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	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits
		The Bosporus straits are considered international waterways and Turkey is prohibited from restricting their use in peacetime.
		Turkish maritime authorities can check ships for sanitary conditions and safety and can charge tolls, but cannot stop their passage.
		The 1936 Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits came about due to the Turkish desire to remilitarize the Straits, which under the terms of the Lausanne Convention[?] had been demilitarized.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/mo/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Turkish_Straits (394 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Map of the Dardanelles The Dardanelles (Turkish: Ã‡anakkale BoÄŸazÄ±, Greek: Î”Î±ÏÎ´Î±Î½ÎÎ»Î»Î¹Î±, Dardanellia), formerly known as the Hellespont (Greek: EÎ»Î»Î®ÏƒÏ€Î¿Î½Ï„Î¿Ï‚, Hellespontos), is a narrow strait in northwestern Turkey connecting the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara.
		The 1936 Montreux Convention came about due to the Turkish desire to remilitarize the Straits, which under the terms of the Lausanne Convention had been demilitarized.
		The latest treaty is the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits from 1936, which technically is still in force.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Montreux-Convention-Regarding-the-Regime-of-the-Turkish-Straits/Treaty-text (822 words)

	Bosphorus Straits Regulation and Central Asian Oil
		Regulating traffic through the Bosphorus Straits and encouraging the development of a Turkish pipeline to transport Central Asian oil to the Mediterranean is viewed by many as an attempt by Turkey to assert itself as a regional actor.
		If statistics of the number of vessels passing through the straits are considered in relation to the physical characteristics of the straits, it is abundantly clear that the probability of a serious environmental catastrophe occurring in or around Istanbul is very high.
		Turkish officials estimate that 60% of the yearly traffic carries hazardous materials such as natural gas, agricultural and other chemicals, oil, nuclear waste and derivatives through the straits.
	www.american.edu /TED/bosporus.htm (3420 words)

	OIL TRANSPORTATION THROUGH THE TURKISH STRAITS:A GREAT CHALLENGE TO SAFETY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Straits consist of Strait of Istanbul, Sea of Marmara and Strait of Canakkale.
		The Independenta accident was an “emergency” call for the Turkish Straits and from then on “Safety of the Turkish Straits” took its place on the national agenda of Turkey at both the governmental and public levels.
		Turkish Maritime Pilots’ Association believes that the creation of a pilot within a roster system circulating between pilotage-VTS-Pilotage duties would be a further insurance for the quality and reliability of services to be provided by the Turkish Straits VTS.
	www.turkishpilots.org /DOCUMENTS/Cahit_Istikbal_Turkish_Straits_VTS.htm (970 words)

	Turkish Embassy.org - Republic of Turkey
		The length of the Strait of Istanbul is approximately 17 NM with a width varying from 700 meters to 1500 meters and is characterized by several sharp turns.
		The increasing maritime traffic in the Turkish Straits, especially the sharp rise after 1990’s in the number of oil tankers and the amount of oil they carry bring with them the growing risk and danger of a large-scale accident in the Straits causing huge environmental damage and destruction.
		The Turkish Straits Regulations and the TSS aim at enhancing safety of navigation in the Turkish Straits and are in conformity with the relevant rules of international law and practice.
	www.turkishembassy.org /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=511&Itemid=489 (1712 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - New study warns of Turkish Straits tanker risks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The research is likely to be used as part of the Turkish campaign to persuade the international community to use other means than tankers for oil and gas movements from Russia and the Caspian through the straits.
		The research strongly backs the regulations which were implemented in 1994 for safe navigation in the Turkish Straits, paving the way for the sophisticated VTS that is being built and is due to commence operations this year.
		The Nassia/Shipbroker collision of 1994, which precipitated the Turkish determination to impose its regulations on the straits was the most serious incident in recent years.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/nte12517.htm (415 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Turkish Straits, constitute a strategic waterway connecting the Black Sea to the Aegean and to the Mediterranean Sea.
		The Turkish Straits comprise the Istanbul and Çanakkale Straits and the Sea of Marmara.
		Given this brief description, it is easy to say that the Turkish Straits are one of the most hazardous, crowded, difficult to navigate and potentially dangerous waterways in the world of maritime traffic.
	www.byegm.gov.tr /yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1998/Sep/N9.htm (795 words)

	Solana says NATO ready to monitor Cyprus no-fly zone Turkish Straits again on IMO agenda - Turkish Daily News Jul 20, ...
		A Turkish newspaper report on Saturday quoted intelligence officials as saying that seven launching pads for the missiles have been flown to the island and are currently being kept in three underground warehouses near the Paphos air base.
		To ward off the criticism, the Turkish delegation is expected to reiterate that Turkey is the only literal country which has the authority to regulate the passage through the Straits.
		The Turkish officials will also inform their counterparts that work on the installation of the radar control systems has reached its final phase and the tender for the systems will be opened very soon.
	www.turkishdailynews.com.tr /archives.php?id=8096 (1169 words)

	32_5
		Turkish defenses of the Straits included mining and massive shore artillery emplacements, proving that a strong defense could prohibit the passage of the Royal Navy’s surface warships, which were forced instead to attempt an amphibious assault at the entrance to the Dardanelles.
		Turkish officials in defending the regulations pointed out that the magnitude of environmental catastrophes in the Russian Federation indicated that such concerns were secondary to the search for hard currency for its stagnating economy.
		Turkish concern with oil and the environment was not limited to foreign shipping; in early December 1996 the Turkish tanker Saraykoy caught fire off the port of Samsun in the Black Sea; while the fire was extinguished after a day, oil was released into the water by the accident.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/usazerb/325.htm (7411 words)

	Convention Relating to the Regime of the Straits, 24 July 1923
		In no event shall warships in transit through the Straits, except in the event of damage or peril of the sea, remain therein beyond the time which is necessary for them to effect their passage, including the time of anchorage during the night if necessary for safety of navigation.
		With a view to maintaining the Straits free from any obstacle to free passage and navigation, the provisions contained in Articles 4 to 9 will be applied to the waters and shores thereof as well as to the islands situated therein, or in the vicinity.
		Turkish aeroplanes will always be able to fly over the waters of the Straits and the demilitarised zones of Turkish territory, and will have full freedom to alight therein, either on land or on sea.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/1918p/straits.html (6035 words)

	TURKISH- ISLANDS SITUATED AT THE ENTRY OF THE DARDANELLES STRAITS- FORSNET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Montreux Convention has replaced the convention concerning the straits annexed to the Lausanne Treaty that dictates the demilitarized status of the Islands situated at the entry of the Dardanelles Straits, thus abrogating the demilitarized status of both the Straits and the Islands.
		As it is stated in the telegram of the British Embassy, found in the introductory section of this document, the Turkish proposals had not been given their final shape at the time the document was given to the British.
		The final proposal of the Turkish Delegation disseminated at the Montreux Conference clearly explains that the general term "The Straits" stood for the Dardanelles and Istanbul Straits and the Sea of Marmara without referring to the two Greek Islands.
	www.turk-yunan.gen.tr /english/aegean/militarization02.html (1593 words)

	First World War.com - Battles - The Gallipoli Front - An Overview
		Therefore it was quite feasible that should Britain and France gain the Straits they could succeed in not only eliminating Turkey from the war, but in also drawing Greece and Bulgaria into the war against the Central Powers.
		The first attempt upon the 65km-long, 7km-wide Straits was made on 19 February 1915 by a considerable number of combined British and French battleships comprised of the new battleship Queen Elizabeth, 3 battlecruisers, 16 pre-dreadnought (including four French vessels), 4 cruisers, 18 destroyers, 6 submarines, 21 trawlers plus the seaplane carrier Ark Royal.
		Having paused to consolidate following the clear failure of February's attempts to batter the Turkish protective fortresses, a further naval effort was briefly launched on 18 March in an attempt to force through The Narrows (so-named because just 1,600 heavily-mined metres separated the shore on either side).
	www.firstworldwar.com /battles/overview_gf.htm (2801 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Turkish Straits having an appropriate condition for passage of the Varyag in the course of time is totally unrealistic.
		The undersecretariat, which considered the passage of the giant platform, which is 306 metres, from the Straits technically detrimental, had earlier conveyed its views to the Prime Minister's Office and the General Staff, and warned that permitting the passage of Varyag would contradict the interests of the country.
		Undersecretariat, which noted that it fought for the implementation of the Regulation on Turkish Straits Sea Traffic Order for seven years, had earlier proposed China to either divide the ship into two or to rig it in the Black Sea before passing through the Straits, and added that its views were not taken into consideration.
	www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de /oasien/china/service/bbc/010817.txt (11174 words)

	Turkish Straits
		That leaves Turkish Airlines' three aging 727 freighters as examples of how the same forces that fuel economic growth in the modern age also bring tougher competition to markets, threatening to push smaller national airlines further to the margins of air trade.
		By all rights, Turkish Airlines should be able to take advantage of the expanding role in world trade that comes with economic stability and trade with the booming EU nations.
		Despite the retooling, Turkish Airlines remains on the margins of a restructuring of Europe's aviation landscape brought on by deregulation.
	www.aircargoworld.com /archives/feat3dec99.htm (1236 words)

	TURKISH STRAITS VESSEL TRAFFIC SERVICE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Turkish Straits VTS has been established in accordance with applicable national laws and international rules and regulations in order to improve the safety of navigation, protection of life, environment, and property in the Turkish Straits by using the latest technology.
		The TSVTS shall be operated in accordance with the Turkish Straits Maritime Traffic Regulations, as promulgated in the Official Gazette no.23515 of 6 November 1998 together with the IMO Resolutions A.857 (20) and A.827 (19).
		Vessels carrying dangerous cargo and vessels 20 meters in length or over, whether in stopover or non-stopover passage through the Turkish Straits, for whatever purpose, shall be designated as “Active Participant” vessels within the TSVTS area and it is strongly recommended that Active Participant vessels comply with all the requirements of TUBRAP.
	www.turkishpilots.org /DOCUMENTS/TSVTS_GUIDE.htm (1234 words)

	Turkish Odyssey/Places of Interest/Marmara/Istanbul-Troy-Assos Destination
		The Turkish Straits have possessed an enormous strategic importance as a result of the policies adopted by powers in their attempt to reach the high seas and warmer climates or to establish sovereignty over the Middle East.
		The Allied fleet began bombarding the Turkish batteries at the entrance to the strait on November 3, 1914.
		Simultaneously, on the Asiatic side of the strait at Kumkale, one French division made a diversionary landing and on the neck of the peninsula, a naval force attempted to distract the Turks.
	www.turkishodyssey.com /places/marmara/marmara8.htm (3559 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Ankara responds angrily to Russian allegations concerning the Straits Turkish Ambassador to UN says Moscow is distorting facts on the subject Turkish Daily News ANKARA- Turkey has accused Russia of misinforming the public about regulations adopted for Ankara to regulate shipping through the Turkish Straits in order to enhance safety.
		Turkish officials do not deny that the pipeline is a lucrative project which would undoubtedly benefit Turkey.
		However, they add that the reason Ankara introduced these regulations was to enhance the safety of the Turkish Straits, which are among the busiest waterways in the world and which have seen major tanker accidents in the past two years alone.
	www.b-info.com /places/Turkey/news/95-12/dec15.tdn (888 words)

	Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits... - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Turkish_Straits... (160 words)

	The Legal Regime of the Turkish Straits
		This is the thirteenth book in the series International Straits of the World initiated and edited at the Graduate College of Marine Studies of the University of Delaware.
		The convention exempted those straits in which passage was regulated in whole or in part by long-standing international conventions specifically related to that strait.
		She has left her readers with policy options that will be useful in trying to reconcile the use of a strait not covered by the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention with the exigencies of modern international law.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=20741 (342 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Given this situation, it is not hard to see why the Turkish Straits are among the most hazardous, crowded, difficult and potentially dangerous waterways in the world for maritime traffic.
		Furthermore, the Turkish Straits are sometimes mistakenly referred to as “international straits” which is not correct because what is “international” is the navigation not the Turkish Straits.
		The safety of the Turkish Straits ultimately depends on regulating the traffic through the Straits with a view to giving priority to safety of human lives, property and the environment.
	www.byegm.gov.tr /yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1997/3/N3.htm (974 words)

	Turkey Opposes Nuclear Wastes Passing Through Straits: Minister
		The Turkish Straits, consisting, from southwest to northeast, of the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus, link the Mediterranean and the Black Seas.
		Evaluating the risks to Turkey if the nuclear wastes find their way through the Turkish waterway, the minister said that his ministry would contact relevant institutions and start certain sanctions that are in line with international laws.
		Turkish Environment Minister Fevzi Aytekin said that his ministry is strongly opposed to the passage of ships carrying radioactive material through the Turkish straits, reported the Anatolia News Agency on Friday.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /english/200106/09/eng20010609_72233.html (377 words)

	World Oil Transit "Chokepoints" Country Analysis Brief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Exports through the Turkish Straits have grown since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, and there is growing concern that projected Caspian Sea export volumes exceed the ability of the Turkish Straits to accommodate the tanker traffic.
		Concerns/Background: The Strait of Malacca, linking the Indian and Pacific Oceans, is the shortest sea route between three of the world's most populous countries -- India, China, and Indonesia -- and therefore is considered to be the key choke point in Asia.
		If the strait were closed, nearly half of the world's fleet would be required to sail further, generating a substantial increase in the requirement for vessel capacity.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/cabs/choke.html (2723 words)

	IDG MARITIME (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The newly announced plans of the Turkish authorities to improve the safety of shipping traffic in the Bosporus (Strait of Istanbul), through the introduction of a tug escort requirement for certain vessel categories, are indicative of the continued unease of the government of Turkey over the status-quo in the Strait.
		Turkey's own, national rules pertaining to safe navigation in the Straits (the 'Straits Regulations') merely include a 'strong recommendation' that pilots be used so as to minimise the risk of accidents as much as possible.
		Given that the Turkish Straits already handle a reported annual volume of 60 million tonnes of crude oil and petroleum products, and some 6,500 tankers a year, any increase is bound to be viewed by Turkey with mixed feelings.
	www.idgmaritime.com /IDG_news_Aline.htm (1765 words)

	[No title]
		Currents 2.1.1 When the surface current speeds in the Straits of Istanbul or Canakkale exceed 4 knots, or when northerly surface currents are caused by southerly winds, vessels carrying dangerous cargo, large vessels and deep draught vessels with a speed of 10 knots or less, may not enter the straits.
		When the surface current speeds in the Straits of Istanbul and Canakkale exceed 6 knots, or when strong northerly currents are caused by southerly winds, vessels carrying dangerous cargo, large vessels and deep draught vessels (regardless of their speed) will not be permitted to enter the Strait.
		This shall be established according to the Turkish Straits reporting system and according to the types of vessels in order to speed up the flow of traffic.
	www.gulfagencycompany.com /services/bosphorus.doc (988 words)

	Turkey: Environmental Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Increased shipping traffic through the narrow Bosporus Straits has heightened fears of a major accident that could have serious environmental consequences and endanger the health of the 12 million residents of Istanbul that live on either side of the Straits.
		Pollution in the Straits contributed to a decline in fishing levels to 1/60th their former levels.
		Turkish carbon intensity in 2000 was 0.27 metric tons of carbon/thousand $1995, 59% higher than the U.S. intensity of 0.17 metric tons of carbon/thousand $1995.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/cabs/turkenv.html (2774 words)

	USA Turkish Times / Published
		USA Turkish Times is a user driven alternative news website.
		Turkish straits at dangerous peak capacity due to haz-mat tankers
		The Turkish straits, considered among the most dangerous waterways in the world, have "overreached their capacity" with the passage of tankers carr read more
	news.usaturkishtimes.com (342 words)

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