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Topic: Tuskegee Syphilis Study

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	Research Ethics: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
		The Tuskegee Syphilis Study is one of the most horrendous examples of research carried out in disregard of basic ethical principles of conduct.
		The Tuskegee Syphilis Study remains one of the most outrageous examples of disregard of basic ethical principles of conduct (not to mention violation of standards for ethical research).
		Tuskegee University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, Georgia 30033, (404) 679-4500) to award baccalaureate, master's, professional and doctoral degrees.
	www.tuskegee.edu /Global/Story.asp?s=1207598 (1006 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Tuskegee syphilis study
		The Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972) was a clinical study, conducted around Tuskegee, Alabama, where 400 poor, mostly illiterate fl American sharecroppers became part of a study on the treatment and natural history of syphilis without due care to its subjects.
		The study was originally started as a study on the incidence of syphilis in the Macon County population.
		By the end of the study, 28 of the men had died directly of syphilis, 100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19 of their children had been born with congenital syphilis.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Tuskegee_syphilis_study (1964 words)

	Tuskegee Syphilis Study - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Individuals enrolled in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study did not give informed consent and were not informed of their diagnosis; instead they were told they had "bad blood" and could receive free treatment, a free ride to clinic, one hot meal per day and in case of dying: $50 for the funeral.
		The Tuskegee Syphilis Study is often cited as one of the greatest ethical breaches of trust between physician and patients in the setting of a clinical study in the United States.
		The study was brought to public attention in 1972; Heller defended the ethics of the study.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study (2380 words)

	THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY
		It was a study involving Black men in Macon County, Alabama and whose purpose was to examine the effect of untreated syphilis on the men.
		He had studied the eyes of patients in Macon County and felt that this was a golden opportunity to document the effects of syphilis on the eyes of untreated persons.
		In addition, regardless of the ethical and scientific justifications for the study at its beginning 35+ years previously, it was argued persuasively that the PHS had an opportunity to obtain data from this non-therapeutic study, one that could never be repeated in the era of antibiotics.
	www.columbia.edu /~ell23/Tuskegee.html (5656 words)

	Tuskegee Syphilis Study Summary
		Individuals enrolled in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study did not give informed consent and were not informed of their diagnosis; instead they were told they had "bad blood" and could receive free treatment.
		The Tuskegee Syphilis Study is often cited as one of the greatest ethical breaches of trust between physician and patients in the setting of a clinical study in the United States.
		Twenty-eight of the men had died directly of syphilis, 100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19 of their children had been born with congenital syphilis.
	www.bookrags.com /Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study (3126 words)

	History of Science Group Project: Tuskegee Study
		The subjects of the study were not only denied treatment (although they were given the appearance of being treated) but were also rushed towards autopsy by Vonderlehr for purposes of studying the effects of aging.
		During the 1930s, the study's origins, syphilis was believed to be rampant among fl people because of what medical people believed to be their "high rate of sexual activity." (60).
		The study itself was based on two racist precepts: virtually all southern fls were infected and the men involved in the study would never be treated anyway.
	www1.umn.edu /scitech/tuskegee.htm (1253 words)

	Radcliffe Quarterly: Testifying on Tuskegee
		Understanding the story of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study from several perspectives and in all its complexity is the focus of Radcliffe Institute fellow Susan Reverby's research.
		The photographs of people in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study were taken around 1950 and later found in the US National Archives.
		Throughout the study, Rivers was the critical go-between, linking its unsuspecting patients with the Public Health Service, the Tuskegee Institute, and the state and local health department.
	www.radcliffe.edu /about/news/quarterly/200301/tuskegee.html (1171 words)

	Online Ethics Center: Ethics in the Science Classroom -Case Study 3: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A principal aim of this study was to determine the incidence of the disease in the local population, while training both white and African-American physicians and nurses in its treatment.
		She was largely responsible for assuring the cooperation of the participants throughout the duration of the study.
		She was aware of the goals and requirements of the study, including the failure to fully inform the participants of their condition and to deny treatment for syphilis.
	onlineethics.org /edu/precol/classroom/cs3.html (2188 words)

	Tuskegee
		Heller was alive when the study was brought to public attention in 1972, and he stoutly defended the ethics of the study and claimed that he saw no association whatever between the unethical experiments performed by the Nazis and the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
		As one of the best-educated study subjects, he was chosen by his peers to deliver the response to President Clinton in the White House on May 16, 1997, when the President delivered a formal apology on behalf of the U.S. for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.
		It is common to hear the view that a study of untreated syphilis may have been ethically acceptable in the 1930's when the only effective anti-syphilis treatment were the highly toxic arsenic and mercury compounds, but it became clearly unethical with the advent of penicillin in the 1940's.
	www.msu.edu /course/hm/546/tuskegee.htm (2249 words)

	A Historical View of U.S. Immigration Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The study was stopped by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare only after its existence was leaked to the public and it became a political embarrassment.
		The study used disadvantaged, rural fl men to study the untreated course of a disease that is by no means confined to that population.
		The Tuskegee syphilis study is one of the most widely cited examples of research in which human subjects were not adequately protected.
	showme.missouri.edu /~socbrent/tuskegee.htm (340 words)

	The Tuskegee Timeline
		The study involved 600 fl men – 399 with syphilis, 201 who did not have the disease.
		The advisory panel concluded that the Tuskegee Study was "ethically unjustified"--the knowledge gained was sparse when compared with the risks the study posed for its subjects.
		In the summer of 1973, a class-action lawsuit was filed on behalf of the study participants and their families.
	www.cdc.gov /nchstp/od/tuskegee/time.htm (950 words)

	CNN - Sour legacy of Tuskegee syphilis study lingers - May 16, 1997
		The Tuskegee study is a symbol of racial and scientific exploitation.
		The service was conducting a study on the effects of syphilis on the human body and, at the time, the sexually transmitted disease was rampant in Macon County, Alabama.
		By the time the study was exposed in 1972, 28 men had died of syphilis, 100 others were dead of related complications, at least 40 wives had been infected and 19 children had contracted the disease at birth.
	cnn.com /HEALTH/9705/16/nfm.tuskegee/index.html (518 words)

	CNN - Sour legacy of Tuskegee syphilis study lingers - May 16, 1997
		The Tuskegee study is a symbol of racial and scientific exploitation.
		The service was conducting a study on the effects of syphilis on the human body and, at the time, the sexually transmitted disease was rampant in Macon County, Alabama.
		By the time the study was exposed in 1972, 28 men had died of syphilis, 100 others were dead of related complications, at least 40 wives had been infected and 19 children had contracted the disease at birth.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/9705/16/nfm.tuskegee (518 words)

	Chapter 4, Ethics in the Science Classroom
		A principal aim of this study was to determine the incidence of the disease in the local population, while training both white and Afro-American physicians and nurses in its treatment.
		She was largely responsible for assuring the cooperation of the participants throughout the duration of the study.
		She was aware of the goals and requirements of the study, including the failure to fully inform the participants of their condition and to deny treatment for syphilis.
	www.wmich.edu /~ethics/ESC/cs3.html (2143 words)

	Tuskegee Syphilis Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Study termination and aftermath In 1966, Peter Buxtun, a PHS venereal disease investigator in San Francisco, sent a letter to the director of the Division of Venereal Diseases to express his concerns about the morality of the experiment
		Tuskegee Tragedy Tuskegee Tragedy Tuskegee Tragedy This WebQuest for high school students explores the Tuskegee Study of the 1930s in which 399 men who had syphilis were never told they had the disease and were denied treatment as part of a scientific study.
		Syphilis Test Tertiary syphilis occurs from as early as one year after the initial infection but can take up to ten years to manifest - though cases have been reported where this stage has occurred fifty years after initial infection.
	www.syphilis-information.com /tuskegee-syphilis-study_4.html (1199 words)

	AT&T Knowledge Network Explorer: Black History: Tuskegee WebQuest
		By the time the study was exposed in 1972, 28 men had died of syphilis, 100 others were dead of related complications, at least 40 wives had been infected and 19 children had contracted the disease at birth." (Quoted from CNN Interactive's Tuskegee Study Website)
		Instead of looking at the Tuskegee Study and saying, "That was bad," if we are to really learn from the experience and avoid things like it in the future, we must be clear about what made the Tuskegee Study so tragic.
		Your task is to thoroughly understand key issues involved in the Study, analyze articles that compare other tragedies to the Tuskegee Study, and, finally, write your critiques to the authors of the articles.
	www.kn.pacbell.com /wired/BHM/tuskegee_quest.html (2109 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Tuskegee Syphilis Study \| PBS
		The research was intended to test whether syphilis caused cardiovascular damage more often than neurological damage and to determine if the natural course of syphilis in fl men was significantly different from that in whites.
		But after the original study failed to produce any useful data, it was decided to follow the subjects until their deaths, and all treatment was halted.
		The Tuskegee syphilis study finally came to an end in 1972 when the program and its unethical methods were exposed in the Washington Star.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/tuskegee_syphilis_study.html (387 words)

	TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY
		The rural setting of Tuskegee - a deprived socioeconomic status,high rates of illiteracy and especially a paucity of medical care - were exploited by the investigators of the syphilis study who led the poor sharecroppers to believe they were being treated for "bad blood," a euphemism for syphilis.
		of the same year, 28 men had died of syphilis, 100 others were dead due to syphilis related complications, at least 40 wives had been infected and 19 children had contracted the disease at birth.
		The most vociferous criticism of the Tuskegee Study has been that the subjects were not provided with the adequate information needed to willingly consent to participating.
	www.brown.edu /Courses/Bio_160/Projects2000/Ethics/TUSKEGEESYPHILISSTUDY.html (954 words)

	THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS EXPERIMENT
		The studies principal investigators were not mad scientists, they were government physicians, respected men of science, who published reports on the study in the leading medical journals.
		The government doctors who participated in the study failed to obtain informed consent from the subjects in a study of disease with a known risk to human life.
		By the end of the experiment, 28 of the men had died directly of syphilis, 100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19 of their children had been born with congenital syphilis.
	www.thetalkingdrum.com /tus.html (1630 words)

	America's Research Programmes: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
		In 1932, a forty-year study was launched by the Public Health Service in Macon County, Alabama, to examine cases of the bacterium Treponema palladium (syphilis) among a group of carefully selected African-American males.
		Babies born to a mother with either untreated syphilis or syphilis treated after the 34th week of pregnancy have a 40 to 70 percent chance of being infected with congenital syphilis.
		The Tuskegee Syphilis Study is one of several cited examples of research in which experiments on humans led to federal regulations restricting humans from further research without written consent by the subject.
	www.anairhoads.org /govexperiments/tuskegee.shtml (879 words)

	AT&T Knowledge Network Explorer: Black History: Tuskegee WebQuest
		By the time the study was exposed in 1972, 28 men had died of syphilis, 100 others were dead of related complications, at least 40 wives had been infected and 19 children had contracted the disease at birth." (Quoted from CNN Interactive's Tuskegee Study Website)
		Instead of looking at the Tuskegee Study and saying, "That was bad," if we are to really learn from the experience and avoid things like it in the future, we must be clear about what made the Tuskegee Study so tragic.
		Your task is to thoroughly understand key issues involved in the Study, analyze articles that compare other tragedies to the Tuskegee Study, and, finally, write your critiques to the authors of the articles.
	www.kn.att.com /wired/BHM/tuskegee_quest.html (2109 words)

	Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (WOVOCA.com - Earth Mother Crying!)
		The outrage over the Tuskegee study led to the requirement of informed consent and to other safeguards, such as the creation of institutional review boards, data and safety-monitoring boards, and continuing ethics education for researchers.
		On the 50th anniversary of the Doctor's Trial in Nuremberg and the 25th anniversary of the end of the Tuskegee study, researchers, the public, and the U.S. government are still coping with the damage caused by the Tuskegee study.
		She is convinced that if data and safety-monitoring boards were in place during the Tuskegee study, the research would have been halted and participants would have been given effective therapy.
	www.wovoca.com /controversies-human-experimentation-tuskegee-syphilis.htm (3051 words)

	Ethical Issues in Research Involving Human Participants (CBM 99-3)
		Even though some rudimentary remedies for syphilis were available in the early years of the study, they were not offered to these men, so that the study of the natural history of the untreated disease would not be jeopardized.
		The study (the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Male Negro 2) did not end until 1972, forty years after it had begun, and twenty years after penicillin had been identified as an effective treatment for syphilis.
		The study of untreated syphilis in the negro male.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /pubs/cbm/hum_exp.html (10399 words)

	Tuskegee Syphilis Study - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vonderlehr became a strong advocate for her role.
		In 1932, treatments for syphilis were relatively ineffective and had severe side effects.
		NPR: Remembering Tuskegee: Syphilis Study Still Provokes Disbelief, Sadness
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tuskegee_syphilis_study (2380 words)

	Tuskegee-Alabama Foreclosures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Tuskegee Tragedy Tuskegee Tragedy This WebQuest for high school students explores the Tuskegee Study of the 1930s in which 399 men who had syphilis were never told they had the disease and were denied treatment as part of a scientific study.
		The Tuskegee Syphilis Study, carried out in Macon County, Alabama, from 1932 to 1972, is an example of...
		Tuskegee National Forest is located in east central Alabama and, at 11,500 acres, is the...
	www.foreclosure-alabama-us.info /tuskegee.html (616 words)

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