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	Turkmenistan - MSN Encarta
		The ancestors of the Turkmens, believed to be Oghuz tribes from the foothills of the Altay Mountains to the northeast, migrated to the area in about the 10th century.
		The Turkmens, particularly the Tekke tribe, proved to be a formidable force, putting forth the greatest resistance the Russians had encountered in their military advance into Central Asia.
		Among the Turkmens, the Yomud tribe was especially fierce in its refusal to submit to the draft.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555783_6/Turkmenistan.html (2099 words)

	Turkmen Adat
		Turkmen people going to marry never directly participate in matchmaking; this is undertaken through a third person, usually by a relative or an honorable old man. A matchmaker goes to the bride’s relatives and in the case of their consent to marriage, they discuss the conditions of kalym and the wedding day.
		In this respect, the Turkmen custom differs from shariat: according to shariat a woman who is going to marry uses the kalym; this is her inalienable right, therefore she can refuse it before her marriage, or having taken part of it before marriage, freed her husband from paying the other part of kalym.
		Obeying the People’s Court decision, the petitioners (the plaintiffs) try to postpone the reconciliation; they insist on assessing the cattle by their own evaluators without interference from the respondent’s people, whereas the latter foreseeing the partial assessment, on their turn, insist on the assessment according to the custom, from the both sides.
	faculty.philau.edu /kleinbachr/turkmen_adat.htm (9661 words)

	Turkmen Historian's Deliberations on the Deep Roots of Neutrality
		Innocent people will not shed their blood, and a state will not collapse, and its loyal citizens will not be put to the sack and killed...
		Turkmens were exactly that force that stopped the massacre between different sects in the Muslim Asia and rose to defend the population of the entire East from the Crusaders.
		All this contributed to the establishment on the Turkmen soil of the specific spiritual atmosphere, intellectual potential that contained a moving force of the cultural progress typical of all civilizations of the old Turkmenistan.
	turkmeniya.tripod.com /id26.html (2136 words)

	Turkmen Carpets Online - Introduction
		Turkmen carpets are still recognized today even among the expert carpet dealers in the United States and Western Europe as "Bukhara carpets".
		The main peculiarity of world-renowned Turkmen hand-made carpets is that they are actually woven from pure wool unlike most of Persian rugs where some cotton is blended to accelerate and simplify the rug weaving process.
		Turkmen hand-made carpets are made only from ecologically pure wool creating the most comfortable and aesthetic conditions.
	www.turkmenistan-online.com /introduction_txt.html (426 words)

	Latest News
		Millions of the people of Turkmenistan, waiting for the results of the examination of their President's health, which is regularly carried on by the famous surgeon, signed with relief.
		The most respectable people shared their views and proposals, the essence of which was in revision of land and water use fundamental.
		The heart, given to the people, is throbbing in the chests of millions of the Turkmen people.
	www.turkmenistanembassy.org /turkmen/news/news8.21.00.html (9287 words)

	IRAN MURDERS TURKMEN FISHERMEN BRUTALLY
		Most of the Turkmen young people, who have no other means of earning their lives other than fishery, are being the targets of the bullets fired by the Iranian Coastal Defense guards and of the brother Turkmen guards on the Iranian-Turkmenistan border.
		Instead of firing at the Turkmen fishermen, the guards drive over them with motor-driven boats, the propeller of the boat runs into the flesh of the fishermen and the blood and pieces of their organs color the sea.
		People of Turkmen Sahra are not even aware of the existence of such a committee.
	www.turkmenlik.org /128.htm (2824 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
		People were listening to world news through Mayak, because in Turkmenistan everything is related to the president of the country.
		The leaflets say that Turkmen people were born free, that they are a proud people who deserve to be liberated from tyranny.
		The Turkmen authorities explained their move in the state-controlled press by saying technical maintenance was responsible for Mayak's disappearance from the airwaves.
	www.rferl.org /reports/turkmen-report/2004/07/0-210704.asp (2865 words)

	BBC News \| ASIA-PACIFIC \| The cult of the Turkmen leader
		Turkmenbashi, or "leader of all Turkmen", is the title Mr Niyazov adopted during his transformation from communist leader of Soviet Turkmenistan to the independent country's president for life.
		This is a collection of his thoughts on Turkmen identity, history and destiny, and is intended to serve as a spiritual guide for the nation.
		People questioned in the street have nothing but praise for their president.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1634100.stm (875 words)

	Turkmen Carpets :: Home Page
		Carpet weaving is one of the oldest and natural arts of afghan Turkmen people.
		The carpet woven for the first time by Turkmen people and gradually this art transferred to the other places of the world.
		The Afghan Turkmen are responsible for the best and most of the weaving that was and still produced in country for centuries.
	www.turkmencarpets.com (399 words)

	News: Afghanistan, Back to school for Afghan Turkmen?
		Jamahir Anwari, who leads the Turkmen Peace Council, which represents the large refugee population in Pakistan as well as those in northern Afghanistan, believes the high levels of suspicion of innovation and outsiders stems from conservative Islamic values that have been "imposed" on the Turkmen by other Afghan groups over the years.
		But as Nadir Turkmen, a young journalist based in Kabul, points out, the level of education offered by madrassas has not provided the skills needed to help aspiring Turkmen leaders navigate their way through the decades of conflict.
		The bulk of Afghanistan's Turkmen population dates from the 1920s, when the many people fled their homeland in Central Asia as the Soviets invaded and took over the territory that is now the republic of Turkmenistan.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/SODA-6MN7ZQ?OpenDocument (1102 words)

	Turkmenistan Chaihana - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Turkmen people speak the Turkmen language, which is a Turkic language (similar to Turkish, Kazakh, and Uzbek).
		Many Turkmen people learned to speak Russian, and Russian language ability was a practical requirement for participation in government.
		Most Turkmen that I know, however, are generally pleased that their traditions, language, and cultural identity are finally being given prominence.
	www.chaihana.com /turktext.html (943 words)

	Human Rights Brief - Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law - Washington College of Law
		He created numerous Turkmen holidays, glorified Turkmen life in his Rukhnama, and deemed the 21st century Turkmenistan's Altyn Assyr, or "Golden Century." Niyazov has also placed himself at the core of the Turkmen national identity by depicting himself as the heroic figurehead of the Turkmen people.
		Although Turkmen law and other individual rights in Turkmenistan are not highly regarded and lack government protection, the Turkmen Constitution and the Law on Republic Citizenship may assist the international community in pressuring the Turkmen government to comport with international legal standards and in promoting the rule of law in Turkmenistan.
		The Turkmen government, priding itself on its status as a neutral country and recognizing the primacy of international law, should comply with the principles and norms of the United Nations by not revoking the dual citizenship of its largest minority group.
	www.wcl.american.edu /hrbrief/11/1shaver.cfm (2873 words)

	Overview of the Turkmen Language to Help You Learn Turkmen
		It is also spoken by the Turkmen people who live in Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, the northwestern parts of Iran, the Russian Federation, and other countries.
		Turkmen sounds and letters do not have a one-to-one correspondence, so just as in English, some Turkmen words are not written exactly like they sound.
		Turkmen is an agglutinative language, meaning that most grammatical functions are indicated by attaching suffixes to the stems of words.
	www.transparent.com /languagepages/Turkmen/overview.htm (705 words)

	Welcome
		The magical beauty and longevity of Turkmen rugs come from the traditions of carpet-weaving, that reached high perfectness and artistic expressiveness of gel during the many centuries of its existense.
		The chief role in Turkmen rugs is played by ornamentation with its general components - main and supplementary "gels".
		By its technical fulfilment and aesthetic contents, the Turkmen rug may be concern to antiquariate.
	www.turkmens.com /Carpet.html (761 words)

	TURKMENISTAN
		The first task of the new People’s Council was the founding of an institute devoted to studying Niyazov and his Ruhnama, a pseudo-spiritual guidebook that dictates every aspect of Turkmen life and that has replaced most textbooks in schools and universities.
		Turkmen television almost never shows Turkmen women in roles that contradict traditional Turkmen virtues, and there are no programs that challenge the government’s policies relating to women’s human rights.
		Paragraph 127 of The Turkmen Report correctly states, “residence in urban and rural locations has their peculiarities, which influence the character of the functional roles of women in their occupations in the sphere of social production.” Rural women and girls face particular challenges to attaining equality.
	iwraw.igc.org /publications/countries/turkmenistan.htm (10201 words)

	ISN Security Watch - Turkmen hit by library ban
		Turkmen have grown used to living without opera, ballet, cinemas, and even circuses - all forbidden by Niazov - but they say his decision to close all libraries cuts especially deep.
		Observers worry about the effect this information vacuum is having on Turkmen and warn of mass ignorance of the people, especially among the younger generation who are deprived of the opportunity to learn about the modern world.
		One Turkmen observer said, âThe plans announced at the dawn of independence to remove communist ideology from national education have ended with government programmes becoming even more ideological.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /news/sw/details.cfm?ID=11146 (960 words)

	Statement of the representatives of the Turkmen democratic opposition
		The dictatorial regime is holding the Turkmen people in a constant state of fear and in absolute isolation from the world community.
		The Turkmen administration is not able to estimate the situation adequately and exercises its own experienced instruments: intimidation, terror, arrests, false promises, hypocrisy and demagogy in international relations, and harsh persecution of the representatives of the democratic opposition.
		The "Round Table of the Turkmen opposition" made a decision to submit this Statement to the attention of the Turkmen people and to the world community.
	www.eurasianet.org /resource/turkmenistan/links/helsinki.shtml (419 words)

	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net » Thickening Plots
		As anticipated in yesterday’s Turkmen Helsinki Foundation press release, the authorities in Ashgabat are seeking to characterise one of the arrested human rights workers, now subject of an Amnesty appeal, as a traitor to the motherland.
		In a June 19 broadcast on Turkmen State television, National Security Minister Geldimuhammed Asyrmuhammedov announced that an individual with close ties to the exiled opposition was found with arms and ammunition in his car.
		Furthermore, it is alleged that on the instructions of Begmedova, Chairwoman of the Turkmen Helsinki Foundation, Amanklychev met with a British national, Stuart Nicolas Hook, and Catherine Bertlyer (probably misspelled), both of whom were reputedly carrying reconnaissance equipment.
	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net /?p=142 (966 words)

	MapUp.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Terrain: 80% covered in subtropical, sandy Karakum Desert, with dunes rising to the Kopet Dag Mountains in the south along the border with Iran; borders the Caspian Sea to the west and the Amu Darya River and Uzbekistan to the east; borders Afghanistan to the southeast, Kazakhstan to the north.
		Tribes of horse-breeding Turkmen drifted into the territory of Turkmenistan, possibly from the Altay Mountains, and grazed along the outskirts of the Karakum Desert into Persia, Syria, and Anatolia.
		The Turkmen Republic was under full control of Moscow, which exploited its raw material resources for the purposes of the Soviet Union.
	mapup.com /asia/turkmenistan.html (1523 words)

	Turkmen people party
		This group began to settle at the foot of the montainsin Northern Iraq and was a Continuation of wave of migration by Turkmen tribes coming from present day Azerbaijan and Central Asia.
		This period brought the settlement of Turks of Azerbaijan Origin in the area of Baghdad as well as Najaf and Karbala.
		For centuries, the Turkomans territories were considered a buffer zone separating The Arabs from the Kurds.
	www.angelfire.com /tn/halk (765 words)

	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net
		Relatively soon after their arrest in June, a Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty journalist, Ogulsapar Muradova, a worker for the Turkmen Helsinki Foundation, Sapardurdy Khadjiev, and another human rights activist, Annakurban Amanklychev, were sentenced to six to seven years in jail for illegal posession of weapons on August 25, according to an IRIN report.
		As was the case for his Central Asian neighbours, the General Secretary of the Republic of the Turkmen SSR, Saparmurat Niyazov, was put in an awkward position by the unfolding of the coup plot organised against Gorbachev in October 1991.
		The founding strategy of Turkmen economic policy was enshrined in the vaunted “Ten Years of Stability”, a variation on a similar concept propounded by Uzbek policymakers; and sure enough this period of increased self-reliance did indeed see some notable successes.
	turkmenistan.neweurasia.net (6234 words)

	Ruhnama
		My dear Turkmen nation, in order to urge your soul and mind to fulfill these duties an to raise a strong faith in your heart for self-confidence, and to be a support to you, I have written this book, Ruhnama.
		Our Turkmen ancestors were courageous people and they began to educate their children before they came to life.
		Turkmen young men were brought up in the spirit of strict following of these rules.
	www.ruhnama.com (795 words)

	Welcome
		The gold embroidery of Turkmen artist is known in all over the world.
		It would not be a lie if we say that Turkmen carpets are known as the best carpets in the world.
		The ornaments and decorations of Turkmen brides, which are made of metals like gold, silver, copper and iron, are known for their originality and variety.
	www.turkmens.com /folkart.html (387 words)

	Turkmen President Deprives Invalids of Pensions - NEWS - MOSNEWS.COM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Turkmen authoritarian president Saparmurat Niyazov has signed a law stopping pension payment for invalids, former kolkhoz farmers and several other categories of elderly people.
		This means that elderly people should give back some of the money they had received from the state before.
		They fainted and died right in the post offices and banks when told that they were no longer entitled to their pensions (fully or partially).
	mosnews.com /news/2006/02/03/turkmenpensions.shtml (574 words)

	CNN.com - Turkmen leader redefines ages of man - August 17, 2002
		Turkmenbashi, who on his last birthday moved into the age of inspiration, first made the suggestion at a meeting last week of the People's Council, the country's highest consultative body.
		Other months have such names as "The Flag," "Independence," and "Rukhnama," the title of a quasi-religious spiritual guide for the Turkmen people, written by Turkmenbashi the Great and compulsory reading in schools and for conscripts.
		Niyazov was offered the presidency for life in 1999, and again last week at the People's Council, although he turned this down saying there would be elections in 2008.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/08/17/Turkmenistan.ages (249 words)

	Document: Turkman People Party
		The dictatorial regime who captured the government in Iraq has increased their assimilation policies to wards the Turks living in Iraq and tried to erase and annihilate their assimilation plicies presence in the national scene.
		There are inherent conflicts between the Iraqi state, people, neighbours and those states who acquired superiority and sovereighty in the Middle east.
		Under such circunstances, our party believes that the best solution shall be by tne formation of a central government comprising to the democratic Iraqi Republic,in a negotiation table with their national, religious and political adversaries, by coming together and reaching to agreement in minimum similarities among the participants.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/docs/iraq/turkmen02.htm (526 words)

	Turkmen - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Turkmenistan, country of the Turkmens, ethnic groups in Turkmenistan, ethnic groups of Afghanistan, history, language
		- member of Central Asian people: a member of an originally nomadic Turkic-speaking people who now live mainly in Turkmenistan and Afghanistan
		- Turkmen language: the Turkic official language of Turkmenistan.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Turkmen.html (77 words)

	JTW News - Talabani: Turkmen are less then one million
		According Turkmen Journalist Kemal Kirkuklu “ this was part of Kurdish policy to delete all evidence regarding ethnic balance of the city, and it was part of Kurdish Leaders plan to bring thousands of Kurds to settle in Kirkuk, to be able to change ethnicity of the city”.
		Ahmed Muratli of Iraqi Turkmen front, rejects these comment of Talabani, by saying, there are huge work been taking place by help of US armies to change the ethnic balance of Kirkuk, he gives example of recent election saying.
		According Muratli “this will increase pressure on Turkmen people, as in his own words, Kurdish authorities already started to use the same methods against Turkmen, what once they were facing from Saddam Hussein.
	www.turkishweekly.net /news.php?id=20542 (1947 words)

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