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Topic: Turkish War of Independence

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	Turkish War of Independence - All About Turkey
		Armenian resistance was broken by the summer of 1921, and the Kars region was occupied by the Turks.
		Ismet Pasha was the chief Turkish negotiator at the Lausanne Conference that opened in November 1922.
		The National Pact of 1919 was the basis of the Turkish negotiating position, and its provisions were recognized in the treaty concluded by Turkey in July 1923 with the Allied powers.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /kurtulus.htm (996 words)

	Turkish
		Turkish, the westernmost of the Turkic languages, belongs to the Turkic branch of the Altaic language family.
		After the Turkish War of Independence (1918-1923), the Republic of Turkey was founded from the remnants of the fallen empire by Mustafa Kemal, who was later given the name of Atatürk 'Father of the Turks'.
		Turkish is considered a Category II language in terms of difficulty for English speakers.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/march/Turkish.html (1073 words)

	Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
		Turkish War of Independence started with the first bullet shot at enemy on 15 May 1919 during the Gerek occupation of İzmir.
		Turkish Assembly later initiated a regular army and achieving integration between the army and the militia, was able to conclude the war in victory.
		War of Independences came to end with the Lozanne Agreement, which was signed on 24 July 1923.
	www.medyamaymunlari.net (1905 words)

	Turkey History
		The occupation of Istanbul and Izmir by the Allies led the establishment of the Turkish national movement under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha known as “Ataturk” or “father of the Turks”, a distinguished military and Hero of the War.
		The Turkish War of Independence was started with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres.
		In 1923 was signed the Treaty of Lausanne which led the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923 in the new capital, Ankara, with Kemal Ataturk as its first President.
	www.justturkey.org /turkey/turkey-history.asp (292 words)

	TGNA AT THE AGE OF 85:
		It was this Assembly which brought victory in the Turkish War of Independence and achieved the revolutions of Turkish democracy under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal.
		The War of Independence began at the congresses and was executed by the TGNA.
		Turkish foreign policy came to be determined freely and in Ankara for the sake of legitimate national interests.
	www.diplomat.com.tr /sayilar/s6/sayfalar/s6-5.htm (1189 words)

	Ataturk and the Modernization of Turkey
		Turkish Assembly later initiated a regular army and achieving integration between the army and the militia, was able to conclude the war in victory.
		In the years between 1918 and 1923 he was at the forefront of the Turkish War of Independence and involved with the eradication of the antiquated institutions of the Ottoman Empire and in laying the foundations of the new Turkish State.
		The War of Independence came to an end with the Treaty of Lausanne signed on 24th of July 1923, when the States of the Entente were obliged to recognise the territorial integrity of Turkey.
	allaboutistanbul.tripod.com /ataturk.htm (4730 words)

	Republican People's Party (Turkey) Summary
		During the Turkish War of Independence (1919–1923) the Grand National Assembly in Ankara opposed the Allied occupation and the Ottoman government, and this opposition united former members of the Committee of Union and Progress, which held power in the Ottoman government from 1912 to 1918, and the nationalist landowning and religious elites.
		CHP claims that Turkish War of Independence is also its history, as the Congress of Sivas was accepted as the first general congress of the Republican People's Party.
		After the effective Turkish War of Independence, the first cabinet of the Republic of Turkey was formed on October 30 by Ismet Inönü, the closest ally of Mustafa Kemal.
	www.bookrags.com /Republican_People's_Party_(Turkey) (2814 words)

	Turkish Embassy Australia
		Turkish War of Independence started with the first bullet shot at enemy on 15 May 1919 during the Greek occupation of İzmir.
		Turkish Assembly later initiated a regular army and achieving integration between the army and the militia, was able to conclude the war in victory.
		War of Independences came to end with the Lozanne Agreement, which was signed on 24 July 1923.
	www.turkishembassy.org.au /Pages/Ataturk/Ataturk.htm (1821 words)

	In General -Country, Turkish National Congresses
		Turkish Cypriots were in a state of disappointment and in a desperate position due to the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the
		Turkish Cypriots supported the war of independence under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal which was aimed at saving the Turkish mainland from being partioned by the Allied powers according to the Treaty of Sevres.
		The Turkish Cypriot populist leaders decided in 1931, to organize themselves in a democratic way and to call a 'National Congress' to discuss the formation of a national front in order to defend the Turkish Cypriot rights against governor Storrs and his collaborators who were opposing the Kemalist reforms.
	www.emu.edu.tr /english/ingeneral/trnc/countryhistory/hist_turkishnationalcongress.htm (681 words)

	Ataturk.com - Biography of Atatürk
		Turkish War of Independence started with the first bullet shot at enemy on 15 May 1919 during the Gerek occupation of İzmir.
		Turkish Assembly later initiated a regular army and achieving integration between the army and the militia, was able to conclude the war in victory.
		War of Independences came to end with the Lozanne Agreement, which was signed on 24 July 1923.
	www.ataturk.com /content/view/24/43 (1856 words)

	Turkey War of Independence - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		With this legislation, the nationalists proclaimed that sovereignty belonged to the nation and was exercised on its behalf by the Grand National Assembly.
		Turkey was the only power defeated in World War I to negotiate with the Allies as an equal and to influence the provisions of the resultant treaty.
		The National Pact of 1919 was the basis of the Turkish negotiating position, and its provisions were incorporated in the Treaty of Lausanne, concluded in July 1923.
	www.workmall.com /wfb2001/turkey/turkey_history_war_of_independence.html (1242 words)

	Travel Guide To Turkey, Guide de la Turquie, GUIDE MARTINE, Guide to Turkey, Guide de Turquie, Travel, Turkey, Voyage, ...
		is the Mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the leader of the Turkish War of Independence and founder of the Turkish Republic.
		The Atatürk and War of Independence Museum is situated beneath the Hall of Honor in the Mausoleum.
		In the basement, the War of Independence, reforms and development of Turkey and the institutions that played an important role are illustrated through words, pictures and models.
	www.guide-martine.com /centralanatolia.asp (2614 words)

	Turkish War of Independence
		Turkish victory, Conference of Lausanne, and the recognition of Republic of Turkey.
		On the political front, it instituted relationships and ideas among the Turkish revolutionaries that led to the replacement of the millet system, and the Ottomanism of the Ottoman Empire, instead with Kemalism, and later with Atatürk's reforms.
		The elections were held and a new parliament of the Ottoman State was formed under the borders of the Armistice of Mudros.
	www.duno.com /term/Turkish_War_of_Independence (4364 words)

	Articles about Turks, Ottoman Empire, Seljuk, Anatolia, Greece, Balkans and Orientalism
		Hayat was important in the life of Turkish people and his most well known writer Hikmet Feridun Es lived in Istanbul and was a frequent traveler to the United States.
		Misaki Milli is an act of the last Ottoman Parliment, which happens to be one of the foundation stones of the Turkish Republic.
		The two Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 sealed the fate of the declining Ottoman Empire.
	www.lahana.org /blog (1065 words)

	Ataturk Today.com [ Kurtulus Savasi - Turkish War of Independence/WWI ]
		On the 24th of July 1923, with the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne (Lozan Antlaşması) the independence of the new Turkish state was internationally recognized.
		It was under the extraordinary military skill of Atatürk, and his commanders, that the Turkish nation fought a War of Independence against the occupying Allied powers, which led to the victory of the Turkish nation, and emergence of modern Turkey.
		The reason for this is not only because of what Atatürk did to keep the Turkish nation together, but also for what he bequeath the Turkish people--a modern day nation with the laws and principles needed to democratically govern future generations.
	www.ataturktoday.com /KurtulusSavasiWW1.htm (834 words)

	Turkey War of Independence - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		With this legislation, the nationalists proclaimed that sovereignty belonged to the nation and was exercised on its behalf by the Grand National Assembly.
		During the summer and fall of 1919, with authorization from the Supreme Allied War Council, the Greeks occupied Edirne, Bursa, and Izmir.
		The National Pact of 1919 was the basis of the Turkish negotiating position, and its provisions were incorporated in the Treaty of Lausanne, concluded in July 1923.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/turkey/turkey_history_war_of_independence.html (1242 words)

	Honoring the Lausanne Treaty
		The Turkish Independence War was fought by a decimated nation (not a state) against the most colonialist, imperialist, powerful, hence the most arrogant and aggressive states of the time, Britain and France, and their cronies Italy and Greece.
		It was a war by a nation deprived of all resources, even human resources, which was depleted by at the least 1\3 after more than ten years of continuous wars at several fronts at the same time, some of which were one thousand mile apart.
		The Turkish delegation was composed of Ismet Inonu, as the head of delegation, Dr. Riza Nur, and Trabzon Deputy Hasan.
	www.ataturksociety.org /asa/voa/lozan.html (2031 words)

	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
		Turkish War of Independence started with the first bullet shot at enemy on 15 May 1919 during the Greek occupation of İzmir.
		Turkish Assembly later initiated a regular army and achieving integration between the army and the militia, was able to conclude the war in victory.
		War of Independences came to end with the Lozanne Agreement, which was signed on 24 July 1923.
	www.enjoyturkey.com /info/culture/Ataturk.htm (1843 words)

	TURKSES Voice of Turks - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Ýsmet Ýnönü and Turkish War of Independence
		Turkish nationalism was emphasized as a means of rallying popular support for the drastic, revolutionary measures needed to modernize the nation.
		Turkish statesman and career military officer Ýsmet Ýnönü was born in 1884 and died on 25 December 1973.
		The Turkish resistance movements were transformed into an organized war of independence when Mustafa Kemal landed at Samsun as the Inspector of the 9th Army on 19 May 1919.
	www.turkses.com /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=507&Itemid=31 (1383 words)

	Turkish Women, a brief historical survey
		The period of constitutional monarchy in Turkish history (1908) was full of wars and defeats, yet this period witnessed enormous intellectual affords.
		Turkish women were also very active during the Turkish War of Independence (1918-1923).
		As the war developed, they picked up the work of the men in the fields, trundled food and ammunition to the soldiers at the front and nursed the wounded.
	www.business-with-turkey.com /tourist-guide/turkish_woman.shtml (2175 words)

	Turkish War of Independence
		The Turkish War of Independence (Turkish: KurtuluÅ SavaÅÄ±) is part of the History of Turkey that spans from the occupation by the Allies following the Ottoman Empires defeat in World War I, to the liberation and declaration of the Republic of Turkey on October 29, 1923.
		The independence war summarises the military and political activities of Turkish Revolutionaries (initially named as "Resistance") which began after the Armistice of Mudros.
		Turkish Revolutionaries were arguing for sovereignty and seeking to create a national parliament without relying on the support of external powers.
	www.reboom.com /article/Turkish_War_of_Independence.html (4775 words)

	Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938)
		The opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly in Ankara on 23 April 1920 implied the foundation of the Turkish Republic.
		Turkish Republic began to develop on the principles stating, “the sovereignty belongs to the nation unconditionally” and “Peace at Home Peace in the World” In accordance with the surname law, the Turkish Grand National Assembly gave Mustafa Kemal the surname “Atatürk” on 24 November 1934.
		Atatürk was elected the spokesman of the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 24 April 1920 and 13 August 1923.
	www.turkishbanknotes.info /ataturk.htm (1664 words)

	The Greek Revolution and the Greek State
		The Greek revolution that began in 1821, followed by the war of independence, was the second of the "national revolutions" in the Balkans.
		Turkey was at war with Persia, and in the Balkans Ali Pasha was in revolt.
		The third phase of the war was characterized by foreign interference, and ran from 1825 until 1827.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lecture6.html (4163 words)

	Unique Facts About the Middle East: Ottoman Empire
		The Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) was an imperial power that existed from 1299 to 1923 (634 years), one of the largest empires to rule the borders of the Mediterranean Sea.
		In 1299, Osman I declared independence of the Ottoman Principality.
		This army was instrumental in winning the Turkish War of Independence (1918–1923), and the Republic of Turkey was founded on October 29, 1923 from the remnants of the fallen empire.
	www.sheppardsoftware.com /Middleeastweb/factfile/Unique-facts-MiddleEast6.htm (1098 words)

	Reflections on Nursing Leadership - A brief history of Turkish nursing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Between World War I, in which the Ottoman Empire was allied with Germany, and the Treaty of Lausanne, when the Republic of Turkey achieved independence, British, French, Italian and Greek forces occupied various portions of the empire.
		Along with Turkish independence, achieved under the leadership of Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, came further advancements in the status of women.
		After World War I, the establishment of Turkish independence and the restructuring that followed, the Turkish Red Crescent expanded its operations and, as a result, played an important role in further refining the education and professional role of nurses in Turkey.
	www.nursingsociety.org /RNL/Current/features/feature11.html (1845 words)

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