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Topic: Tuskegee Airmen

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Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Tuskegee, Alabama

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	The Tuskegee Airmen--Overview: Legends of Tuskegee
		She took photographs of the Tuskegee Airmen while on a mission sponsored by the U.S. government to document war conditions in Europe.
		The Tuskegee Airmen included pilots, navigators, bombardiers, maintenance and support staff, instructors, and all the personnel who kept the planes in the air.
		Tuskegee had the facilities, and engineering and technical instructors, as well as a climate for year round flying.
	www.cr.nps.gov /museum/exhibits/tuskegee/airoverview.htm (449 words)

	The Red Tail Project
		The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African Americans to be trained as WWII Military pilots in the U.S. Army Air Corps.
		The Tuskegee Airmen challenged America's racist attitudes with the willingness to give their lives to a country not willing to serve them.
		The Tuskegee Airmen were forced to operate as segregated units and not allowed to train or fight alongside their white fellow countrymen.
	www.redtail.org /airmen.html (430 words)

	Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum - The Tuskegee Airmen
		The Army chose Tuskegee as the training grounds for the new segregated 99th Pursuit Squadron in January 1941 and the "Tuskegee Airmen" took flight.
		Not one of the bombers that the Tuskegee Airmen escorted was lost to enemy fire; the 99th Fighter Squadron is the only U.S. squadron to hold that distinction during the Second World War.
		Although the Tuskegee Airmen played an integral part in the outcome of World War II, their most important victory was the one at home.
	www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu /tuskegee.html (691 words)

	VisionQuest® (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Tuskegee Airmen we nick-named "Red Tails" because of the distinctive red paint on their tails.
		Airplanes in Tuskegee, Alabama where the group trained were painted with red markings to identify students.
		The 450 Tuskegee Airmen assigned to the African/European Theater flew 1578 missions - 15,553 combat sorties while fighting the Germans, both in North Africa and Italy; the unequaled record of not having lost a single bomber, while they were escorting, due to enemy aircraft action.
	www.vq.com /overview_buffalosoldierhistory_tuskegee_airmen.htm (683 words)

	Celebrate Freedom -- Tuskegee Airmen 60th Anniversary
		The people involved in this experiment acquired the name "Tuskegee Airmen." The members of this squadron were not all pilots, but some were navigators, bombardiers, maintenance and support staff, and instructors.
		Tuskegee Institute, founded by Booker T. Washington, was selected as the training ground for the pilots.
		Willie Ashley of Sumter graduated from Tuskegee on July 3, 1942, and was one of the original members of the 99th Fighter Squadron, America’s first fl fighter unit.
	www.knowitall.org /tuskegeeairmen/story/index.html (403 words)

	Macomb Daily : Tuskegee Airmen honored 07/19/06
		Six surviving members of The Tuskegee Airmen, the more popular name given to the 332nd Fighter Group, and the son of a seventh officer were guests of honor for an event hosted by the Selfridge Base Community Council at its regular meeting Tuesday.
		The Tuskegee Airmen got their namesake from The Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, which had overseen the training operations of the division's founding fighter squadron at a nearby aviation field starting in 1941.
		The Tuskegee Airmen are expected to receive the Congressional Gold Medal for distinguished service at a ceremony in Washington, D.C. later this year, and the Selfridge event Tuesday was organized in part to honor that achievement.
	www.macombdaily.com /stories/071906/loc_tuskegee001.shtml (997 words)

	Tuskegee Airmen
		During the last phase of World War II, the Tuskegee Airmen escort squadrons were employed as frequently as any other fighter squadrons in their theater, and they were uniquely successful in defending AAF B-17s and B-24s against German attack.
		Few Tuskegee Airmen rose above the rank of lieutenant from 1942 through the end of the war, despite the fact that many flew three times the number of combat missions required of fighter pilots before departing the combat zone.
		All of these elements harmed morale, and the spirit of the 332d Fighter Group (which, by 1944, had united Tuskegee Airmen from the 99th, 100th, 301st, and 302d Fighter Squadrons) was somewhat damaged by segregation and the discrimination that accompanied it.
	www.afa.org /magazine/March1996/0396tuske.asp (2554 words)

	McClatchy Washington Bureau \| 03/15/2007 \| Sixty years later, Congress honors Tuskegee Airmen
		WASHINGTON - The Tuskegee Airmen weren't supposed to succeed.
		Tuskegee Airmen assert that they never lost a bomber to enemy fire, though some historians dispute the claim.
		In the air, the Tuskegee fliers were distinguished more by the color of their planes than the color of their skin.
	www.contracostatimes.com /mld/kentucky/news/nation/16911069.htm (1134 words)

	99th Figther Squadron (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Tuskegee Airmen would be part of what was called the “Tuskegee experiment.” An experiment to prove that people of all colors and backgrounds could fight under the same flag for the same goals and emerge victorious in the end.
		Tuskegee Institute was chosen for a number of reasons including its historical association with the education of African-Americans.
		But the Tuskegee Airmen would accomplish more, so much more than just the destruction of the enemy’s airplanes and protecting the bombers that were taking the war to the enemy’s homeland.
	www.celebratefreedomfoundation.org /99th.htm (1957 words)

	Tuskegee Airmen leave strong legacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Tuskegee Airmen not only battled enemies during wartime but also fought against racism and segregation thus proving they were just as good as any other pilot.
		Even though the Tuskegee Airmen proved their worth as military pilots they were still forced to operate in segregated units and did not fight alongside their white countrymen.
		Another title the Tuskegee Airmen were deemed was “Schwartze Vogelmenschen.” This title was given to the Airmen by their German enemies, and it meant Black Bird Men.
	www.af.mil /news/story.asp?id=123015949 (582 words)

	Tuskegee Syphilis Study - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932–1972), also known as the Public Health Service Syphilis Study was a clinical study, conducted around Tuskegee, Alabama, where 399 (plus 200 control group without syphilis) poor -- and mostly illiterate -- African American sharecroppers became part of a study on the treatment and natural history of syphilis.
		Individuals enrolled in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study did not give informed consent and were not informed of their diagnosis; instead they were told they had "bad blood" and could receive free treatment, a free ride to the clinic, one hot meal per day and in case of dying: $100 for the funeral.
		The Tuskegee Syphilis Study is often cited as one of the greatest ethical breaches of trust between physician and patients in the setting of a clinical study in the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study (2499 words)

	Benjamin Davis, American - USA
		The Tuskegee Airmen carried with them the usual burdens borne by men about to enter combat but also the certain knowledge that upon their inexperienced shoulders rested the future of fl Americans in aviation.
		On the morning of January 27, 15 Tuskegee Airmen Curtiss P-40s met a larger number of German Fw-190 fighters, shooting down six and damaging four others--a remarkable performance considering the mismatch in aircraft.
		one of the Tuskegee Airmen was lost on this mission, but none of the bombers were lost, despite the fact that the Germans threw their latest and fastest fighters at the Americans.
	www.aviation-history.com /airmen/davis.htm (2755 words)

	Tuskegee Airmen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Tuskegee Airmen was the popular name of a group of African American pilots who flew with distinction during World War II as the 332d Fighter Group of the U.S. Army Air Corps.
		Many of the surviving members of the Tuskegee Airmen annually participate in the Tuskegee Airmen Convention which is hosted by Tuskegee Airmen, Inc.
		The Tuskegee Airmen are represented in the G.I. Joe action figure series.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen (1372 words)

	A Closer Look: Tuskegee Airmen's Record (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		According to William F. Holton, historian for the Tuskegee Airmen, military records disprove the claim that the pilots "never lost a bomber to the enemy." According to one source, Mr.
		Had the Tuskegee Airmen, gone public when they first learned of these records and corrected this historical error by press release etc, then perhaps the doubting dismissive headlines would never have clouded their incredible legacy.
		The Tuskegee Airmen, like their fellow Army, Marines and Navy military bretheren fought for the right to die for this country.
	www.afrigeneas.com /forum-military/index.cgi?noframes;read=3974 (449 words)

	Tuskegee Airmen encouraged by today's troop spirits, focus
		Retired Air Force Col. Richard Toliver, one of the famed Tuskegee Airmen, is intimately familiar with racism and its demeaning effects.
		The Tuskegee Airmen, the country's first African-American combat pilots, had to battle the misperceptions of a nation, including a 1925 U.S. War Department report that claimed Blacks were inferior.
		His generation and even earlier Tuskegee Airmen would be gratified by what is happening today.
	www.azcentral.com /arizonarepublic/local/articles/1219lptuskegee19.html (545 words)

	Tuskegee Airmen
		Tuskegee Army Air Field, located at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, was the training center for all fl fighter pilots during World War II.
		In honor of the Tuskegee Airmen, their instructors and ground support personnel who participated in preparing for combat training at the Walterboro Army Airfield during the Second World War.
		Using photos provided by the Tuskegee Airmen and their families, the Smithsonian Institution, and NASA, the authors bring to life the trials and triumphs of the Tuskegee Experience.
	www.jodavidsmeyer.com /combat/bookstore/tuskegee.html (2050 words)

	Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site - Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)
		In the 1940's Tuskegee, Alabama became home to a "military experiment" to train America's first African-American military pilots.
		In time the "experiment" became known as the Tuskegee Experience and the participants as the Tuskegee Airmen.
		Things To Do Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site is a small package with lots of good things to offer.
	www.nps.gov /tuai (183 words)

	Air Power:The Tuskegee Airmen
		In1941 though, at the urging of the African-American press and with the support of the Roosevelt administration, a segregated fighter unit with openings for 429 enlisted men and 47 pilots was announced.
		On June 2, 1943, the Airmen had their first sortie when lieutenants Charles B. Hall and William Campbell went on a ground-strafing mission on the Italian island of Pantelleria.
		At the end of the war, the Tuskegee Airmen returned to an America that was as segregated as the one they had left.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Air_Power/tuskegee/AP26.htm (1556 words)

	First Female Graduates Through Aviation Degree Partnership Between Tuskegee University and K-State at Salina
		Nearly five years later, Cole-Bridges has become the first woman to follow in the footsteps of the famed Tuskegee Airmen, a feat she wouldn't have been able to accomplish had it not been for a partnership between Kansas State University at Salina and Tuskegee University.
		The airmen's volunteer actions to fight for democracy overseas came while they were being denied civil rights at home.
		She said she is honored to carry on the legacy of the Tuskegee Airmen, a group she refers to as "unsung heroes."
	www.earthtimes.org /articles/show/news_press_release,38304.shtml (688 words)

	A look at the Tuskeegee Airmen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is an unofficial page on the Tuskegee Airmen this page was designed to serve as a starting point for folks researching the Tuskegee Airmen, but not as the end all reference source.
		Tuskeegee Airmen is the term used to describe the fl fighter pilots of the 99th Pursuit Squadron, later incorporated into the 332nd Fighter Group, who fought during World War II in the U.S. Army Air Corps that were trained at Tuskegee Army Air Field, Tuskegee, Alabama.
		Flying "bomber escort" and ground attack on 15,533 sorties between May, 1943 and June 9, 1945, the Tuskegee Airmen compiled an enviable Tuskegee Record None of the bombers they escorted was lost to enemy fighters, they destroyed 251 enemy aircraft and won more than 850 medals.
	logicalthinker2.tripod.com /Tuskegee1.html (380 words)

	Webquest - Tuskegee Airmen
		Your team is assigned the task of researching, writing, and editing a single edition of your newspaper that focuses on the Tuskegee Airmen.
		Include in this edition: (1) a news article about the airmen; (2) a human interest story; (3) an editorial; (4) and a letter to the editor from someone about segrgation in the armed forces (from the viewpoint of: military personel, relative, activist, politician or some other person).
		Tuskegee Airmen War Bond Poster (Courtesy of Mr.
	brebru.com /webquests/tuskegeeairmen/tuskegeeairmenwebquest.html (877 words)

	Tuskegee Airmen
		Airmen – A Study in Group-Leadership Theory and Nonverbal Communication, is well within the guidelines of the Hiram Mission Statement as well as being an invaluable aspect of the Business Management major.
		The Tuskegee Experiment is a classic example of how a group can succeed in their mission when outside-managerial influences are determined for them to fail.
		The Tuskegee Experiment, however, should remain as a steady constant for group-dynamic comparison analysis to any currently accepted theory.
	www.rfcram.com /tuskegee_airmen.htm (1944 words)

	Tuskegee Airmen suit up for new unit in Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Carter is one of seven aging Tuskegee Airmen traveling this weekend to Balad, Iraq — a city ravaged by roadside bombs and insurgent activity — to inspire a younger generation of airmen who carry on the traditions of the storied 332nd Fighter Group.
		The retired Airmen who will make the trip — five pilots, a mechanic and a supply officer — shrugged off the dangers of Iraq, saying they have stared down the enemy before.
		The original Tuskegee Airmen were recruited in an Army Air Corps program created to train fls to fly and maintain combat aircraft during World War II — though some of the retired Airmen say it was really designed to try to prove that fls were incapable of flying and fighting.
	www.decaturdaily.com /decaturdaily/news/051023/airmen.shtml (673 words)

	Tuskegee Airmen Return to War Zone
		The Tuskegee Airmen formed in 1941 when the Army Air Force began a program to train fl Americans as military pilots at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
		He is a second generation Airmen who joined the Air Force and the Tuskegee Airmen after the Korean War.
		During their Balad visit, the Tuskegee Airmen will see today’s Airmen are following in the footsteps that have been left for them, wing commander Brig.
	www.military.com /features/0,15240,79396,00.html (641 words)

	Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In addition to this local honor, Congress recently unanimously passed a bill to bestow upon the Tuskegee Airmen the prestigious Congressional Gold Medal, which is the highest award presented by the House of Representatives.
		As the country's first African-American fighter pilots, the Tuskegee Airmen flew more than 15,000 individual missions during World War II and never lost a bomber to enemy fighters.
		The Red Tail Project's mission is to bring the story of the Tuskegee Airmen to every classroom in America through an aviation education program and the restoration of a P-51C Mustang painted with the iconic red tail of the Airmen as a symbol of the contribution of African Americans who served our country during WWII.
	www.broward.org /eggelletion/tuskegee.htm (605 words)

	Tuskegee Airmen return to war zone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Tuskegee Airmen are here to meet deployed 332nd Expeditionary Operations Group Airmen and observe operations.
		The Tuskegee Airmen formed in 1941 when the Army Air Force began a program to train fl Americans as military pilots at Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
		He is a second generation Airmen who joined the Air Force and the Tuskegee Airmen after the Korean War.
	www.af.mil /news/story.asp?storyID=123012582 (794 words)

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