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	Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Türkmenbaşy is a city in Turkmenistan, part of the Balkan Province, on the Krasnovodsk Gulf of the Caspian Sea.
		Western Turkmenistan has major petroleum and natural gas reserves, and Turkmenistan's largest oil refinery is in Turkmenbashi.
		The city is also connected to Ashgabat by Turkmenistan Airlines, as well as by train and bus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkmenbashi,_Turkmenistan (288 words)

	Latest News
		Saparmurat Turkmenbashi asked to convey his cordial greetings to the leadership of Qatar and invited the guest to participate in the celebration of the 9th anniversary of the country's independence.
		Emphasizing the favorable conditions created in Turkmenistan for foreign investments, Saparmurat Turkmenbashi called that form of interaction with foreign partners one of the most prospective and invited his guest from the UAE to study the possibilities of expanding co-operation with the Ashgabat on the principles of mutual benefit.
		The guest conveyed to Saparmurat Turkmenbashi the cordial greetings from the King and members of his family, in which it was stressed that between the two countries the stable contacts in political and economic spheres had been established.
	www.turkmenistanembassy.org /turkmen/news/news8.21.00.html (9287 words)

	GlobaLex - A Research Guide to the Turkmenistan Legal System
		Turkmenistan is unitary state in the southwest of Central Asia and the Caspian Sea in the west, Kazakhstan in the north, Uzbekistan in the east, and Iran and Afghanistan in the south bound it.
		Turkmenistan declared its sovereignty on October 26, 1991 and after the collapse of the Soviet Union became a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, together with ten other former Soviet republics.
		Turkmenistan is divided into administrative units, which have been given authority of self-government, these are the velayats (large administrative regions encompassing etraps, and specific cities), etraps (districts), shakhers (cities), obas (villages) and gengeshys (main administrative units).
	www.nyulawglobal.org /globalex/Turkmenistan.htm (4170 words)

	Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		Born in Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan, and raised as an orphan, Niyazov was educated at the Polytechnic Institute in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
		In December 1991 Niyazov arranged for the name of the Turkmen Communist Party to be changed to the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, and he became its chairman.
		The Communist Party of Turkmenistan was renamed the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan (DPT) in December 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /turkmenbashi.htm (608 words)

	:: ak13 :: Death of the dictator
		Turkmenbashi is the last of a dying species, writes Paul Davies.
		Turkmenistan was once a Soviet vassal state, governed by one Saparmurat Niyazov.
		Turkmenbashi's statue is particularly impressive; rotating as it does, to always face the sun.
	www.ak13.com /article.php?id=293 (881 words)

	Ahmet Kuru* The Rentier State Model and Central Asian Studies: The Turkmen Case
		Turkmenistan is neither a monarchy nor a theocracy nor an oligarchy.
		Turkmenistan has estimated 21 trillion cubic meters of natural gas, and 6.8 billion tons of oil reserves.(43) In spite of the vital position of natural gas export for Turkmenistan, it could not sufficiently benefit from its huge resources.
		Turkmenistan has periodically threatened to terminate natural gas export to several of these countries as a sanction, and sometimes stopped natural gas export.(44) For that reason Turkmenistan's natural gas export has decreased, annually, from 1992 to 1998, as follows (billion cubic meters, respectively): 51.8; 55.9; 26.1; 22.6; 24.3; 6.5; 1.8.
	www.alternativesjournal.net /volume1/number1/akuru.htm (4918 words)

	The information analytical centre Dogry Yol Turkmenistan : : The Gas Deal: Niyazov tries to exchange his gas for two ...
		Turkmenbashi is preparing for a war and he is looking for influential allies.
		Turkmenistan is ready to export 100 billion cubic meters of gas a year.
		Thus, Turkmenbashi has made it known to the market participants that next year the price could be increased to 44 dollars for a thousand cubic meters.
	www.dogryyol.com /eng/article/277.html (911 words)

	Turkmenistan Chaihana - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Turkmenistan is a desert country located in Central Asia to the north of Iran and to the east of the Caspian Sea.
		Though the territory of Turkmenistan was at times a part of various dynasties and empires, "Turkmenistan" was never really a country prior to the twentieth century, but was instead a region inhabited by distinct tribes that shared a common culture.
		He is now commonly known as "Turkmenbashi" which is translated as "head of all Turkmen." Much has been written about Niyasov's style of leadership, most notably his "cult of personality." His smiling face appears everywhere throughout the country, from mandatory presidential portraits in every public building to his likeness on state-made yogurt and perfume bottles.
	www.chaihana.com /turktext.html (943 words)

	Turkmenistan travel guide - Wikitravel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia with a population of about 5 million, and an area around half a million square km, a bit larger than California.
		Turkmenistan is largely desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and huge gas (fifth largest reserves in the world) and oil resources.
		Turkmenistan Airlines has direct flights to Ashgabat from London and Birmingham, used predominantly by the British Sikh community as a transit point for further flight to India and Pakistan.
	wikitravel.org /en/Turkmenistan (1425 words)

	The Blogmenbashi
		Saparmurat Turkmenbashi the Great said that the building of the Opera and Ballet Theater should be quickly demolished and a new Trade Center should be constructed near the bazaar.
		The great Saparmurat Turkmenbashi, Father of All the Turkmens, or -as he is known in this earthly life- Saparmurat Niyazov, lifelong president of Turkmenistan, is throwing down the following challenge to the forces of nature.
		Turkmenistan is also interested to expand its cooperation with the EU in the field of education, especially the vocational training.
	blogmenbashi.blogspot.com (2051 words)

	The Observer \| Magazine \| Dispatches: The Man Who Would Be King
		Turkmenistan, which is twice the size of the UK yet has a population of just 5m, has since seceding from the Soviet Union in 1991, 'acquired one of the worst totalitarian systems in the world', according to the European parliament.
		Turkmenistan's President Niyazov is a man, after all, who has renamed the month of January - after himself.
		The vast reserves of gas and oil in Turkmenistan have been the subject of frantic lobbying by Western governments in the past, and the possibility of securing access in the future must act as a brake to any criticisms of Niyazov.
	observer.guardian.co.uk /magazine/story/0,11913,1323246,00.html (2991 words)

	ISN Security Watch - Press muzzled as Tajik-Turkmen ties tighten
		Tajikistan and Turkmenistan appear to be forging an alliance that may help them resist the influence of their more powerful neighbor, Uzbekistan.
		Relations between Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan deteriorated further after the Turkmenbashi accused Uzbekistan of aiding an opposition leader who has since been accused of masterminding the attempt on his life.
		As Tajikistan and Turkmenistan do not suffer from the border tensions currently plaguing neighboring states, Abdullo believes that the time is right to build stronger relations between the two.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /news/sw/details_print.cfm?id=5664 (693 words)

	BBC News \| ASIA-PACIFIC \| The cult of the Turkmen leader
		The huge personality cult that surrounds Turkmenistan's President Saparmyrat Niyazov, which already rivals that of Stalin or Mao Zedong, has been further inflated with the unveiling of what is probably the world's largest handmade carpet.
		Turkmenbashi, or "leader of all Turkmen", is the title Mr Niyazov adopted during his transformation from communist leader of Soviet Turkmenistan to the independent country's president for life.
		His logo is still on the screen, and news programmes continue to shun real news for lengthy accounts of the president's activities and speeches, alongside reports on the cotton harvest and footage of Turkmen engaged in traditional activities.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/low/asia-pacific/1634100.stm (856 words)

	Turkmenistan holds major military exercise on Caspian coast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Turkmenistan held major military exercises on the coast of the oil-rich Caspian Sea on Saturday, in its biggest military manoeuvres since gaining independence more than ten years ago.
		The manoeuvres, which were observed by Turkmen President Saparmurat Niyazov, members of the country's government, NATO officials and a large group of media, also included a simulated killing of hostage-takers while freeing the hostages themselves.
		Turkmenistan refused to take part in large-scale naval exercises held last August that included three other Caspian states -- Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan -- citing its neutral status.
	www.spacewar.com /2003/030816142456.mge3fg8d.html (255 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Turkmenbashi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Turkmenbashi TURKMENBASHI [Turkmenbashi] or TürkmenbaÅy, formerly Krasnovodsk, city (1991 pop.
		Niyazov, Saparmurat NIYAZOV, SAPARMURAT [Niyazov, Saparmurat] 1940-, president of Turkmenistan (1991 An engineer and member of the Communist party, he worked in the electrical power industry and held party positions in what was then the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic of the USSR.
		Turkmenbashi the Great: rich and prosperous thanks to the discovery of massive oil and gas reserves, Turkmenistan is attempting to come to grips with modernity and its massive wealth.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Turkmenbashi (448 words)

	Pravda.RU:Months and week days are getting new astounding names in Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan is perhaps the only country, which has all vestiges of monarchy among other countries of the former Soviet Union.
		But the father of all Turkmens, the so-called Turkmenbashi, announced at his speech at the Council of Elders that he did not support the decision of the parliament.
		Pursuant to this law, Turkmenistan President Saparmurat Niyazov is entitled to rule his state without any limit to the period of his authorities.
	newsfromrussia.com /main/2002/08/09/34140_.html (422 words)

	EurasiaNet Business & Economics - Turkish Businessman Weaves Textile Empire in Turkmenistan
		A leading Turkish textile baron reportedly is Ahmet Chalyk, whose involvement in Turkmenistan began in 1993 with the construction of an apparel factory outside Ashgabat that manufactures blue jeans.
		Although his appointment was not widely reported, in March of this year Press-Courier Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan.RU and the National Information Agency of Uzbekistan all refer to Chalyk as an emissary.
		Sources in Turkmenistan allege that Turkish managers of textile factories controlled by Chalyk and others sell at the low government exchange rate the material they produce to trading companies they themselves have established.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/business/articles/eav081001.shtml (837 words)

	Turkmenbashi Everywhere, If You Think Saddam Was Fond Of Himself, Visit Turkmenistan - CBS News
		Turkmenbashi is so controlling that he has even rewritten the calendar, and he recently renamed the month of January to "Turkmenbashi." April is named after his mother.
		Turkmenbashi escaped unharmed, but the same can't be said of the dissidents.
		The plot failed, but Turkmenbashi used the opportunity to arrest his former foreign minister, along with hundreds of others for their alleged roles in the plot.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2003/12/31/60minutes/main590913.shtml (1552 words)

	Turkmenistan - the country of Turkmenbashi
		Turkmenbashi's face is visible on gigantic posters hanging on every building of the city and statues of his are placed on almost every square.
		The casinos all belong to the state (Turkmenbashi) himself and therefore, no money is really lost when his son is gambling at home.
		They seem to be content with Turkmenbashi at least, as the government now pays the pensions punctually, and all women get a new dress for Independence Day.
	www.studyrussian.com /seidenstrasse/silkroad/Turkmenistan.htm (605 words)

	Foreign Correspondent - 21/06/2005: Turkmenistan - Turkmenbashi, President for Life
		But here in Turkmenistan what it really means is an all powerful president who’s in love, not so much with his country or his people, but himself.
		His predecessor, the last Imam of Turkmenistan, is now serving a 22 year sentence for refusing to preach the Ruhknama in the mosque.
		Former inmates in the gaols have given a lot of evidence about this and there’s plenty of evidence to suggest that Shikhmuradov was also subject to torture while he was in prison and we suspect that the confession was a result of that.
	www.abc.net.au /foreign/content/2005/s1399340.htm (2315 words)

	CNN.com - Turkmen leader redefines ages of man - August 17, 2002
		Niyazov -- officially known as Turkmenbashi (Head of all the Turkmen), but more usually as Turkmenbashi the Great -- was quoted as saying on the official website, Turkmenistan.ru: "We will return to our roots.
		Turkmenbashi, who on his last birthday moved into the age of inspiration, first made the suggestion at a meeting last week of the People's Council, the country's highest consultative body.
		Niyazov was offered the presidency for life in 1999, and again last week at the People's Council, although he turned this down saying there would be elections in 2008.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/central/08/17/Turkmenistan.ages (249 words)

	Asia Times: Asia's new hermit kingdom
		In addition to his adoption of the title "Turkmenbashi" - Father of All Turkmen - President Saparmurat Niyazov has recently instituted a series of new laws on banking and education that will dramatically increase the seclusion of this state, important for its vast supplies of natural gas.
		Turkmenistan is to side with Iran on Caspian issues.
		Also, since Turkmenistan is still on speaking terms with the Taliban, Ashgabat has the potential to be a valuable contact for Tehran on Afghan issues.
	www.atimes.com /c-asia/BG28Ag01.html (729 words)

	Saparmurat Niyazov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He is styled as "His Excellency Saparmurat Niyazov "Turkmenbashi", President of Turkmenistan and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers".
		Claiming Turkmenistan to be a nation devoid of a national identity, he has attempted to rebuild the country to his own vision.
		Statues of himself and his mother are scattered all over Turkmenistan, including one in the middle of the Kara Kum desert as well as a gold-plated statue atop Ashgabat's largest building, the Neutrality Arch, that rotates so it will always face into the sun and shine light onto the capital city.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Saparmurat_Niyazov (1850 words)

	All Turkmenbashi, All the Time
		In sparsely-populated Turkmenistan, a nation with the dubious honor of having the hottest desert on the planet, one man dominates the landscape: President-for-Life Saparmurad Niyazov, a.k.a.
		Turkmenbashi, "Head of All Turkmen," as he had his rubber-stamp parliament declare him a few years back.
		Turkmenbashi renamed a Caspian Sea port city after himself, as well as a large meteorite that smashed into the northern part of the country.
	www.motherjones.com /commentary/columns/2000/09/rall2.html (991 words)

	Registan.net » Turkmenbashi
		So, just the other day, Turkmenbashi offered up his plans for a great forest of cedars to moderate Turkmenistan’s climate while also demanding that work on the lake being built in the desert be sped up.
		Not only can patients no longer be euthanized, but doctors must all take a new oath–one of allegiance to Turkmenbashi and the Rukhnama delivered kneeling–signifying their solemn commitment to their profession.
		It bans the use in Turkmenistan of recorded music “at musical performances on state holidays, in broadcasts by Turkmen television channels, at all cultural events organized by state and social institutions, in places of mass assembly and at weddings and celebrations organized by the public.”
	www.registan.net /index.php/category/central_asia/turkmenistan/turkmenbashi (812 words)

	Danko's pages: Turkmenbashi Cult (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Saparmyrad Niyazov, also known as Turkmenbashi (The Leader of the Turkmen).
		This page is not a report on human rights abuse and dictatorship in Turkmenistan.
		It's simply a collection of photos and things that I've seen on my trip through this country, that illustrate the level of mind control in Turkmenistan and its flourishing personality cult.
	www.yurope.com /people/danko/niyazov.html (126 words)

	Foreign Correspondent - 21/06/2005: Turkmenistan - Turkmenbashi, President for Life
		Since Turkmenistan declared its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, posters or statues of President Saparmurat Niyazov have appeared in almost every public space, watching over its citizens as they work in the fields, drive their cars, go to school or do their shopping.
		But orphaned as an eight-year-old and spending some time in State care, Turkmenbashi retains an affinity with the country's 300 orphans, who receive a good education and regular meals in a land where half the population lives in poverty and many have no formal education.
		His critics describe him as a cruel and ruthless dictator and suspicions that Turkmenbashi’s ‘greatness’ rests upon regular doses of repression and torture are well founded, according to experts on the oil-rich fiefdom.
	www.abc.net.au /foreign/content/2005/s1392802.htm (316 words)

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