Ottoman History) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Ottoman Empire (Turkish And Ottoman History) - Encyclopedia
		by Turkish tribes in Anatolia and ruled by the descendants of Osman I until its dissolution in 1918.
		Modern Turkey formed only part of the empire, but the terms "Turkey" and "Ottoman Empire" were often used interchangeably.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/OttomanE.html (163 words)

	Khazaria
		The empire eventually decayed and its inhabitants scattered though it left behind a legacy stronger than any evidenced by political or military might.
		This empire represented one corner of a “triangle of power, “also consisting of Byzantium and Persia.
		In the letter, Joseph informed Hasdai that the Khazars are not from Semitic descent, but from Khazar, son of Togarma (ancestor of all Turkish tribes), the grandson of Noah’s third son Japheth.
	econc10.bu.edu /economic_systems/NatIdentity/FSU/Caucasus/khazaria.htm (1537 words)

	Harford Jones, "A British View of the Ottoman Empire," 29 November 1802
		Radical dissolution of the Empire, by the Turks being driven out of Europe by force--I am very far from considering that the latter case necessarily comprises the former.
		However, I consider it as most probable that, the guardianship of these cities being by force transferred to any other Mahomedan prince, would deprive the Ottoman Prince of so great a part of his sanctity, that he would soon be obliged to make a renunciation of the Imamet in favour of the victor.
		Here, then, would certainly be what I should call a radical dissolution of the Turkish Empire: but what bound the old Turkish Empire together would cement the new Tartar or probably Arabian Empire, which wouldstart up in its place.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/history/ottoman.htm (470 words)

	NAASR TO PRESENT EAST COAST PREMIERE OF
		Turkish scholar Dr. Taner Akçam will give a lecture entitled “From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide” on Thursday, May 20, at 7:30 p.m., at the Starr Auditorium of Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government, 79 John F. Kennedy Street, Cambridge, MA.
		The lecture, Akçam’s first in the Boston area, will examine the relationship between Turkey’s transition from Ottoman Empire to Turkish Republic in the opening decades of the 20th century, the Armenian Genocide of 1915, and the process of democratization in Turkey today.
		He was active in Turkish politics until he fled to Germany as a political refugee.
	www.commercemarketplace.com /home/naasr/Akcam-rel.htm (488 words)

	Armenian Genocide Article \| HOW TURKISH EMPIRE SHOULD BE MADE AFTER THE WAR
		It is a well-known fact that the maintenance of the Turkish political entity for the last 200 years has been made possible by the rivalry of the Great Powers.
		In European Turkey and Anatolia, where the bulk of the Turkish element is to be found the Turk is in the minority.
		More than fifty per centum of the Turkish element in the Turkish Empire are to be found within the boundaries of the territories assigned for Turkey.
	www.cilicia.com /armo10c-nyt19150124.html (776 words)

	18th - 19th Century Maps
		With regards to maps of Turkish Empire and Anatolia during this period, we begin to see the current local names of regions and cities as compared to the classical names shown in the earlier maps.
		With the decline of the Ottoman Empire we see major changes in the borders and emergence of new nation states in the Balkans and the Middle East.
		A large map of Turkish Empire, covering territories in Balkans, Anatolia, Levant, North Africa and Arabia.
	turkeyinmaps.com /Sayfa3.html (591 words)

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