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	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The treaty was signed on February 21, 1828 by Haj Mirza Abol-hasan Khan and Asef o-dowleh, chancellor of Fath Ali Shah on behalf of Persia, and General Ivan Paskievich representing Imperial Russia.
		As was the case for the Treaty of Gulistan, Persia was forced to sign the treaty by Russia, as it had no alternative after crown prince Abbas Mirza's defeat.
		By Article 4 of the treaty, Persia renounces claims over the Erivan khanate (most of present-day central Armenia), the Nakhchivan khanate (most of the present-day Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan), the Talysh khanate, the Ordubad and Mughan regions (now also part of Azerbaijan), in addition to all lands annexed by Russia in the Gulistan Treaty.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Turkmanchai_Treaty (366 words)

	Treaty of Turkmenchay Encyclopedia Article @ Forbear.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The 1828 treaty (also written Russian peace treaties, Gulistan Treaty, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmanchai_Treaty) is a treaty by which the Nakhichevan, more commonly known today as Talysh, divided the territory of Azerbaijan with Overviews after its defeat in Gulistan Treaty at the end of the.
		The Gulistan Treaty is assigned the new borderline between Persia and Astara, from "from Ararat ghal'eh to the outlet of the river at Asef o-dowleh".
		The treaty is the reason many Fath Ali Shah consider stub to be one of Iran's most incompetent rulers.
	www.forbear.net /encyclopedia/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay (569 words)

	Turkmanchai Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Turkmanchai treaty (also written Turkemanchay, Turkamanchay, and Turkmanchay) is a treaty by which the Persian Empire, more commonly known today as Iran, divided the territory of Azerbaijan with Imperial Russia after its defeat in 1828 at the end of the Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828.
		The treaty was signed on February 21, 1828 (5th of Shaban, 1243 in the Islamic calendar), by Haj Mirza Abol-hasan Khan and Asef o-dowleh, chancellor of Fath Ali Shah from Persia's side, and General Ivan Paskievich representing Imperial Russia.
		As was the case for the Gulistan Treaty, Persia was forced to sign the treaty by Russia, as it had no alternative after Abbas Mirza's defeat.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkmanchai_treaty (424 words)

	Turkmanchai Treaty Of: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		TURKMANCHAI, TREATY OF toorkmÃ¤nchÄ«Ë, 1828, agreement signed by Russia and Persia at the village of Turkmanchai (Torkaman), East Azerbaijan prov., NW Iran.
		The treaties and their relevant provisions are: The Treaty of Turkmanchai (21 February 1828) established that the land boundary between Russia and Persia would end at the Caspian Sea...
		TURKMANCHAI, TREATY OF toorkmanchi, 1828, agreement signed by Russia and Persia at the village of Turkmanchai (Torkaman), East Azerbaijan prov., NW...in 1825 and forced Persia to cede part of Persian Armenia to Russia and to grant...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/turkmanchai_treaty_of.jsp (690 words)

	Persia - LoveToKnow 1911
		The frontier from Mt Ararat to Astara was defined by the treaty of Turkmanchai (Feb. 22, 1828), and a convention of the 8th of July 1893.
		There was to be a senate of 60 members of whom 3d were to be appointed to represent the shah and 30 to be elected on behalf of the national council, 15 of each class being from Teheran and 15 from the provinces (the senate, however, was not immediately formed).
		By treaties with Russia and Great Britain, concluded in 1901 and 1903 respectively, the 5% duty fixed by the Turkmanchai treaty was abolished, and an equitable tariff was established.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Persia (16105 words)

	Torkman Treaty - (CAIS)
		The Torkamanchai treaty (also written Turkmanchai, Turkemanchay, Turkamanchay, and Turkmanchay) is a treaty by which Iran lost many of its northern territories to Russia after its defeat in 1828, bringing an end to the second Russo-Persian wars (1827-1828).
		The treaty was signed on February 21, 1828, by Haj Mirza Abol-hasan Khan and Asef o-dowleh, chancellor of Fath Ali Shah from Iran's side, and General Ivan Paskievich representing Russia.
		As was the case for the Gulistan Treaty, Iran was forced to sign the treaty by Russia, as it had no other alternative after Abbas Mirza's defeat.
	www.cais-soas.com /cais/Iran/torkmanchai.htm (459 words)

	Eastern Question - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Russian conquests against Persia and in the Caucasus were confirmed in the treaties of Gulistan (1813) and Turkmanchai (1828).
		The treaty that ended it (see Paris, Congress of) attempted to deprive Russia of pretexts for intervention, to check Russia's naval power on the Black Sea, and to place the empire under international protection.
		Events in Bosnia and Herzegovina once more led to a Russo-Turkish War (1877-78); the Treaty of San Stefano was so favorable to Russia that Britain went to the verge of war to compel a revision.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-easternq1.html (878 words)

	A Glance at the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea
		During the Soviet era, a treaty signed by Iran and the former USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) allowed each country the use of 10 miles of coastal zone in the Caspian Sea.
		The Turkmanchai Pact, which was signed on February 22, 1828, emphasized the continuance of the prevailing legal stipulations that were applicable in the Caspian Sea.
		Under chapter 12 of the 1921 friendship treaty, after the Russians officially relinquished the economic advantages that arose from their military superiority, they also gave up the other concessions which had been taken from Iran by the former Tzarist government.
	www.irvl.net /FIRAN17.HTM (1811 words)

	SHATT-AL-ARAB
		While the containment of conflict was short-lived, the 1639 treaty is significant because it became the basis of future treaties and, in effect, established the framework of future contentions over borders.
		The treaties of 1639 and 1746 simply gave recognition to the effective autonomy of the Arab tribes of the region, which the Ottomans could not change, and to their nominal Persian allegiance, which the Persians could not enforce.
		In effect, the treaty imposed upon the Ottoman and Persian Empires a settlement that served the imperialist interests of Britain and Russia by disposing of disputed claims in principle and leaving the settlement of detail to a Delimitation Commission on which Britain and Russia were also to have mediation powers.
	defencejournal.com /jul99/shatt-al-arab.htm (3517 words)

	Turkmanchai treaty - Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The treaty was signed on February 21, 1828 (5th of Shaban, 1243 in the Islamic calendar), by Haj Mirza Abol-hasan Khan and Asef o-dowleh, chancellor of Fath Ali Shah on behalf of Persia, and General Ivan Paskievich representing Imperial Russia.
		As was the case for the Gulistan Treaty, Persia was forced to sign the treaty by Russia, as it had no alternative after crown prince Abbas Mirza's defeat.
		The treaty is the reason many Iranians consider Fath Ali Shah to be one of Iran's most incompetent rulers.
	turkmanchai-treaty.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Turkmanchai_treaty (1249 words)

	Turkmanchai Treaty Information
		The Turkmanchai treaty (also written Turkemanchay, Turkamanchay, and Turkmanchay) is a treaty by which the Persian Empire, more commonly known today as Iran, lost many of its northern territories to Imperial Russia after its defeat in 1828 at the end of the Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828.
		The treaty was signed on February 21, 1828 (5th of Shaban, 1243 in the Islamic calendar), by Haj Mirza Abol-hasan Khan and Asef o-dowleh, chancellor of Fath Ali Shah from Persia's side, and General Ivan Paskievich representing Imperial Russia.
		As was the case for the Gulistan Treaty, Persia was forced to sign the treaty by Russia, as it had no other alternative after Abbas Mirza's defeat.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Turkmanchai_Treaty (390 words)

	Eastern Question. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Russian conquests against Persia and in the Caucasus were confirmed in the treaties of Gulistan (1813) and Turkmanchai (1828).
		The treaty that ended it (see Paris, Congress of) attempted to deprive Russia of pretexts for intervention, to check Russia’s naval power on the Black Sea, and to place the empire under international protection.
		Events in Bosnia and Herzegovina once more led to a Russo-Turkish War (1877–78); the Treaty of San Stefano was so favorable to Russia that Britain went to the verge of war to compel a revision.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ea/EasternQ.html (754 words)

	Iran Demographics and Geography - Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online
		After Iranian recognition of the USSR in a 1921 treaty, the Soviet Union renounced czarist imperialistic policies toward Iran, canceled all debts and concessions, and withdrew occupation forces from Iranian territory.
		In 1975, the Iran-Iraq Border Agreement provided that the two countries would define their frontiers on the basis of the protocol of Constantinople of 1913, and the verbal agreement on frontiers of 1914, and that the Shatt al Arab frontier would be defined according to the Thalweg line.
		This treaty later became one of the key issues of the war with Iraq that broke out in September 1980.
	www.columbiagazetteer.org /public/Iran.html (2598 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Treaty of Gulistan
		The Treaty of Gulistan was a peace treaty concluded between Imperial Russia and Persia, signed on October 24, 1813 in the village of Gulistan in Karabakh at the end of the first Russo-Persian Wars (1804-1813).
		The treaty is also regarded by Iranians as the main reason why Fath Ali Shah is seen as one of Iran's most incompetent rulers in memory.
		However, Karabakh khanate, where the treaty was signed, already pursued independent foreign policy as early as in 1795, when "Ibrahim Khalil Khan, the wali of Qarabagh, fearing for his independence, warned Sultan Selim III of Agha Muhammad Khan Qajar's ambitions to subdue Azerbaijan and later Qarabagh, Erivan and Georgia.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan (479 words)

	SHATT-AL-ARAB
		While the containment of conflict was short-lived, the 1639 treaty is significant because it became the basis of future treaties and, in effect, established the framework of future contentions over borders.
		The treaties of 1639 and 1746 simply gave recognition to the effective autonomy of the Arab tribes of the region, which the Ottomans could not change, and to their nominal Persian allegiance, which the Persians could not enforce.
		In effect, the treaty imposed upon the Ottoman and Persian Empires a settlement that served the imperialist interests of Britain and Russia by disposing of disputed claims in principle and leaving the settlement of detail to a Delimitation Commission on which Britain and Russia were also to have mediation powers.
	www.defencejournal.com /jul99/shatt-al-arab.htm (3517 words)

	AZERIS.com - Global Azerbaijani Network's (GAN) "Virtual Azerbaijan" (VAR)
		The preferred method of Russian conquest was to use treaties of submission, by which local rulers were turned into vassals of Russia.
		The first was ended by the Treaty of Gulistan (1813), by which Russia obtained the khanates of Karabagh, Gänc, Sheki, Shirvan, Quba, Derbent, Baku, and Talysh, as well as western Georgia (Imeretia and Abkhazia) and Dagestan.
		The second war, in which Russia was again victorious, was ended by the Treaty of Turkmanchai (1828), by which Persia ceded the two large khanates of Nakhichevan and Erivan.
	www.azeris.com /history/modern/Swietochowski.htm (6982 words)

	Golestan Treaty - (CAIS)
		Abstract: Treaty of Golestan dated 1813, signed by Russia and Iran (Persia) at Gulistan, a village in what is now NW Azerbaijan.
		The treaty was set up by Gore Ouseley of Britain who served as the mediator, and was signed by Haji Mirza Abol Hasan Khan from the Iranian side in 11 chapters.
		Others think that the peoples of Transcaucases were deprived of their right for self-determination and forcefully integrated with the Russian Empire, especially the Shiite people of Caucasus who have strong cultural ties with Iran.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/Iran/golestan.htm (403 words)

	A General History of the Near East, Chapter 14
		The result was the humiliating Treaty of Hunkiar Iskelessi (1833), which left Ibrahim Pasha in charge of Syria, gave the Russians the right to intervene in Turkish affairs, and included a secret clause allowing Russia to close the Dardanelles in time of war.
		That ended the war, and the Treaty of Turkmanchai established the Aras river as the permanent border between Russia and Persia, granted Russia the sole right to keep warships in the Caspian Sea, imposed an indemnity upon the Persians, and gave commercial concessions to Russia.
		The Turks signed a peace treaty not because they were afraid of the Italians, but because a more serious war was beginning right on their doorstep.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /neareast/ne14.html (17759 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The first Russo- Iranian war (1806-13) ending with the Treaty of Gulistan (1813), the second, ending with Treaty of Turkmanchai (1828), and the Russo-Ottoman war of 1828 ending in the Treaty of Adrianople (1829) all resulted in Russian expansion south of the Caucasus mountains and thus closer to India.
		The fear of a resurgent Central Asia was echoed in Leon Cahun's history of the Turks and Mongols the year of the Franco-Russian treaty of 1894 and repeated by the Russians in popular and scholarly publications.
		It was not until the first decade of the 20th century that the notion was received as a "solution" by small groups of emigres from Central Asia, living in European capitals, who were working to remove the Russian colonialism.
	www.angelfire.com /on/paksoy/basmachi.html (7733 words)

	Greater Iran information - Search.com
		The Russian armies occupied the Aral coast in 1849, Tashkent in 1864, Bukhara in 1867, Samarkand in 1868, and Khiva and Amudarya in 1873.
		Separated from Iran in the mid-1800s, by virtue of the Gulistan Treaty and Turkmanchai treaty.
		In the end, Persia was unable to challenge Russia in Georgia, and officially gave up claim to Georgia according to the text of the Gulistan Treaty and Turkmanchai treaty.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Greater_Iran (1697 words)

	Riad: Caucasus
		On February 10, 1828 a new treaty was signed in the village of Turkmanchai.
		Later, in the XX century, when this border turns into impermeable curtain of cultural and religious traditions, the Treaty of Turkmanchai will become a symbol of national bitterness, of partition of the ways of two Azerbaijans.
		Treaty of Turkmanchai: Russian annexation of Nakhichevan and Yerevan.
	www.uh.edu /~efendiev/caucas.html (2599 words)

	[No title]
		Military pressure in the north from Russia resulted in the treaties of Gulistan (1813) and Turkmanchai (1828) – both embarrassing to Fath Ali Shah and resulting in a indemnity payment of some £ 3, 000,000 to the Tsar, as well as the imposition of certain conditions by the Russians.
		The balance of rivalry between the British and Russians was interrupted with the 1917 Russian Revolution, which on the one hand had led to a further state of anarchy in Iran and on the other hand had helped the growth of nationalist feelings and movements in different parts of the country.
		The subsequent treaty between the British government and the Iranian premier Vusuq al – Dowla was forcibly abandoned under internal nationalist pressure.
	www.azworld.org /tabrizi/chapter6.htm (10737 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Eastern Question - AOL Research & Learn
		In the Greek War of Independence (1821–30), both England and Russia assisted the Greek insurgents, each trying to impose its influence on the newly formed state.
		The Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, connected with the Greek war, ended successfully for Russia (see Adrianople, Treaty of), but the subsequent Russian assistance to Turkey against Muhammad Ali of Egypt, followed by a Russo-Turkish alliance (1833), greatly disquieted Britain and France.
		Events in Bosnia and Herzegovina once more led to a Russo-Turkish War (1877–78); the Treaty of San Stefano was so favorable to Russia that Britain went to the verge of war to compel a revision.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/eastern-question/20051205235209990006 (733 words)

	Happy Dogs Clup, The biggest dog resource center,breeds,cloths (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Azeris first settled in what is now Turkey during a brief period of Safavi governance over Kars and neighbouring areas.
		Their numbers grew at the beginning of the 19th century, when according to the Golestan and Turkmanchai treaties Russia gained sovereignty over the khanates of Karabakh (1813), Nakhichevan (1828) and Erivan (1828), among others, and the Treaty of Adrianople gave Christians and Muslims the right to choose a place of residence between Russia and Turkey.
		Similarly to those of the North Caucasus, large groups of local Muslim population refused to live within Russian boundaries and migrated to Turkey, settling in its eastern regions.
	www.happydogsclup.com /sdmc_Azeris_in_Turkey (502 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Azerbaijan - AOL Research & Learn
		After brief Ottoman control, Abbas I, shah of Persia, regained control of the region in 1603.
		Azerbaijan remained entirely in the possession of the shahs until the northern part was ceded to Russia in the treaties of Gulistan (1813) and Turkmanchai (1828).
		The remainder was organized as a province of Persia; in 1938 the province was divided into two parts.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/azerbaijan/20051205190109990013 (476 words)

	Geopolitics of the caspian sea region
		A new legal status was specified under the 1921 Treaty of Moscow, which was affirmed in 1935 and later superceded by the Protocol of 1940, which made the Caspian Sea a joint property of Russia and Iran and envisaged equal shipping rights for both parties.
		In the early years, after the collapse of the former Soviet Union, Iran’s attitude was that the former legal regime of the Caspian Sea, which was based on Iran-Soviet treaties of 1921 and 1940 remained in force.
		Russia has left Iran in the lurch by switching from an earlier position of joint ownership of the Caspian Sea bed to the demarcation of the Sea bed into sectors proportionate to the size of their coast bordering the Caspian Sea.
	www.issi.org.pk /journal/2002_files/no_1/article/4a.htm (7304 words)

	Fath De Fath -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fat'h Ali first aimed to get help from Britain or France but his plan failed because both countries made peace with Russia.
		After a long war Persia was forced to accept peace and signed the Golestan and Turkmanchai treaties conceding many advantages to Russia.
		Fat'h Ali later employed writers and painters to make a book about his wars with Russia, inspired by the Shahnama of Ferdowsi.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/53/fath-de-fath.html (512 words)

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