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	ORB --
		From this system three streams emerge forming part of the theological atmosphere of the twelfth century: an outlook concerning the nature of reality; a proposed method to interpret and understand this reality; a means by which reality itself is transcended in union with the divine.
		The school of St. Victor is primary in the development of Dionysian thought and its spread in the twelfth century.
		Platonism and Poetry in the Twelfth Century: The Literary Influence of the School of Chartres.
	www.the-orb.net /encyclop/culture/philos/coulter.html (4796 words)

	Timeline: Twelfth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		By the beginning of this new century, towns were becoming an important part of life in Europe, although people there were less than ten percent and ninety percent were rural.
		Centuries before it had no problem with common people believing in pagan herbal magic, holy trees and springs, fairies and the like, but now the Church feels more threatened in its role as arbiter of truth.
		The emperor, still in Kyoto, is to be a puppet of the Shogun, a relationship to last until the middle of the19th century.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/time12.htm (2126 words)

	Lecture 26: The 12th Century Renaissance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Christianity was the matrix of medieval life: even cooking instructions called for boiling an egg "during the length of time wherein you say a Miserere." It governed birth, marriage, and death, sex, and eating, made the rules for law and medicine, gave philosophy and scholarship their subject matter.
		By the 12th century, there was expressed a general dissatisfaction with law and the courts.
		This renewed energy started men thinking about basic scientific problems and translations of the 12th century began, I think, a line of investigation which lead, in the end, to Copernicus and Galileo in the early 17th century.
	www.historyguide.org /ancient/lecture26b.html (3582 words)

	COURTS AND CONFLICT IN TWELFTH-CENTURY TUSCANY
		Twelfth-Century Italy was characterized by two significant developments: on the one hand, the progressive decline of the Carolingian political system and imperial power together with the establishment of communal government in the cities; on the other, the rise of the schools of Roman and canon law in Bologna.
		After the middle of the century, Lucca and Pisa established a complex set of communal or consular courts, hearing an increasing percentage of cases.
		As for the communes, their power was increasing during the century but was far from being consolidated.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/Wickham504.htm (1438 words)

	Twelfth Century French Texts
		The twelfth century saw the establishment of the vernacular as an acceptable literary medium.
		This oral literature carried messages of obedience to the church (as in the lives of saints and religious theater)and obedience to the state (as in the chansons de geste).
		In the twelfth century, however, there emerged a literature in the vernacular intended to be read by the individual.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/8716/texts.html (437 words)

	Gender book review: Women of the Twelfth Century
		He reveals, however, that he does not approve of some recent treatments of women in the twelfth century: 'I have fought long and hard against the hypothesis of a promotion of women in the feudal age, since the arguments put forward to support this thesis seem to me unconvincing.' (i.97).
		It may lie in the period of his enquiry as he admits that the culture of the twelfth century was a very masculine one.
		Duby's main argument is that the deeply misogynist attitude of churchmen was tempered during the twelfth century as new meanings of love were developed.
	www.history.ac.uk /ihr/Focus/Gender/kettle.html (2381 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Index for W
		Walter of Châtillon - Poet in the second half of the twelfth century, born at Lille; died of the plague in the beginning of the thirteenth century
		Walter of St-Victor - Mystic philosopher and theologian of the twelth century
		William of Shoreham - An English religious writer of the Anglo-Norman period, born at Shoreham, near Sevenoaks, in Kent, in the latter half of the twelfth century
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/w.htm (3681 words)

	NU HIST 2425, Lecture 28: William Marshal as 12th-century Knight
		The twelfth century saw not only a strong self- awareness among the knightly class, but a self-awareness that became a part of in European literature.
		The only secure form of wealth in the twelfth century was lordship over land and men: in other words, the possession of estates, castles, rights of justice, the right to labor services from peasants and tolls from merchants and townsmen.
		In the twelfth century it was difficult even for the younger sons of established families to acquire the necessary piece of the family heritage.
	www.nipissingu.ca /department/history/MUHLBERGER/2425/L-28ME.HTM (3394 words)

	[No title]
		Although these last two chapters have much to offer in their own right, the influence of Aristotle and peripatetic thought generally on different disciplines in the twelfth century is such an important subject, it is perhaps surprising that it was not considered alongside that of Plato and the Stoics.
		Dronke has not included either any of those major spiritual writers for which the twelfth century is so famous--Hugh of St Victor, William of St Thierry, Bernard of Clairvaux, Richard of St Victor or Hildegard of Bingen--each of whom also wrote extensively about their reflections on the nature of wisdom.
		The difficulty with asserting the influence of Platonism in the twelfth century is that inevitably a whole host of diverse influences are at work on all of these thinkers.
	www.infomotions.com /serials/bmmr/bmmr-9503-mews-history.txt (1865 words)

	Twelfth Century views on Universals
		We sophisticates in the twentieth century all know that 'nothing' may look like a noun, and grammatically is one (actually, it's a pronoun, but the point is the same) - it can be the subject of a sentence, for instance.
		William of Ockham (early-fourteenth century), for instance, will argue by means of such considerations of "deep structure" or paraphrase (these come out in his so called "connotation theory"), that you don't need entities corresponding to the words 'nothing' and 'evil'.
		While realism was held in the twelfth century in various more or less strong forms, I am not so sure that nominalism was ever held in a pure form in the twelfth century - or at any other time in the Middle Ages.
	www.granta.demon.co.uk /arsm/jg/12-essential.html (3849 words)

	Astronomy and Astrology in the Twelfth century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		We have already seen two bishops at the end of the twelfth century patronising scholars of the new science, John of Norwich and William de Vere of Hereford.
		In the fifth and sixth centuries the Sasanid Persians synthesised the planetary theory of Ptolemy with a slightly different theory of Indian origin; their state Zoroastrianism required detailed astronomical knowledge for religious reasons.
		However, it is fairly certain that the astrologer Roger of Hereford was appointed a justice in eyre by Henry II in 1185.
	explorers.whyte.com /astrol.htm (4410 words)

	Journal of Social History: The Aristocracy in Twelfth-Century Leon and Castile. - Review - book reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The aristocratic families of the twelfth century had limited legacies; most were gone by the late Middle Ages, replaced by new lines.
		Studies of the twelfth century tend to concentrate on the monasteries and other ecclesiastical establishments which have preserved their archives.
		A discussion of aristocrats as elite warriors occupies a special chapter that covers both their activity as knights in battle and their role as controllers of castles, which in the twelfth century were near their height as military machines and often determined military and social control in local areas.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2005/is_1_33/ai_56027347 (880 words)

	Chapter 4: The Episcopate in the Kingdom of León in the Twelfth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		It is a commonplace that papal jurisdiction enlarged its scope during the twelfth century through the demands of litigants; and this was as frequent in Spain as anywhere else.
		In the course of the century the nomenclature of northern Europe was gradually adopted, with the exception of the title of chancellor.
		Of course, it is a long jump from the sixth century to the twelfth and most of the stepping-stones in between have been shown -- after Barrau-Dihigo's savagely destructive criticism of the early royal charters -- to be treacherous.
	libro.uca.edu /ekl/ekl4.htm (15030 words)

	Susan Reynolds \| The Emergence of Professional Law in the Long Twelfth Century \| Law and History Review, 21.2 \| The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		By the thirteenth century, if not before, many were apparently written or drafted by men who could claim to know enough law to give their clients a title to protect them from the more obvious challenges.
		What happened in the twelfth century was that the procedure became more regular and elaborate, so that written sets of questions and notarial records of depositions became separate items in the burgeoning documentation of professional law.
		The Year Books suggest that by the late thirteenth century their arguments concentrated on points of law, with a rather anecdotal use of precedents, untrammelled by doubts about the facts that litigants alleged, so that the common law of evidence did not begin to develop for centuries.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/lhr/21.2/forum_reynolds.html (8675 words)

	iafrica.com \| news \| features Twelfth-century seer predicts next pope
		During a visit to Rome in 1139, Malachy, according to accounts that emerged from documents discovered in the 16th century but never authenticated, had a strange vision that revealed to him a long list of illustrious pontiffs who were to rule the Church until the end of time.
		He did not foresee their names, but rather a distinguishing trait, or an allusion to a country, coat of arms or insignia — given in Latin — of each of the 112 popes that were to succeed Celestine II, who was elected in 1130.
		Avignon was a base for popes for much of the 14th century, another time of grave divisions in the Church and Europe.
	iafrica.com /news/features/433661.htm (748 words)

	Chapter 1: The Episcopate in the Kingdom of León in the Twelfth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Episcopate in the Kingdom of León in the Twelfth Century
		This was one of the causes of the diocesan boundary disputes which troubled the Leonese church in the course of the twelfth century.
		That these issues of ecclesiastical organization were debated so urgently, so passionately, in the course of the twelfth century sprang from the fact that the Spanish churches, especially those of the western half of the Peninsula, had undergone a revolutionary assault from without in the latter part of the eleventh.
	libro.uca.edu /ekl/ekl1.htm (10067 words)

	Gaelic Ireland and the Twelfth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This essay is an examination of the case for Irish involvement in the eleventh and twelfth century crusading movement and the issues it raises for Gaelic Ireland's relationship with Europe.
		However Ireland in the twelfth century was in contact with the Papacy.
		The Cistercian Order in Ireland were a sign that twelfth century Gaelic Ireland was being influenced by Frankish Europe and provided a means of conveying further influences, such as crusading.
	indigo.ie /~warrenl/History/Crusade.html (3893 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Dates and Dating
		Cologne in the twelfth century the validity of a certain instrument was contested because it lacked a
		Spanish Era (æra Hispanica) was in familiar use in Spain from the fifth century down to late in the Middle Ages.
		On the other hand, in England from the twelfth century onwards, largely under Norman influences, the years were numbered from the 25th of March.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04636c.htm (1952 words)

	University of Arizona Press - Mimbres during the Twelfth Century
		During the mid twelfth century, villages that had been occupied by the Mimbres people in what is now southwestern New Mexico were depopulated and new settlements were formed.
		Challenging current interpretations of abandonment of the Mimbres area through archaeological excavation and survey, she suggests that agricultural practices evolved toward the farming of multiple fields among which families moved, with small social groups traveling frequently between small pueblos rather than being aggregated in large villages.
		Mimbres during the Twelfth Century is the first book-length contribution on this topic for the Classic Mimbres period and also addresses current debates on the role of Casas Grandes in these changes.
	www.uapress.arizona.edu /books/bid1241.htm (376 words)

	Supreme Court - Address to The Selden Society - A Twelfth Century Succession at York: Lawlink NSW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		From the middle of the eleventh century, the great creative impetus of the canon law was the flow of decisions in individual cases, hardening into precedents, made by the popes.
		In the twelfth century, as in ours, the pursuit of institutional self-interest was a mainspring of social action.
		That characteristic would be particularly manifest in one of the great confrontations of twelfth century Europe between Bernard, the advocate of faith, and Abelard, the liberal minded advocate of intellectual freedom, at the nascent university in Paris.
	www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au /sc/sc.nsf/pages/cj_selden (8000 words)

	Rewriting Old English in the Twelfth Century - Cambridge University Press
		Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies in the twelfth century Mary Swan; 5.
		Old English prose saints’ lives in the twelfth century: the evidence of the extant manuscripts Joana Proud; 8.
		Old English prose saints’ lives in the twelfth century: the Life of Martin in Bodley 343 Susan Rosser; 9.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521035139 (479 words)

	Twelfth Century Fresco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This 12th century fresco was hidden behind another fresco.
		The concealing fresco was removed by some miracle of modern science and placed on the opposite wall.
		The colours are relatively bright on this fresco because it was hidden for many hundreds of years.
	home.freeuk.net /pwhyte/Winchester/Fresco_12th_C.html (43 words)

	Twelfth-Century Revival
		The reform of the Church undertaken in the eleventh century blossomed in the twelfth into a full scale transformation of lay and monastic piety as well as clerical reform.
		Under the leadership particularly of Bernard of Clairvaux and the newly established Cistercian Order (representing a more rigorous and mystical interpretation of traditional Benedictine monasticism), the monastic life was embraced with a new spiritual intensity that reached beyond the walls of the monastery to affect all of western Christian society.
		Nevertheless, the Church presents a good example of the achievements of the twelfth-century revival and may be seen as the fruit of that revival, both in the tribute to learning sculpted into its stone and in the active involvement of lay people in its construction.
	people.bu.edu /dklepper/RN307/guideviii.html (842 words)

	History of the Clan Macrae - The Twelfth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The name Macrae is used occasionally in Ireland from the year 448 onwards, and in the eleventh and twelfth centuries it was frequently used in that country as the personal name of lords, poets, and more especially ecclesiastics.
		The Macraes who settled in Kintail are said to have lived originally at Clunes, on the Lordship of Lovat, near the southern shore of the Beauly Firth, where the site on which stood the house of their chief is still pointed out.
		So far as the date to which these traditions refer can be fixed, this would be about the middle of the thirteenth century.
	mcraeclan.com /clanhistory/Dates/1100s.htm (142 words)

	Clan MACINTYRE
		A traditional account dates the origins of the name to the early twelfth century, when Somerled was establishing his lordship in the Western Isles.
		By the end of the thirteenth century the Macintyres were foresters to the Lord of Lorn, an office they held through the passing of the lordship from the Macdougalls to the Stewarts and finally the Campbells.
		The MacIntyres were known as Mac An t-Saoir, meaning the children of the carpenter and came initially from the Hebrides settling in Lorn in the 14th century.
	www.electricscotland.com /webclans/m/macinty2.html (2137 words)

	Camelot Creations - Clothing for the Middle Ages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The dress below was a popular style of the 12th century, also called the Bliaut.
		The sleeves are trimmed, and can be worn long or knotted to keep them out of the way, as they are very long.
		It is perfect for middle period personas, having been worn from the late 12th century to the 14th in some variation.
	www.camelotcreationsonline.com /dresses.html (407 words)

	University of Sydney
		This approach cannot be located in Paris during the first half of the twelfth century, for there theology and its dialectical and technical grammatical pre-requisites formed a dominating approach.
		The various centres of learning in the late eleventh century and early twelfth centuries depended vitally on the currency of certain fashionable approaches to learning and contemporary intellectual issues, and the influence of key charismatic intellectual figures, such as Anselm of Laon or Manegold of Lautenbach.
		In the first half of the century, we have only a clue to the nature of the subject and that clue is an interesting one.
	teaching.arts.usyd.edu.au /medieval/2005/human.html (7188 words)

	The Clergy and Women in Twelfth Century France
		The clergy in twelfth century France influenced the shaping of women’s roles, just as women’s roles helped to shape religious attitude toward women of that time.
		This at a time when the status of women had actually declined due to the emergence of a system of primogeniture, which was designed to protect the power and wealth of the nobility, against the onslaught of the new merchant class.
		Beginning in the late eleventh century, women were perceived as representing the physical aspects of human nature, while men represented the rational.
	www.umd.umich.edu /casl/hum/eng/classes/220/mbbclergy.html (774 words)

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