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	Turkistan. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Western, or Russian, Turkistan extended from the Caspian Sea in the west to the Chinese frontier in the east and from the Aral-Irtysh watershed in the north to the borders of Iran and Afghanistan in the south.
		Turkistan may be regarded as a single region, however, because a combination of geographical and historical factors made it the bridge linking the Eastern and Western worlds and the route taken by many of the great conquerors and migrating peoples.
		All of Turkistan fell to the Mongols in the late 13th cent., and the territory was mostly bestowed upon the khan Jagatai.
	www.bartleby.com /65/tu/Turkistn.html (888 words)

	[No title]
		In Turkistan, the nationality and minority affairs are governed according to census figures and in representative proportions.
		Turkistan Socialist Party can participate in an "International," provided that such a gathering is composed, in principle, of parties like itself, for the purpose of fighting for the freedom of oppressed nations.40 Counterbalancing the socialists, there were also "modernists" in Central Asia.
		Turkistan being the hearth of an ancient civilization, those monuments of civilization accumulated throughout centuries will be preserved, organized to serve the development of the national civilization.
	www.angelfire.com /on/paksoy/togan.html (12376 words)

	Silk Road Tours - Central Asia - Kazakhstan - Turkistan
		Turkistan is over 1500 years old, a flourishing centre of civilisation during the time of the Silk Road, which contains more historical relics than any other city in modern Kazakhstan.
		Turkistan is an important place of worship for Moslems, the Mausoleum of Hodja Ahmed Yassaui has attracted many pilgrims over the centuries.
		Also of interest in Turkistan are the mausoleums of Rabiga Sultan Begimi, the granddaughter of Tamerlaine and the Kazakh Khans Yesim, Ablai and Abulkhair-khan, as well as a well restored medieval bath house.
	www.silkroadtours.co.uk /turkistan.html (202 words)

	Archeological monuments of Turkistan
		The site of ancient settlement - Turkistan located on the eastern edge of the modern rayon (district) centre of Shymkent Oblast (region) of the same name - is an important archeological monument of the urban culture of South Kazakhstan.
		It was the attracting place for the economic and political development of various states, trade and cultural centre on juncture of vast steppes and ancient agricultural areas, the place of preacing activities of the Turkic Sufi Khodja Akhmed Yasawi, the political centre of the Kazakh Statehood and the "second Mecca" of the Moslem East.
		In 1867 P.I.Lerkh investigated the ancient settlement Turkistan on the task of the Russian Archeological society.
	www.unesco.kz /natcom/turkestan/e08_arch_monuments.htm (1123 words)

	Encyclopedia: First East Turkistan Republic
		Flag of East Turkistan East Turkistan (Sherqiy Türkistan in Uyghur, Doğu Türkistan in Turkish) was the name of two shortlived states in Central Asia; the first one existed from 1932 to 1934, while the second one existed from 1944 to 1949.
		In November of 1933, Sabit Damolla declared the establishment of the East Turkistan Republic, with Xoja Niyaz as its president — despite the fact that the respected commander was engaged in fighting in northern Xinjiang and had actually allied his forces with those of Sheng Shicai.
		The extent of Islam's influence in the foundation of the ETR is disputed; while the constitution endorses sharia as the guiding law, the jadidist modernizing tradition places much greater emphases on reform and development, which is reflected in subsequent passages of the constitution that focus on health, education, and economic reforms.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/First-East-Turkistan-Republic (3624 words)

	East Turkistan - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		East Turkistan (Sherqiy Türkistan in Uyghur, Doğu Türkistan in Turkish) was the name of two shortlived states in Central Asia; the first one existed from 1932 to 1934, while the second one existed from 1944 to 1949.
		A narrative of the Tungani insurrection in eastern Turkistan in 1863 A.D. with a few notes on the Chinese rule that preceded it and on the present government...
		Muslim heritage: Education and training in Russian Turkistan (Center for Russian and East European Studies, The University of Michigan.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /east_turkestan.htm (299 words)

	[No title]
		Russian officialdom declared martial law in Turkistan (and the Caucasus as well), and announced a lower quota of laborers to be drafted under the 25 June decree.
		Turkistan cannot subsume its future to the as yet unknown outcome of forthcoming struggle between capitalism and socialism..." Togan continued: "The 'Society' [of the Turkistan National Unity] steadily worked towards its goals, despite the paucity of politically experienced personnel among its ranks.
		On 11 August 1919, the Turkistan Front was formally established by the Bolsheviks, with a minimum of 106,000 regular troops and several generals.
	www.angelfire.com /on/paksoy/basmachi.html (7733 words)

	FANTASIA -> Kazakhstan -> Cities -> Turkistan
		Turkistan is the ancient town whose history dates over 1500 years back when it was called Yassy, a flourishing centre of civilisation during the time of the Great Silk Road, which contains more historical relics and sites than any other city in modern Kazakhstan.
		Turkistan is an important site of worship for Moslems, the Mausoleum of Khodja Ahmed Yassavi - the great Turkic holy man has attracted many pilgrims over the centuries.
		Also the places of interest in Turkistan are the mausoleums of Rabiga Sultan Begimi, the granddaughter of Tamerlaine and the Kazakh Khans Yesim, Ablai and Abulkhair-khan, as well as a well restored medieval bath house.
	www.fantasticasia.net /?p=225 (235 words)

	[No title]
		TURKISTAN, "Land of the Turks", is a Newsletter and a Discussion List intended to disseminate information (T-N) and promote discussion (T-L) about topics relating to the culture(s), history, and language(s) of the people(s) known by the name "Turk".
		In earlier periods the term "Turkistan" usually referred to a region in Central Asia, as used for example by the 17th century historian and ruler of Xiva (Khiva), Abulghazi Bahadur Xan (Khan).
		TURKISTAN is not intended as a vehicle to advocate any political point of view, ideology, movement, secessionist movement, or violence of any sort, nor is TURKISTAN intended as a forum for negative, derogatory, or inflammatory comments about any ethnic or national group, political point of view, ideology, movement, religion, or state.
	www.euronet.nl /users/sota/turkistan.htm (2649 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Located in Central Asia, 1500 miles from Beijing, East Turkistan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Mongolia to the northeast, and Kirghizstan and Tajikistan to the northwest and west.
		East Turkistan is a vast land of 640,000 square miles -- one sixth the total of all China.
		The extent of the deserts in East Turkistan is the most dramatic demonstration of the dryness of the climate.
	www.etnfc.org /page2.html (2343 words)

	Surgundiki Sherqiy Turkistan Hukumiti (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		As the name “Eastern Turkistan” implies, this vast region has for centuries been the land of the Eastern Turks, who are Muslim by faith, Caucasian by race, and whose native language is not remotely related to Chinese.
		Eastern Turkistan, which had remained an independent state for many centuries, was invaded and conquered by the Qing Empire in 1759.
		East Turkistan is enforced ruthlessly: many, many thousands of families have suffered from forced sterilizations, forced abortions, and economic penalties.
	www.eastturkistan-gov.org /english2.htm (615 words)

	Turkistan -> History on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Perhaps the earliest empire to bring Turkistan under its sway was that of the Persians, who by 500 BC had cleared the Lydian empire from the region around the Caspian Sea.
		Designation of the Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement under UNSC Resolutions 1267 and 1390 -- Press statement -- Philip T. Reeker.
		Recast: "East Turkistan" Terrorism Part of International Terrorism: FM Spokeswoman.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/turkistn_history.asp (895 words)

	Sincan/Uighur Autonomous Region (Eastern Turkistan) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was the centre of Scythians in the 8th-3rd centuries B.C.; Huns in the years of 93 D.C.; Gokturk Empire in the period of 522-744; the Uighur State in the era of 744-840; the Karluk and Karahanlılar Empire between the years of 751-870 and the Saidiye Khanate (1509-1679).
		The "Eastern Turkistan Islam State" was established under the presidency of Yakup Khan in the Eastern Turkistan that achieved its independency in 1863.
		On the date of 8th August 1952, 10 different autonomous regions were organised within the structure of the autonomous region in accordance with the distribution of the ethnical groups.
	www.ozturkler.com /data_english/0007/0007_13.htm (555 words)

	World Uyghur Congress \| About Eastern Turkistan
		East Turkistan borders with China and Mongolia to the east, Russia to the north, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India to the west, and Tibet to the south.
		East Turkistan covers an area of 1.65 square kilometers (635 square miles), which is twice as large as the Republic of Turkey or four times as large as the American state of California.
		The Kunlun mountain is the south is the border between East Turkistan and Tibet.
	www.uyghurcongress.net /En/AboutET.asp?mid=1107905016 (1200 words)

	About / UHRP - Uyghur Human Rights Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Since 1949, East Turkistan has become a nuclear testing ground for the Chinese military, it is home to large numbers of Chinese military and paramilitary units, and it is the site of numerous forced labor camps administered by the Chinese authorities.
		Much like Tibetans, Uyghurs in East Turkistan have struggled for cultural survival in the face of a government-supported influx of Chinese migrants, as well as harsh repression of political dissent and any expression, of their distinct identity, however lawful or peaceful.
		Reports from East Turkistan document a pattern of abuse including political imprisonment, torture, and “disappearances.” With only a few extremely rare exceptions, Uyghurs continue to be the only population in China consistently subjected to executions for political crimes.
	uhrp.org /about (852 words)

	Turkistan - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Türkistan (also spelled Turkistan or Turkestan) is a region in Central Asia, largely inhabited by Turkic people.
		It was taken over by the People's Republic of China by which it is now administered as the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region.
		The fictional character Arslan, in a novel by the same name, was the ruler of Turkistan before taking over the rest of the world.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Turkistan (164 words)

	Turks.US Daily News - East Turkistan - China’s Forgotten Muslims Daily News
		One feels the need to stress that, while this article focuses on Eastern Turkistan and the Uighur population thereof, this is in no way meant to denigrate or disregard the suffering of countless other Muslims at the hands of the Chinese government.
		Eventually, the Uighurs were allowed, in one of the Chinese government’s parsimonious concessions to their “national” minorities, to return to their Arabic script in 1983.4 Eastern Turkistan Republics Historically, the Uighurs have a rich and distinct history, a fact official Chinese propaganda has long sought to bury.
		Resistance to Chinese rule continued, regardless of whether the rulers were the Imperial Manchu dynasty or the Kuomintang nationalist government, culminating in the establishment of two republics in the 20th century, one of which was crushed with the assistance of Soviet troops in 1934.
	www.turks.us /article.php?story=20050203072837928 (1563 words)

	Turkistan -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It became a religious centre known as Khazret (Hazrat) because of the 12th-century Sufi (Muslim mystic) Ahmed Yesevi, whose 14th-century mausoleum is the city's chief monument; a notable example of Timurid architecture, the structure was...
		When Muslim rebellion spread rapidly from Shensi and Kansu to East Turkistan, a Khokandian adventurer, Yakub Beg, seized the opportunity to invade Kashgaria and established power there in 1865; he soon showed signs of advancing to the Ili...
		Parts of the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang are often described as eastern Turkistan, as many of the people are descended from Turkic tribes, and Islam has been a powerful force among them since the 8th century.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9073854?tocId=9073854&query=russian (672 words)

	"BASMACHI": TURKISTAN NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENT 1916-1930s
		The Turkistan National Liberation Movement was shaped directly by the attempt of the Bolsheviks to reconquer Turkistan.
		Turkistan cannot subsume its future to the as yet unknown outcome of forthcoming struggle between capitalism and socialism..."
		When the Central Committee of the Society of Turkistan National Unity realized that the end of armed struggle portion of their movement was drawing to a close, they took several actions.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-6/cae12.html (7854 words)

	UYGUR.ORG - EAST TURKISTAN INFORMATION CENTER
		The Eastern Turkistan liberation movement cannot be viewed under any circumstances as “ the terrorist organization of external and internal enemies who try to split China”, as the Chinese communist regime pretends to depict it.
		The Eastern Turkistan liberation movement is not a “terrorist force” as the Chines claim it to be; it is rather a unity of the best representatives of the Eastern Turkistan nation who would sacrifice their lives for liberty and independence of their Motherland!
		This report states that “ the Eastern Turkistan groups have close links with international terrorism” and that “ the Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement has close ties with Osama bin Laden who provided them with financial aid.” It is true that some Uyghurs fled in 1990’s to Afghanistan seeking refuge.
	www.uygur.org /wunn02/2002_02_03.htm (1817 words)

	China's Terror List and its Implications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		According to a report by the Permanent Mission of the PRC to the UN in November 29 2001, the East Turkistan terrorist groups were numbered at 40 organisations, eight of which were considered to openly advocate violence as a political objective.
		It was also believed that the Pakistan-based Turkistan Army was fighting alongside the Taliban in Afghanistan under the control of the ETIM and its recently slain head Hasan Mahsum.
		Before cooperating in extradition proceedings, other states should be suspicious of the absence of authentic information that establishes the culpability of the named terrorist groups and their members in specific terrorist plans and attacks.
	www.observerindia.com /analysis/A084.htm (1177 words)

	THE WORLD UYGHUR NETWORK NEWS [Free Republic]
		EASTERN TURKISTAN, Nov 8,1999 (ETIC)--Tohtihaji from Hotan county Seghizkol town was arrested with his whole family: 4 sons, 3 daughters and unknown number of grand children, allegedly for hiding ethnic separatists.
		EASTERN TURKISTAN (ETIC)--At the beginning of August 1999, an Uyghur farmer from the Misha township of Hotan county was fined 5000 yuan for exceeding the quota for children.
		Sharki (East) Turkistan or Uyghuristan are the names used by the indigenous people of the region, the Uyghurs, for their motherland located in what is at present the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic China.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a38472ec43010.htm (1686 words)

	Night Train to Turkistan Audio Book
		Night Train to Turkistan was authored by Stuart P. Stevens and is narrated by Bill Whitaker.
		Night Train to Turkistan is a great audio book to use as a test of this concept.
		Get Night Train to Turkistan audio book today and start improving your life by gaining knowledge and realize the joy that comes from treating yourself with the respect you deserve.
	www.audio-book.ws /books/night-train-turkistan.php (436 words)

	UCA Website
		The region at the south of the Tangri mountains is commonly referred to as Southern East Turkistan or Altesher (six cities), the region at the north of Tangri Mountains is referred to as Northern East Turkistan.
		The climate of East Turkistan belongs to continental, arid and semiarid climate.
		In the plains of Southern East Turkistan, average temperature in Jan is -10 °C, lowest reaches -25 °C, the average temperature in July 25 °C, highest reaches 40 °C, (In Turpan highest reaches 47.7 °C) The northern East Turkistan belongs to temperate continental arid and semi arid climate.
	www.uyghurcanadian.org /et.html (1625 words)

	True Colors of "East Turkistan" Terrorist Forces Exposed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		But the "East Turkistan" forces, not to be reconciled to their failure and in defiance of the will of the people of all ethnic groups, have been on the lookout for every opportunity to conduct splittist and sabotage activities with the backing of international anti-China forces.
		In the 1990s, under the influence of extremism, separatism and international terrorism, part of the "East Turkistan" forces inside and outside Chinese territory turned to splittist and sabotage activities with terrorist violence as the main means, even brazenly declaring that terrorist violence is the only way toachieve their aims.
		The Chinese government's crackdown on the "East Turkistan" terrorist forces is not directed at any particular ethnic group orany particular religion, but at criminal activities of violence and terrorism, in order to better protect the common interests of the country's various ethnic groups and safeguard normal religiousactivities.
	english.peopledaily.com.cn /200201/21/eng20020121_89079.shtml (1955 words)

	Culture of Turkistan to be focus of Kennedy Center lecture Nov. 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Anwar Yusuf, director of the Eastern Turkistan National Freedom Center in Washington, D.C., will present the lecture, which is sponsored by the Utah Humanities Council, Amnesty International, Asian and Middle East Studies, Eastern Arts and the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies.
		One of the main peoples of Turkistan, the Uyghurs have their own language, script and history of written works.
		Yusuf, who is a native of Kashi in Eastern Turkistan, is working through his organization and others to promote the freedom and welfare of Turkistan and the other diverse peoples and cultures in the area from the Chinese government.
	kennedy.byu.edu /events/newsrel/3bnov2003.html (220 words)

	UIGHUR, UYGUR, UIGUR, UIGHUIR, UIGUIR, WEIWUER < ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Our Party's goal is to achieve the total independence of East Turkistan, and materialize Uyghur people's dream to become the masters of their own destiny and live free like the other peoples in the free and democratic world.
		Chinese Government is encouraging Chinese nationalism among the Chinese immigrants in East Turkistan, and allowing them special political, economic and social rights, but treating the Uyghurs as second-class citizens, causing the increase of the disparity between the Chinese immigrants and local population in East Turkistan.
		Lorne Craner, you are now in the middle of your East Turkistan visit, but all you are seeing is the superficial appearance of East Turkistan, which is carefully staged by the Chinese Government.
	my.reset.jp /~sato.tak/ETIC/wunn03/2003_01_14a.htm (1040 words)

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