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Topic: Turtle (submarine)

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	Submarine - MSN Encarta
		Missile submarines in the 1960s and 1970s began using mechanical dead reckoning calculators and charts of the known landscape features on the ocean floor to chart their locations.
		Submarines have retractable antennas for receiving and transmitting radio messages, although on most missions the submarines operate on electronic silence, merely copying incoming messages broadcast by satellites.
		Submarines of the 1920-1945 era were cramped and poorly-ventilated, subjecting sailors to occasional belches of diesel exhaust.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567260_3/Submarine.html (1538 words)

	Encyclopedia: Turtle (submarine)
		The Turtle was the first American submarine, invented in Connecticut in 1775 by David Bushnell as a means of attaching explosive charges to ships in a harbor.
		The submarine was designed as a naval weapon, and was meant to drill into a ship's hull and plant a keg of powder, which would be detonated after a certain duration.
		The first military submarine was Turtle, a hand-powered egg-shaped device designed by the American David Bushnell, to accommodate a single man. It was the first verified submarine, capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use screws for propulsion.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Turtle-(submarine) (1192 words)

	Turtle - A Revolutionary Submarine - By Dr. George Pararas-Carayannis
		Turtle's first engagement was also the first naval battle in history involving a submarine and took place in New York Harbor in 1776.
		Furthermore, Turtle was equipped with a depth gauge, a compass to direct the course, and a ventilator to supply the vessel with fresh air at the surface.
		In the spring of 1776, Turtle was ready to be transported by a sloop to Boston to fight the British fleet.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/4870/Turtle.html (1384 words)

	Turtle
		Turtle could be made to submerge by simply flooding her bilges with sea water.
		It was possible for Turtle's operator to propel the craft forward by utilizing the foot-treadle to operate the bow propeller while simultaneously using the hand-operated second propeller to move the craft up or down.
		Turtle and her intrepid operator were eventually towed to safety by American boats which spotted the submarine.
	www.history.navy.mil /danfs/t9/turtle-i.htm (1268 words)

	Submarine
		The first military submarine was Turtle, a hand-powered egg-shaped device designed by the American David Bushnell, to accommodate a single man. It was the first verified submarine, capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use screws for propulsion.
		Submarines did not have a major impact on the outcome of the war, but did portend their coming importance to naval warfare and increased interest in their use in naval warfare.
		Submarines are popular subjects for films due to the danger, drama and claustrophobia of being on a submarine, and the suspense of the cat-and-mouse game of submarine or anti-submarine warfare.
	www.ufaqs.com /wiki/en/su/Submarine.htm (6460 words)

	Turtle (disambiguation) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A turtle is a type of robot which moves round on wheels on a flat surface.
		Turtle is a nickname for a type of Raised pavement marker generally used in California and the Pacific Northwest.
		Turtle (boom operator) was a boom operator for the fantasy porn movie Haven's Heaven.
	sports.abcworld.net /Turtle_%28disambiguation%29.html (384 words)

	Submarine Technology thru the Years
		The Confederate Submarine H.L. Hunley is credited with the first recorded successful underwater attack, against the USS Housatonic using a torpedo, which was projected from the submarine by a pole.
		Coastal and harbor defense was one of the earliest missions of the submarine force.
		As a result, these submarines were overloaded with the addition of key elements required for wartime sailing-chariot bridge, torpedo room ventilation, oscillator, and gyrocompass.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/cno/n87/history/subhistory.html (986 words)

	Inventor of the Week: Archive
		The Turtle moved with perfect accuracy and stealth; but the operator could not drill the screw through the copper-plated hull of the British ship, and had to abandon the mission.
		At most the Turtle's efforts may have spooked those on board the ship, who could tell that something was attacking the bottom of the ship but could not see what it was.
		A 1976 replica of the Turtle is on permanent display at the Connecticut River Foundation in Essex, Connecticut.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/bushnelld.html (703 words)

	Submarine History 1580-1869: timeline of submarine development
		After protracted delays and several changes in government, Fulton was encouraged enough to build the submarine he called "Nautilus." He made a number of successful dives, to depths of 25 feet and for times as long as six hours (ventilation provided by a tube to the surface).
		A technical "Turtle" clone: there is a "water cock" and a "force pump" at the bottom of the boat and an "air tube to shove up when at the surface of the water." A "torpedo" is attached by a line to the drill.
		This submarine sank in rough weather in Mobile Bay; the crew was rescued.
	www.submarine-history.com /NOVAone.htm (3133 words)

	Turtle Lives Again As Replica Surfaces At Academy
		The mechanical testing of the Turtle was conducted March 24 - 26 in the Hydromechanics Lab tow tank.
		The Turtle crew reenacted the attack on the HMS Eagle March 27 - 28.
		The Turtle is projected to be shown on Discovery Channel's "Inventing the Past" in late summer or early fall.
	www.news.navy.mil /search/display.asp?story_id=6852 (752 words)

	Submarines: History - Submarines & the American Revolution
		The submarine would sink and rise by admitting and releasing water into ballast tanks with a pump.
		Unfortunately (or fortunately for the British aboard the HMS Eagle), the submarine's screw hit an iron plate and was not able to penetrate the hull.
		It had two forms of propulsion: a hand crank for when the submarine was submerged and a sail to be used on the surface.
	www.onr.navy.mil /focus/blowballast/sub/history2.htm (261 words)

	The Unnatural Museum - Submarines
		Scientific submarines are smaller, with a crew of two or three, and operate in a small specific area.
		These type of submarines often have mechanical claws mounted on the hull allowing the crew to grab something they see and put it in a mesh basket attached to the sub so it can be brought to the surface.
		The turtle, moving via a hand cranked propeller, was to come up under the enemy ship and drill a hole in the hull to secure a time delay explosive.
	unmuseum.mus.pa.us /sub.htm (852 words)

	Bushnell
		It was in the autumn of 1900 that the U.S. Navy commissioned its first "modern" submarine, USS Holland (SS-1), a marvel of 19th century technology which was destined to transform military strategy throughout the 20th century.
		It is about one small colonial submarine that, over the course of two centuries, would evolve into a powerful submarine force that today dominates the seas as no other naval force ever before.
		Unfortunately, because submarine operations remain highly secretive, they are least understood and most frequently under-valued by the American public. Yet, they comprise of 30 percent of all naval combatants, use only 7 percent of the Navy's people and less than 12 percent of its budget to carry out numerous tasks in support of national needs.
	www.submarinehistory.com /Bushnell.html (1645 words)

	Handshouse Building the Replica of David Bushnell’s Turtle
		The goal of the Turtle's mission was to break this blockade by attacking the British fleet in New York harbor.
		The wooden body of the Turtle is made from a single log -- a process used widely by the Pequot Native Americans at the time –- whereby the large log was split with wedges and hewn with period hand tools.
		The Turtle replica performed similarly as the original described by Ezra Lee and David Bushnell in 1776 and the mock bomb successfully attached and deployed, albeit with difficulty.
	www.handshouse.org /turtle.html (1297 words)

	First American Submarine
		The Turtle's torpedo, a keg of powder, was to be attached to an enemy ship's hull and detonated by a time fuse.
		However, the boring device that was operated from inside the oak-planked Turtle failed to penetrate the target vessel's hull.
		When Sergeant Lee attempted to shift the Turtle to another position beneath the hull, he lost contact with the target vessel and ultimately was forced to abandon the torpedo.
	nonk.nonk.info /pages2/first_submarine.php (290 words)

	Animefringe: December 2004 - Features - Submarine 707 Revolution: The Movie
		Submarine movies should really be an action-adventure category of their own, as Submarine 707 Revolution: The Movie falls well with movies such as The Hunt for Red October and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.
		In his submarine UX, which uses technologies beyond those known by the nations of the world, he scours the ocean, seeking to destroy the ships and subs of the PKN, Peace Keeping Navy, consisting of eleven nations that seek to destroy the piracy and terrorism of USR, with the support of the UN.
		Submarine 707 Revolution also shows how both sides are justified in their goals from their own point of view, with the USR desiring a cleaner, better world, and the PKN only wanting peace on the seas.
	www.animefringe.com /magazine/2004/12/feature/03.php (833 words)

	SUBMARINE FACTS
		The bell, from the submarine USS RAY was purchased for the church, and was transported to Yokosuka, Japan by another submarine, the USS RONQUIL.
		The submarine was not generally recognized as a legitimate instrument of warfare until the Civil War.
		Submarine tenders, or 'mother ships' of the U.S. Navy usually bear the names of characters of mythology, the names of submarine inventors, or the names of persons who have made contributions to the Submarine Service.
	www.usscod.org /fact.html (2373 words)

	Submarine
		In 1797 Robert Fulton built a submarine for France to use against it's enemy, Britain.
		Fulton tried to use his submarine to attack enemy ships, but they always saw him coming and moved out of the way.
		To put it simply a submarine works because it has tanks that can let air in or out so that the submarine can travel underwater or on the surface.
	www.bsu.edu /web/jmkocher/submarine.htm (374 words)

	Submarines: How They Work - Propulsion
		Cornelius van Drebbel, whose submarine was tested on the Thames in 1620 and reported to have carried the King of England on one of its dives, used oars to move itself along.
		This one-person submarine, which was the first to be used during war, was very inefficient and exhausted its operator in a short time.
		Since oxygen was required for the fire, which in turn was required for steam, the submarine had to remain at the surface to operate the engines.
	www.onr.navy.mil /focus/blowballast/sub/work5.htm (408 words)

	The Turtle Dives Again
		The brainchild of David Bushnell, a frail Connecticut ex-farmer and mechanical genius, Turtle's task was to affix the bomb to Eagle, the 64-gun flagship of the British fleet anchored in New York Harbor.
		His Turtle boasted the world's first sealed submersible chamber with an exhaust system for carbon dioxide, the first two-bladed propeller, the first depth gauge, a modern snorkel, and a time bomb with a flintlock detonator.
		The assembly was taken to Handshouse, where the hull and conning tower were cinched together with iron straps and sealed with felt gaskets slathered in a goo of beeswax, turpentine, boiled linseed oil, and lard.
	www.tomgidwitz.com /main/turtle.htm (2192 words)

	Underwater Adventures: The Submarines History
		The Turtle came equipped with a mine with a time fuse, which, after attached to its target ship with a detachable screw, would detonate and destroy.
		An artist's depiction of the overhead and side view of the Turtle is shown on the left.
		In 1898, J.P. Holland launched his submarine which would later be known as the USS Holland, the United State's first submarine.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~jervana/innovators.htm (691 words)

	Evolution of Submarine Design
		Borne's submarine design was based on ballast tanks which could be filled to submerge and evacuated to surface - these same principles are in use by today's submarines.
		Drebbels' submarine design was the first to address the problem of air replenishment while submerged.
		The Turtle is the first submarine to dive, surface and be used in Naval combat.
	www.modelshipsmuseum.ca /ships/collection/static_sub_design.cfm/depth/1/collection/40 (430 words)

	No. 237: Submarine
		When the German builder Wilhelm Bauer made two large submarines in the 1850s, they were still man-powered.
		For a while submarine builders tried to use steam engines, but their fires drank air at a terrible rate.
		Practical submarines had to wait for the invention of compact batteries and electric motors.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi237.htm (482 words)

	Invention of the submarine
		The first submarine used for military purposes was built in 1776 by David Bushnell (1742-1824) of the US.
		Their submarines used petrol or steam engines for surface cruising and electric motors for underwater travel.
		Submarines are also called U-boats, which is short for Unterseeboot, the German word for undersea boat.
	www.didyouknow.cd /submarine.htm (327 words)

	The American Turtle
		The original Turtle was built in 1776 by David Bushnell, and was the first submarine to be used in combat.The Turtle was first launched for combat on September 6, 1776.
		The students at the Old Saybrook High School, who now have a thorough knowledge of the history of the Turtle, along with the woodshop teacher, Fred Frese, are attempting to recreate this submarine.
		The building of the Turtle is expected to be finished sometime in the spring of next year, at which time the US Navy will be supplying all the technological parts.
	www.oldsaybrook.k12.ct.us /HSWebsite/Turtle_Webpage/Turtle.html (340 words)

	Connecticut River Museum - Collections
		The first submarine ever to be used in combat was actually constructed as an afterthought.
		The American Turtle was successfully launched in the dark of night on September 6/7, 1776 against the British flagship, HMS Eagle, a 64 gun frigate moored in New York harbor off of the island now occupied by the Statue of Liberty.
		Unfortunately, on the eve of the submarine's first combat mission, Ezra Bushnell was, according to one version of the story, taken ill and unable participate.
	www.ctrivermuseum.org /content/collections.aspx?sid=2_1 (390 words)

	Halfbakery: Cycloen Submarine
		The limiting factor for submarines is that they must put a lot of force on that single (sometimes double for smaller) propeelor in the back.
		The cycloen propeller consists of two flat metal panels twisted around the submarine, 180 degrees from each other to counter balance each other, like a corkscrew cyclone double helix, or a giant screw with the swirly bit spinning separately from the rest.
		In this case the mouth and rear of the sub would be the same diameter as the body with a hollow tube running down the center connecting the two.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Cycloen_20Submarine (783 words)

	EarlyUnderwaterWarfare
		A number of submarine boats were constructed in the early years of the 18th century.
		Although man had been tinkering with the idea of an underwater apparatus for some time, the first submarine to be used as an offensive weapon in naval warfare was the TURTLE during the American Revolution (1775-1783).
		A view of the inner workings of the submarine TURTLE as described by David Bushnell to Thomas Jefferson.
	submarinehistory.homestead.com /EarlyUnderwaterwarfare.html (440 words)

	Underwater Adventures: The Submarines History
		The submarine has always been mentioned in the same sentence with the word "war." A perfect war machine, quiet, sneaky, deadly, a metallic shark in the water feeding on destruction.
		On the morning of September 7, 1776, the "Turtle" submarine submerged and made an attack on a British ship in New York harbor, probably HMS Eagle.
		In 1977, a U.S. submarine first tested a C-4 trident missile, capable of reaching long-range targets..With the operation of the C-4 Trident technology, the United States no longer had to station their submarines in Europe when they originally had short-range missiles.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~jervana/warmach.htm (1622 words)

	AP INNOVATIONS
		The first submarine, invented in 1775, was named the Turtle, and was made of oak reinforced by iron bands.
		Bushnell was too weak to operate his submarine, so a volunteer piloted the mission.
		After the attack, and two successive attacks that were unsuccessful, the British began moving their ships farther from shore, helping the American forces in the remainder of the war.
	www.tjhsst.edu /~gkannark/1775_01.htm (310 words)

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