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	Turkish Fifth Army
		The Ottoman Turkish Fifth Army was formed on March 24, 1915 with the responsibilty for the defence of the Dardanelles straits after Turkey entered World War I.
		In early 1915, as the Allied campaign to seize the Dardanelles (Battle of Gallipoli) commenced, the 5th Army comprised two army corps; the Turkish III Corps was defending the Gallipoli peninsula and the Turkish XV Corps was defending the Asian shore.
		The Turkish XVI Corps, also known as the "Saros Group", was located north of the peninsula's neck to defend against a landing from the Gulf of Saros.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/t/tu/turkish_fifth_army.html (280 words)

	ARMY - LoveToKnow Article on ARMY
		The onde continued the military history of the army from the LI of the Thirty Years War; and when the period of consohidan was finally closed, all was prepared for the introduction a standing army, practically always at war strength, and tirely at the disposal of the sovereign.
		Armies cessanily moved slowly and remained concentrated to facilitate pply and to check desertion, and thus, when a commander d every unit of his troops within a short ride of his headarters, there was little need for intermediate general officers, d still less for a highly trained staff.
		The army was arrayed as a whole or two lines of battle, with the infantry in the centre and the ig cairy on the flanks, and an advanced guard; the so-called dr ;erve consisting merely of troops not assigned to the regular st~ mmands.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AR/ARMY.htm (22545 words)

	Turkish Fifth Army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Turkish Fifth Army was formed on March 24, 1915 with the responsibilty for the defence of the Dardanelles straits after the Ottoman Empire entered World War I.
		In early 1915, as the Allied campaign to seize the Dardanelles (Battle of Gallipoli) commenced, the Fifth Army comprised two army corps; the Turkish III Corps was defending the Gallipoli peninsula and the Turkish XV Corps was defending the Asian shore.
		The Turkish XVI Corps, also known as the "Saros Group", was located north of the peninsula's neck to defend against a landing from the Gulf of Saros.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkish_Fifth_Army (285 words)

	Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal) [Australian War Memorial]
		During the Second Balkan War in 1913 he became the chief of staff of the army in the Gallipoli Peninsula, until posted as military attaché at the Turkish embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria.
		Kemal returned to Gallipoli in 1915 as commander of the 19th Division, the main reserve of the Turkish Fifth Army, and was thus on hand to oppose the ANZAC landing in April.
		Given command of all Turkish forces fighting in the Anafarta sector from Chunuk Bair to Suvla Bay, he was granted the title of Pasha after the August battles there.
	www.awm.gov.au /encyclopedia/ataturk.htm (427 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Battle of Gallipoli
		Hamilton's invasion force was opposed by the Fifth Army, under the command of the German advisor to the Ottoman Army, General Otto Liman von Sanders.
		At Cape Helles, on the tip of the peninsula, and along the Aegean coast, was the Ninth Division and, in reserve at Gaba Tepe in the middle of the peninsula was the 19th Division, under the command of Mustafa Kemal.
		At Anzac, an attack on the Turkish trenches at Lone Pine by the infantry brigades of the Australian 1st Division was a rare victory for the Anzacs.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Dardanelles_Campaign (5210 words)

	Mapping Gallipoli: Gallipoli April 1915 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This map shows Turkish dispositions before the landings on 25 April 1915.
		The commander of the Ottoman Turkish Fifth Army, Otto Liman von Sanders, believed the British would attack at Bulair (called Bolayer on the map) at the narrowest point of the peninsula or on the Asiatic side of the coast across from the island of Tenedos, which was occupied by the British.
		No Turkish forces are indicated on the map around Ari Burnu, where the Australians and New Zealanders landed on 25 April, although there are some defences indicated at Gaba Tepe, further south.
	www.awm.gov.au /gmaps/turkish/gallipoli.asp (123 words)

	Mapping Gallipoli: Cape Helles 1915 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The map is annotated, showing allied and Turkish front lines, and the disposition of Turkish forces during the summer of 1915 (June to August).
		The annotations on the map show the positions of the 1st, 10th, 13th and 14th Divisions, and the position of the Second Army headquarters in early August 1915, around the time of the allied assaults in August.
		In late September and early October, the Second Army was gradually withdrawn from Cape Helles.
	www.awm.gov.au /gmaps/turkish/helles.asp (155 words)

	Battle of Gallipoli -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The landing was only lightly opposed by scattered Turkish units until (Turkish statesman who abolished the caliphate and founded Turkey as a modern secular state (1881-1938)) Mustafa Kemal, commanding the 19th Division and perceiving the threat posed by the landings, rushed reinforcements to the area in what became a race for the high ground.
		The Turkish losses were so severe that a (A state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms) truce was organised for May 24 in order to bury the scores of dead lying in (Click link for more info and facts about no man's land) no man's land.
		There are a number of Turkish memorials and cemeteries on the Asian shore of the Dardanelles, demonstrating the greater emphasis Turkish history places on the victory of March 18 over the subsequent fighting on the peninsula.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/ba/battle_of_gallipoli.htm (4187 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - German Officer's View on the Battle of Sari Bair, 6 August 1915
		The Turkish outposts before the main positions on the rim of the heights which on the west overlook the lowland of Tuslagol drew back in the face of overwhelming numbers, and immediately a field telephone informed the army high command of the landing of strong forces.
		Just as the hellish concert reached its climax, the Turkish howitzers, which during the night, through prodigious exertions, had been placed on the heights north and south of Anafarta, joined in.
		The general Turkish attack began on the morning of August 9th, and halted any new Anzac attempt to advance.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/saribair_germanaide.htm (2181 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Otto Liman von Sanders
		Rising to the rank of Lieutenant General the unpopular Liman served in numerous staff and divisional commands before being appointed director of a German military mission to Turkey in 1913 intended to reorganise the army of the Ottoman Empire.
		As an example of his true interests Liman attempted to persuade the Turkish government to pursue a military alliance with the Central Powers shortly after his appointment.
		The following March he was placed at the head of the Fifth Army sited at Gallipoli, and is widely credited with overseeing the failure of the Allied army's attempt to land there (under Sir Ian Hamilton).
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/liman.htm (448 words)

	Articles - Battle of Gallipoli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The landing was only lightly opposed by scattered Turkish units until Mustafa Kemal, commanding the 19th Division and perceiving the threat posed by the landings, rushed reinforcements to the area in what became a race for the high ground.
		At Anzac, an attack on the Turkish trenches at Lone Pine by the infantry brigades of the Australian 1st Division was a rare victory for the Anzacs.
		There are no large Turkish military cemeteries on the peninsula, but there are numerous memorials, the main ones being the Ã‡anakkale Martyrs' Memorial at Morto Bay, Cape Helles (near S Beach), the Turkish Soldier's Memorial on Chunuk Bair and the memorial and open-air mosque for the 57th Regiment near Quinn's Post (Bomba Sirt).
	www.centralairconditioners.net /articles/Battle_of_Gallipoli (4085 words)

	news2003_08_02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		General Sukru Sariisik, formerly the commander to the Turkish Army's Fifth Corps, was appointed to the position of NSC Secretary, one of the decisions ratified by the government and the chiefs of the defence staff at the meeting of the Supreme Military Council (SMC), which concluded four days of deliberations on Sunday.
		Though legislative reforms passed by the parliament last week opened the way for the appointment of someone from outside the ranks of the armed forces to the position, and left the nominating of the proposed incumbent to the Prime Minister, General Sariisik was given the task.
		Turkish Cypriot daily BIRLIK newspaper (04.08.03) reports that Irsen Kucuk, so-called minister of agriculture and forests, has claimed that the occupation authorities did not prevent the free movement of goods in Cyprus, provided that "the laws and regulations, which govern the trade relations between states, are applied".
	www.kypros.org /PIO/news/turkish_press/news2003_8_2.htm (1483 words)

	Turkey: Pamuk Trial Tests Commitment to Free Speech (Human Rights Watch, December 8, 2005)
		Turkey has made significant progress in the protection of freedom of expression since the early 1990s when hundreds of citizens were imprisoned for their nonviolent opinions, and minority languages such as Kurdish were forbidden by law.
		Fatih Taş, owner of the Aram publishing house, is charged with “insulting Turkishness and the security forces” under article 301 of the Turkish criminal code, and with “insulting the memory of Kemal Atatürk” under Statute 5816, the law to protect Atatürk.
		Moreover, the Turkish Ministry of Justice has failed to ensure that the annual performance review of judges and prosecutors includes an assessment of their knowledge of and compliance with international law.
	www.hrw.org /english/docs/2005/12/08/turkey12174_txt.htm (880 words)

	BATTLE OF SARI BAIR BOOKS SOURCE, FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
		For this offensive the commander of the Mediterranean_Expeditionary_Force, General Sir Ian Hamilton, was provided with three British New Army divisions; the 10th (Irish) Division, the 11th (Northern) Division and the 13th (Western) Division — all previously untried in battle.
		To distract the Turks from the impending offensive, on 6_August, at 5.30 pm, an attack was made at Lone Pine by the infantry brigades of the Australian 1st Division.
		At the time of the landing on August_6 the British were confronted by three Turkish battalions under the command of a Bavarian cavalry officer, Major Wilhelm_Willmer whose task was to delay the British until reinforcements could arrive from Bulair, 30 miles away.
	www.lilbooks.com /Battle_of_Sari_Bair (2039 words)

	Ataturk - Kusadasi Guide - Information
		During his stay in Damascus when he was at the command of the fifth army, he, because of his duty, traveled the whole Syria and witnessed the abuses in the government administration.
		After the Operation Army succeeded the emperor Abdulhamit dethroned and Sultan Resit became the emperor.
		According to Mustafa Kemal the aim had to be establishing a new and independent Turkish State which was ruled by the Turks.
	www.kusadasi.net /info/ataturk.htm (865 words)

	liman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Commanded the Fifth Turkish Army during its defense of Gallipoli (1915), thus preventing allied seizure of Constantinople.
		Commanded Fourth, Seventh and Eighth Turkish Armies in Syria and Palestine (1918) and replaced Falkenhayn as commander of Army Group Yildirim (1918).
		Due to ancestry (his father was the Jewish banker Isaac Liepmann), he was considered by fellow generals such as von Seeckt to be unfit to command a German corps.
	home.comcast.net /~jcviser/index.htm/aok/limanx.htm (140 words)

	Turkey: Outspoken Turkish-Armenian Journalist Murdered (Human Rights Watch, 20-1-2007)
		Dink had been prosecuted three times for his statements under article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code for “insulting Turkishness.” Most recently, in July 2006, the Supreme Court upheld a six-month prison sentence against Dink under article 301 for an editorial concerning the 1915 massacres of Armenians in Anatolia.
		In 2006 alone, more than 50 individuals were indicted for statements or speeches that questioned state policy on controversial topics such as religion, ethnicity, and the role of the army.
		Human Rights Watch called on the Turkish government to conduct a thorough investigation into the murder of Hrant Dink and to hold accountable those involved in the murder.
	www.hrw.org /english/docs/2007/01/20/turkey15135.htm (468 words)

	Turkish Army at Gallipoli, March Defense & August Counteroffensive, 1915
		Battalions, regiments, brigades, divisions, corps and armies maintained their cohesiveness despite casualties that would have collapsed World War II armies, losses so heavy they are akin to those that might be suffered on an atomic battlefield.
		Army Corps reinforced the Gallipoli Peninsula defenses, it arrived with the 7
		The shadowy presence of Liman von Sanders, the legendary general who was chief German advisor to the Turkish Army, hovers everywhere.
	orbat.com /site/history/historical/turkey/gallipoli1915.html (824 words)

	War in the Mediterranean 1915
		The Italian Army of nearly 900,000 men organised into 36 divisions and under the command of Gen Luigi Cadorna, Chief of the Italian General Staff, is poorly equipped but outnumbers the Austrians on this front.
		A fourth army, the Bulgarian Second, commanded from Sofia, is to attack into southeast Serbia and cut the railway to the Greek port of Salonika on the Aegean.
		The surviving Serbian armies, fighting on in the west and south, are forced to retreat into Montenegro and Albania.
	www.naval-history.net /WW1AreaMed1915.htm (6497 words)

	Promoting Turkish-German Trade \| Business \| Deutsche Welle \| 28.04.2004
		Underlining the importance of the opening of the chamber of commerce, German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan were present in Cologne, along with other German and Turkish business leaders.
		Turkey has pushed through major democratic reforms, but the European Parliament stated in a recent report that it is not yet ready for membership, citing the influence of the army in politics, continuing torture practices and the discrimination of religious minorities.
		Yet in a state visit to Ankara in February, Schröder indicated he is open to setting a date for talks on concrete criteria.
	www.dw-world.de /dw/article/0,,1183245,00.html (548 words)

	JMH Abstracts: Vol. 65, No. 4
		The Indian Army was the principal support of the British-Indian empire.
		The German commander of the Ottoman Fifth Army, Major General Otto Liman von Sanders, further muddied the historical waters by exaggerating his own role in planning the defense.
		Furthermore, the defending infantry divisions and commanders, although outnumbered, were the best available in the Ottoman Army, a factor which significantly affected the outcome of the campaign.
	www.smh-hq.org /jmh/volumes/jmh654/abs654.html (890 words)

	Fifth Army - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Fifth Army - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		A number of nations have had a Fifth Army:
		This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/5th_Army (98 words)

	The Role of the Military in Turkish Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It is my contention that one cannot begin to understand or analyze the implications of the coup d’état by the Turkish General Staff on 12 September 1980 unless one has a firm grounding in the historical — even perhaps traditional — role of the military in Turkish political affairs.
		In fact, the impact of the junior officers of the Ottoman army as a modernizing force, both in deposing the Sultan and informing the nucleus for the Republic of Turkey, cannot be overstated.
		There are direct linkages between the Turkish military’s desire to achieve a final solution to the Cyprus issue and the civilian politicians’ inability or unwillingness to reach a political or diplomatic solution.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1982/jan-feb/johnson.html (8511 words)

	Turkish Fifth Army - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Turkish Fifth Army - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 09:13, 23 Feb 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Turkish Fifth Army contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Turkish_Fifth_Army (299 words)

	Battle of Gallipoli (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Three battleships were sunk (the British HMS Ocean and HMS Irresistible and the French Bouvet) while the battlecruiser HMS Inflexible and the French battleships Suffren and Gaulois were badly damaged.
		At first the landing was only lightly opposed by scattered Turkish units however Mustafa Kemal, commanding the 19th Division, perceiving the threat posed by the landings, rushed reinforcements to the area in what became a race for the high ground.
		The main landings were made at V Beach, beneath the old Seddülbahir fortress, and at W Beach, a short distance to the west on the other side of the Helles headland during the Battle of Gallipoli.
	www.worldwar1-history.com /Battle-of-Gallipoli.aspx (4063 words)

	Dardanelles & Gallipoli campaigns in WW1
		After reaching Turkish waters, the two German ships are nominally transferred to the Turks as the battlecruiser "Yawuz Sultan Selim" and light cruiser "Midilli".
		Adding considerably to the strength of the poorly-equipped Turkish Navy, they spend much of the war operating in the Black Sea manned by their German crews and under the command of Adm Souchon, who is appointed Chief of the Turkish Fleet.
		claims for Turkish ships sunk by British submarines to the end of 1915 include one old battleship and an armoured ship, six small warships, 16 transports and around 200 small steamers and sailing vessels, although some of these were beached and salved.
	www.naval-history.net /WW1CampaignsDardanelles.htm (4437 words)

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