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Topic: Turkmen language

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	Turkmen language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Turkmen (Latin script: Türkmen, Cyrillic: Түркмен, ISO 639-1: tk, ISO 639-2: tuk) is the name of the national language of Turkmenistan.
		Turkmen is in the Turkic family; sometimes grouped in the larger, but disputed Altaic language family.
		It is a southern Turkic language, in the Turkmenian group, closely related to Crimean Tatar and Salar, and less closely related to Turkish and Azerbaijani.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkmen_language (290 words)

	Turkmen people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Turkmen is not a literary language in Iran and Afganistan, where many Turkmen tend towards bilingualism, usually conversant in the local dialects of Persian.
		The Turkmen were mainly a nomadic people for most of their history and they were not settled in cities and towns until the advent of the Soviet system of government, which severely restricted freedom of movement and collectivized nomadic herdsmen by the 1930s.
		In addition, an estimated 1,200 Turkmen refugees from northern Afghanistan currently reside in Turkmenistan due to the ravages of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and factional fighting in Afghanistan which saw the rise and fall of the Taliban.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkmen_people (1686 words)

	Turkmenistan - SOCIETY
		Turkmen belongs to the family of Turkic languages spoken in Eastern Europe (Tatar, Bashkir, Chuvash), the Caucasus (Azeri, Kumik), Siberia (Yakut, Tuva, Khakas), China (Uygur, Kazak), Central Asia (Kazak, Kyrgyz, Uzbek), and the Near East (Turkish, Azeri).
		Its closest relatives are the languages of the Turks in northeastern Iran and the Khorazm Province of south central Uzbekistan (Khorasani), Azerbaijan (Azeri), and Turkey (Turkish), all of which belong to the Oghuz group of this language family.
		A high degree of language loyalty was reflected in the fact that some 99.4 percent of Turkmen in the republic claimed Turkmen as their native language in the 1989 census.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/turkmenistan/SOCIETY.html (5918 words)

	Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As the Turkmen migrated from the area around the Mangishlak peninsula in contemporary Kazakhstan toward the Iranian border region and Amu Darya river basin, tribal Turkmen society further developed cultural traditions that would become the foundation of Turkmen national consciousness.
		The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia and subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of the Turkmen Republic as one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union in 1924.
		Turkmen is the official language of Turkmenistan, though Russian still is widely spoken as a "language of inter-ethnic communication" (per the 1992 Constitution).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkmenistan (1733 words)

	The People of Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan - Asia
		The official language of Turkmenistan is Turkmen, a language belonging to the Southern Turkic (or Oghuz) branch of Turkic languages.
		Turkmen was made the official language of the Turkmen SSR in 1990.
		Turkmen poet Annasultan Kekilova, for example, was locked away in a mental asylum in 1971 for daring to criticize local party officials in her poetry.
	www.countriesquest.com /asia/turkmenistan/the_people_of_turkmenistan.htm (936 words)

	Turkmen language, alphabets and pronunciation
		Turkmen is a Turkic language spoken by about 6.4 million people in Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Germany, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia (Asia), Tajikistan, Turkey (Asia), USA and Uzbekistan.
		Turkmen only started to appear in writing at the beginning of the 20th century, when it was written with the Arabic script.
		Azerbaijani, Chuvash, Evenki, Gagauz, Kazak, Kyrghyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur, Uzbek, Yakut
	www.omniglot.com /writing/turkmen.htm (207 words)

	The Southern Azeri-Iraqi Turkmen Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Their language is clearly Oghuz but the Turkmen elements in it are vestigial, but there.
		Turkmen were able to lobby successfully for inclusion in the Turkish regional security plan, and then Turkish Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit presented a "revised security plan," updating his original security plan presented in 1995.
		It stipulated that the Turkmen play a role in a post-Saddam, or new Iraqi government, and that "the world should be reminded of the Turkmen presence in Iraq.
	www.tribun.com /700/779.htm (1422 words)

	The Voice of Australian Iraqi Turkmen at Radio 2000FM-98.5
		Turkmen are the third largest ethnic group after the Arabs and Kurds in Iraq.
		The main spoken language in Turkmeneli (Turkmen homeland) is the Turkish dialect which is a part of the Western Turkish language group that includes also the Turkish spoken in Turkey, Cyprus, the Balkans.
		The Turkmen language with its various accents is closer to the Turkish spoken language in both Azerbaijan (Republic of Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan of Iran) and Urfa in South-eastern Turkey rather than Turkmen language in Republic of Turkmenistan.
	www.2000fm.com /turkmen (606 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Russians in Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Turkmen language officially has become the state language, replacing Russian; Turkmenistan is the last of the Soviet Republics to introduce such legislation.
		Moreover, the Russian language was no longer to be used as the means of inter-ethnic communication (the status that it had held since 1990 when Turkmen replaced Russian as the official language).
		According to an article published in the Russian daily 'Moskovskiy Komsomolets'on 19th February the Turkmen people, according to the article, may be free to express their thoughts, but they have difficulty forming opinions owing to the absence of media reports other than those disseminated by the state.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=70101 (1928 words)

	New Iraqi Constitution Undemocratic: Iraqi Turkmen
		According to the letter of the Iraqi government to the League of Nations on 30th May 1932, the Turkmen language was used as official language in the courts and became the language of study in the Turkmen regions, principally Kerkuk province and Kifri region.
		Accordingly, the Kurdish language must be studied in all Iraq while the Turkmen and Chaldo-Assyrian languages could not be used officially in government schools, even in the regions were these nationalities constitute the majority.
		The Turkmen are scattered in different provinces: In a 4 million populated Mosul province, an almost half million Turkmen cannot win the majority.
	www.aina.org /news/20050816104347.htm (573 words)

	Altas HG
		The Turkmen Language belongs to the greater family of Turkic languages.
		Specifically, Turkmen is included in the sub-group of Southern Turkic languages, along with Turkish and Azeri.
		The greatest difficulty for beginning Turkmen speakers will probably be adapting to Turkmen's elaborate system of grammatical suffixes, or "tag words" and learning to re-order their speech so that the predicate (verb) is the last thing spoken.
	www.altynasyr.8m.com /portal/ta1.htm (812 words)

	UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page
		Turkmen is the official language of the Republic of Turmenistan.
		Turkmen is a general cover term which refers to a continuum of numerous dialects which differ in equally numerous ways both phonologically and morphologically.
		Turkmen is the medium of instruction in the majority of the schools in Turkmenistan, but a few schools in the urban areas have some instruction in Russian.
	www.lmp.ucla.edu /Profile.aspx?LangID=68 (1121 words)

	Iraq's New Constitution Divides Turkmen
		Iraqi Turkmen have decided to act differently in the referendum that will be held for the newly prepared Iraqi constitution draft.
		The ITF administrators claiming the new supreme law of the country that envisions a federal Iraq would cause fragmentation, and noted that the implementation of Turkmen's rights were subjected to indefinite preconditions, and left to the initiative of "hegemonic powers" in the region.
		Turkmen demand recognition as a main element of Iraqi society, the Turkmen language to be accepted as an official language, and Kerkuk (Kirkuk) to be ascribed special status in the new Iraqi constitution.
	www.aina.org /news/20050908102313.htm (292 words)

	EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Turkmen-Uzbek Tension Easing, But Ethnic Minorities in Both Countries Continue to Suffer
		To a certain extent, the Soviet collapse and the consequent economic chaos meant that an educational crisis was unavoidable.
		This virtually eliminates the ability of ethic Turkmen in Uzbekistan from studying at a higher educational institution in Turkmenistan, and vice versa.
		The few Turkmen who have gained admission to higher educational institutions in Uzbekistan say surmounting the language barrier was the most difficult aspect of the admissions process.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/insight/articles/eav051503.shtml (843 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Uighur literary language flourished in the 9th-14th century, and the Qarakhanid literary language came into existence in the 11th century.
		Its antecedent is the Ottoman Turkish language, which developed from the Old Anatolian Turkish literary language (13th-15th century) of the Seljuq Turks, the first Turkish conquerors of Anatolia (11th century).
		One notable characteristic of the Turkic languages is vowel harmony.
	www.sabawoon.com /afghanpedia/Languages.Turkic.shtm (614 words)

	Speaks Easy
		Lebap are considered less than Turkmen by the ruling Ashgabat-Mary tribe because (given their geography), “the Lebap don’t speak clean Turkmen, the language isn’t as [pure] … there’s so much intercultural exchange [that] what they speak [in the region] is called Charjewski, it’s a cross between Turkmen and Uzbek.
		The language is to be used in all government offices, but reverts to Russian as an “administrative language.” Jones called this a “product of Soviet legacy.” Russians remain in positions of interest and skill in Uzbekistan’s major cities and those Uzbeks who now have jobs in the cities got there by going to Russian schools.
		Turkmen is troubled by a certifiable dictator whose support for education is shown in his insistence in cutting the curriculum by a full year.
	mason.gmu.edu /~calvord/Speaks_Easy.html (3142 words)

	Turkmen: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Turkmenistan, once known as the turkmen soviet socialist republic is a country in central asia....
		Turkmen people (of which the turkic plural is properly turkmenler) form an ethnic group, part of the turkic peoples....
		The turkoman horse, or turkmene, was an ancient breed from turkmenistan, now extinct....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/tu/turkmen.htm (102 words)

	Turkmens in Europe Demonstrated The Iraqi Constitution
		Turkmen dwellings and villages were destroyed and their owners were forced to migration.
		Turkmen language should be Iraq’s second language beside Arabic and Kurdish because the Turkmen are more than three million living in Iraq in the buffer zone starting from Telafer in the North West to Mendeli and Aziziyah in the South East in six major cities Mosul, Erbil, Kirkuk, Salahaddin, Diyalah and Baghdad.
		Turkmen urge the Iraqi government and international community to immediately stop the continuing oppression of Turkmen in Tal Afar and to take all the necessary steps to allow their return.
	www.iraq4u.com /forum/fb.asp?m=5651&go=last (1335 words)

	Turkmenistan
		However, in traditional Turkmen society, the woman's primary role is as homemaker and mother, and family pressures often limit opportunities for women to enter careers outside the home and advance their education.
		Turkmen comprise approximately 77 percent of the population of about 4.7 million; Uzbeks, 9 percent; and Russians, 7 percent.
		The Constitution designates Turkmen as the official language, and it is a mandatory subject in school, although it is not necessarily the language of instruction.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/1999/366.htm (6964 words)

	Iraqi Turkmen: Declaration of the Turkmen Committee for the Unity of Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This intimidating and racist approach, and the refusal of Turkmens existence in Iraq are contrary to the document of assurance and obligatory that the Iraqi government submitted to the League of Nations.
		The reality that Turkmens are one of the main elements of Iraq has been ignored once more in the D paragraph of 53rd article of Provisional Constitution through passing over the status of Turkmens by saying that “the administrative, cultural and political rights of Turkmens are guaranteed”.
		The aim of the Turkmens is not to be the “portion of the part”, but to be “the part of the whole”.
	www.unpo.org /news_detail.php?arg=27&par=2967 (1719 words)

	Literacy Online - Papers from the Central Asia Regional Literacy Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the analysis of the interview data, the Russian and Turkmen/ Kyrgyz subjects were considered Turkmen/ Kyrgyz, and the data are presented by comparing the opinions of the Turkish and the Turkmen /Kyrgyz subjects.
		This can be explained by the value conflict experienced by Kyrgyz people in the transition period, since Turkmen people are more traditional and have maintained their traditions which help them to cope with the value conflict in the transition period.
		Russian language has been used as the major language during the period of USSR in both countries as all other republics.
	www.literacyonline.org /products/ili/webdocs/carlf_dem.html (3230 words)

	[No title]
		While 5 hours per week are presently allotted for the studying of the Turkmen language and literature in 9th grades in the Uzbek schools, only three hours are allotted to the Uzbek language and culture.
		Textbooks on the Uzbek language and literature are purchased by the pupils in neighboring Uzbekistan.
		The classes of the Uzbek language and Uzbek literature are not conducted for pupils of the 1st-5th years at all; all subjects are taught in Turkmen only.
	eurasianet.org /turkmenistan.project/files2/050520Uzbekschools(eng).doc (498 words)

	Regional Language Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Turkmen Language Competencies for Peace Corps Volunteers in Turkmenistan - A Peace Corps-designed textbook for Turkmen.
		The language modules are designed for those with at least intermediate proficiency, but will be of interest to anyone learning the language.
		Kazakh Language Classes by Zhanay Sagintayev—Scroll down to find a CD, syllabus, and brief phrasebook that are designed to foster self-study of the Kazakh language.
	www.tecom.usmc.mil /caocl/Caucasus_and_Central_Asia/Regional_Language_Resources/Regional_Language_Resources.htm (909 words)

	Turkmen Translation Service - English to Turkmen Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The so-called 'Turkmen' in Syria, and possibly Iraq and Jordan, actually speak an ancient form of Turkmen; so-called 'Turkmen' in Tibet may speak a different Turkic language.
		You probably don't speak Turkmen yourself, so there are a few questions you'll need to consider when choosing a translation company.
		Language is a living thing it develops and changes constantly.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/turkmen_translation.shtml (522 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Turkmen are especially known for their brisk trade in the bazaars, where many samples of their handicrafts can be found.
		The Turkmen language, which is divided into many dialects, belongs to the Oghuz group of Turkic languages.
		Ninety-five percent of the Turkmen in Uzbekistan are Muslims of the Hanafite branch.
	www.ksafe.com /profiles/p_code/990.html (743 words)

	CEUS U320 4155 Introductory Turkmen I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Authentic Turkmen language materials will be used throughout the course and consist primarily of video- and audio-taped materials, as well as printed texts.
		In addition, lectures on Turkmen culture and dinners featuring national dishes will be held on a weekly basis.
		The focus of the course is on authentic use of language as opposed to knowledge of language.
	www.indiana.edu /~deanfac/blsu297/ceus/ceus_u320_4155.html (240 words)

	Turkmen Officials’ English “Shames” President
		Niazov’s latest quixotic edict followed the visit of a Turkmen trade delegation to China in December, where negotiations on a range of deals – including gas deliveries, the construction of the silk mills and financial loans – were held.
		Apart from being evidently embarrassed by his subordinates’ poor grasp of the language, Turkmenbashi was also seemingly concerned that their linguistic shortcomings could undermine the Turkmen negotiating position in economic talks with China and other states.
		All the emphasis was placed on the development of a truly Turkmen culture and the rejection of everything foreign,” said the official.
	www.iwpr.net /?p=rca&s=f&o=258959&apc_state=henh (835 words)

	Turkmen Identity on the Wane in Iran
		The younger generation of ethnic Turkmen is increasingly adopting Iranian ways, even discarding their own language in favour of Persian.
		All the signposts and shop names were now in Persian rather than Turkmen, and young women were dressed in the fl robes and headscarves of Iran rather than their colourful traditional costume.
		Perwish puts the decline of Turkmen language down to the exclusive use of Persian in schools.
	www.iwpr.net /?p=rca&s=f&o=260488&apc_state=henh (760 words)

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