Twelve-tone technique

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	Twelve-tone technique - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The basis of twelve-tone technique is the tone row or set, an ordered arrangement of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale (the twelve equal tempered pitch classes), or, rather, an ordered arrangement of intervals which produce those notes.
		Twelve-tone technique (also dodecaphony) is a method of musical composition devised by Arnold Schoenberg.
		When the technique is strictly applied, an entire piece must be built up from statements of any transposition of this tone row in strict order or transformations of this row.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Twelve-tone_technique (1372 words)

	Serialism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Schoenberg's arrival in the US in 1933 helped accelerate the acceptance of both twelve tone music, and serialism more generally in American academia, at that time dominated by neo-classicism, though he himself felt his ideas were being discounted.
		Jazz artists in the middle of the 20th century began to work with serial and 12 tone techniques to expand the pallette of jazz music.
		Because many of the basic techniques of serial compositon have analogs in traditional counterpoint, uses of inversion, retrogarde and retrograde inversion from before the war are not necessarily indicative of Stravinsky adopting Schoenbergian techniques.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Serialism (3356 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Tone row
		A twelve tone or serial composition will take one or more tone rows, called the prime form, as its basis plus their transformations (inversion, retrograde, retrograde inversion; see twelve-tone technique for details).
		Tone rows are the basis of Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique and serial music.
		This tone row consists of alternating minor and major triads starting on the open strings of the violin, followed by a portion of an ascending whole tone scale.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref?title=Tone_row (509 words)

	Tone Me
		Twelve tone row (also called serial technique) is a technique that uses the twelve tones of the chromatic scale.
		Parts of Canticum Sacrum (for orchestra, chorus and soloists), Septet, the song In Memoriam Dylan Thomas, the ballet Agon, and Threni (texts from Lamentations) all use 12-tone technique.
		Tone Me (Sabatini) is written (written 2000) in the fusion style known as Funk, fusing jazz and rock rhythms.
	www.wpsweb.com /performingarts/BrownBagJazz/toneme.htm (1087 words)

	Xebec Sound Arts 10-Fujieda
		The vicissitudes in 20th century compositional styles began with the twelve-tone technique, after the utilitarianism of equal temperament had prepared the way for it.
		.In reviewing the compositional styles of the century from the viewpoint of tuning as conceived by Partch and Harrison, the reason it was necessary for SCHOENBERG to invent the twelve-tone technique becomes apparent.
		With the equal intervals of twelve-tone temperament making it possible to measure half-tone units, the homogeneous relationship between tonalities is diluted and all that remains seems to be a more systematic negation of tonality (in other words, the new "tonality" of atonality is created).
	www.sukothai.com /X.SA.10/X.10.Fujieda.html (1705 words)

	You Could Feel the SkyYou Could Feel the SkyI do believe I heard all twelve notes in there...
		Kyle Gann discusses twelve-tone technique and at the end eventually comes to terms with the essential misunderstanding of the whole mess.
		Twelve Tone music isn’t a style or a genre and it shouldn’t be taught as such.
		The row is a useful way to organize the twelve notes (assuming you are using twleve-note octave division) when you have no tonics or dominants.
	www.brenmc.com /blog/index.php?id=17 (453 words)

	twelve.html
		All the pitches in the piece are (or should be) referable in some way to the particular set; this is the fundamental premise of twelve- tone technique.
		A piece of music composed in twelve-tone technique assumes a preexisting ("precompositional," meaning the composer chooses it before composing any actual music with it) ordering of the twelve pitch-classes of the chromatic scale.
		In Schoenberg's technique, there are four basic forms of the set.
	www.tufts.edu /~mdevoto/twelve.html (382 words)

	George Perle - RecipeFacts
		He composes with a technique of his own devising called twelve-tone tonality, which is very different from the twelve tone technique (Perle, 1992).
		George Perle (born May 6, 1915 in Bayonne, New Jersey) is a composer and musicologist who has studied with Ernst Krenek.
	www.recipeland.com /encyclopaedia/index.php/George_Perle (298 words)

	American Symphony Orchestra - Essay
		The quality of the night invoked is very different from Mozart’s, and—the twelve-tone technique notwithstanding—seems to hark back less to Schoenberg than to Bartok, the latter known for the “night-music” movements of his works.
		Though not normally given to displays of technical explanation, Dallapiccola does seem to have been proud of the fact that this work is based on an all-interval row: i.e., an ordering of the twelve pitches in which every possible interval is represented.
		Works such as his Piccola musica notturna, Sex carmina Alcaei, and his political opera Il prigioniero represent some of the loveliest, and even most accessible, twelve-tone works ever written.
	www.istrianet.org /istria/illustri/dallapiccola/piccola-musica-notturna-anal.htm (511 words)

	Finnish Music Information Centre
		Meriläinen abandoned Neoclassicism for the twelve-tone technique in the last years of the 1950s, although dodecaphony, too, was merely a passing — though liberating — phase in his career.
		Bergman studied the twelve-tone technique with Wladimir Vogel in Switzerland in 1954.
		He developed a technique of his own in which the music is built up of three kinds of "characters": "fields" expressed in tone surfaces or clusters; "lines" drawn by melodies; and "points" made up of single or repeated pitches.
	www.fimic.fi /fimic/fimic.nsf/82c219a4e9e6055e422566c0004a78d3/ec33531e673ad592c2256775003aee3b!OpenDocument (2133 words)

	Writing: Tone & Style - One Of Us Creative Writing Workshop, Writing Tips
		The tone of a story may be light-hearted, serious, or optimistic.
		Tone and style can both be used to convey an attitude.
		The definitions of tone and style used above were written with help from http://www.buzzin.net/english/tone.htm.
	www.oneofus.co.uk /writing_tips/tone_and_style.htm (204 words)

	The Music Chamber - The 12-Tone Series
		This was what Schoenberg had in mind when he originally called the system a "Method of Composing with Twelve Tones Which are Related Only One with Another." The technique makes it impossible for any one tone to assume more importance than any other.
		"The Twelve-Tone Technique" - by The Austrian Federal Ministry for Education and Cultural Affairs
		The attitude behind the twelve-tone method is well summed up in the words of Schoenberg's pupil Alban Berg: "Just as the church modes disappeared and made way for major and minor, so these two have disappeared and made way for a single series, the chromatic scale.
	library.thinkquest.org /27110/noframes/periods/twelvetone.html?tqskip1=1&tqtime=0504 (478 words)

	Twelve-Tone Composition
		The original ordering of the twelve tones is referred to as the prime (P) form of the row.
		f# and g) is a "semitone." A tone is the distance between two pitches seperated by one pitch (eg.
		Often Berg would divide the 12 tones of a row into two 6-note collections, or hexachords.
	www.geocities.com /al6an6erg/serial.html (1085 words)

	Twelve-tone music of Arnold Schoenberg
		The twelve-tone techniques was developed by Arnold Schoenberg who was a radical stylistic departure based upon a rejection of the tonal music.
		Couple decades after the turn of this century, Arnold Schoenberg invented the twelve-tone techniques.
		Schoenberg is an Austrian American composer who had a great revolutionary influence on twentieth century music by his abandonment of the traditional tone system for a twelve-tone, known in Europe as dodecaphony.
	www.pcpros.net /~ntxawgl/music/12_tones_technique.htm (1305 words)

	liner_notes.htm
		In his notes on the compositional technique of this collection, Krenek observes that “in the subsequent four pieces the basic tone row is used in different, less rigid ways, showing more recent developments of the twelve-tone technique.” In these pieces, the row is divided into groups of tones (into three four-tone groups in No.
		Krenek concedes that the twelve-tone technique circumscribes the composer’s melodic choices and enforces substantial restrictions on the use of counterpoint.
		All twelve pieces are based on the same series, and the four basic forms of the series are utilized in a manner which is quite consistent with Schoenberg& conception of twelve-tone theory.
	www.oglethorpe.edu /faculty/~r_blumenthal/liner_notes.htm (1877 words)

	John Greschak - Composers on Mathematical Music: Subtext 4428874
		The objection can be interpreted as follows: Everything in the twelve-tone technique is prearranged, as in science; imagination no longer has full sway; and composition henceforth will consist of filling in diagrams formed by abstract calculations.
		The most popular objection to twelve-tone technique is that it makes music dependent on mathematics and destroys the highly valued action of inspiration.
		Inspiration is no more limited by the twelve-tone technique than by any other system of musical rules.
	www.greschak.com /poems/comm/s4428874.htm (280 words)

	Arnold Schoenberg - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		He is particularly remembered as one of the first composers to embrace atonal motivic development, and for his twelve tone technique of composition using tone rows.
		Utilizing the technique of Sprechstimme, or speak-singing recitation, the work pairs a female singer, in a Pierrot costume, with a small orchestra of 5 (nowadays sometimes 6) musicians, who in each of the songs plays a different, and striking instrumental combination.
		This technique was taken up by many of his students, who consistuted the so-called Second Viennese School.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Arnold_Schoenberg (1406 words)

	Modern 12 Tone Technique
		This book is intended to give the student of modern music a basic understanding of twelve-tone techniques.
		The Elements of Modern Harmonic Technique Vol 1
		The Elements of Modern Harmonic Technique Vol 2
	www.playjazz.com /AL121.html (188 words)

	Polish Music Journal 6.1.03 - Go³±b: Józef Koffler - the first Polish composer of 12-tone music
		Artistic questions become more important than "technical tricks." In this sort of approach to twelve-tone technique, Koffler is closest to Schoenberg, who — as is known — emphasized the importance of the aesthetic aspect in twelve-tone composition.
		These traits leave no doubt that Koffler had an excellent knowledge of Schoenberg's scores from the expressionist period and that he transferred those traits to his own twelve-tone scores at a time when Schoenberg and his students were turning their interests toward the reduced and more homogeneous classical orchestra.
		Moreover, during the early phase of his work on his first twelve-tone compositions, Koffler conducted technical experiments which appear slightly later in the music produced by the Second Viennese School.
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/PMJ/issue/6.1.03/Golab.html (4289 words)

	Methodology
		Schoenberg occasionally returned to tonal composition, but in the majority of his works of the 1930s and '40s he attempted to synthesize the twelve-tone technique with the formal principles he had employed during his expressionist period.
		In about 1920 Schoenberg began to formulate his twelve-tone technique and to draw on classical musical forms to structure his compositions.
		Schoenberg developed twelve tones system of music, which later led to the forming of serialism movement.
	a.parsons.edu /~virapat/thesis/research3.html (1353 words)

	Dolmetsch Online - Music Theory Online - Music of the 20th Century
		Serial technique requires that the succession of notes be ordered as they are in the row, but simultaneities--chords--have no succession within them, so the principle of order relations does not apply to them.
		In Schönberg's Method of Composing with Twelve Notes Which are Related Only to One Another, the note-row may be used in its original form, or inverted, or retrograde, or retrograde inverted; in each of these forms it may be transposed to any pitch (each note-row may thus have forty-eight possible forms).
		Neo-Classicism is less known for its reinstitution of the technique of composers like Mozart and Haydn, but known more-so for its power in the manipulation of earlier elements.
	www.dolmetsch.com /musictheory40.htm (10765 words)

	Great Performances - Copland's America - Behind the Scenes
		Copland did change his technique, and this happened because, as he put it, "I've used up all my chords." So, to find "new chords" he turned to twelve-tone writing -- not serial, he was never a strict serialist, but twelve-tone.
		By using a twelve-tone technique, he broadened his vocabulary, but he didn't stop sounding like Copland.
		He felt he was tired, repeating himself, and required a new stimulus.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/gperf/copland/behind.html (792 words)

	DRAM - View Note for Maguire, Janet: Lace Knots - Database of Recorded American Music
		Fascinated by the twelve-tone technique, she traveled to Paris to study with René Leibowitz, a strong advocate of Schoenberg's music and a prolific composer himself, who had introduced the twelve-tone technique to such French composers as Pierre Boulez.
		In the string quartets, she uses a warm, full vibrating tone that resonates with emotion to contrast with the ethereal high harmonics and tactile gestures of glissandos, the effect of which is sensual and kinesthetic.
		Although Schoenberg's approach to harmony and melody—the vertical and horizontal as being all one—remains an integral part of her compositional thinking, she has since rejected, even discarded, all of these compositions, and none of them is included in her list of completed works.
	dlib.nyu.edu /dram/note.cgi?id=7611 (4182 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Berg, Alban @ HighBeam Research
		He adopted atonality and later the twelve-tone technique of Schoenberg, although he tempered it with the lyric and dramatic qualities of the Viennese romantic tradition.
		His Violin Concerto (Barcelona, 1936), his last completed work, written as an elegy on the death of Alma Mahler's 18-year old daughter, combines eloquent lyricism with the rigors the twelve-tone technique and of the classical form.
		His masterpiece, the opera Wozzeck (based on the play Woyzeck by Georg Büchner; Berlin, 1925), written in a free atonal style (see atonality) with occasional intrusions of tonality, aroused strenuous protest, but it has since been acclaimed as a major work of the 20th-century musical stage.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:Berg-Alb&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (276 words)

	233ass
		A visual representation of all 48 versions (e.g., all row forms transposed to all twelve chromatic pitches)of a row
		an ordered arrangement of the twelve pitch classes, with each one occurring once and only once before any repetion takes place.
	www.sfsu.edu /~music/csg/420/420TT.html (62 words)

	Twelve-Tone Techniques
		As with derived series, this shows that the most important aspect of twelve-tone technique is not the endless cycling through a row but, rather, the emphasis that can be placed on unique features of the row.
		Strauss points out that this technique allowed Webern to work with three levels of structure:
		By working with hexachords, composers can control smaller sections of the row.
	www.cwu.edu /~compose/PostTonal_5.html (304 words)

	Second Viennese School - RecipeFacts
		Their mature music is characterised by atonalism and Schoenberg's twelve tone technique, though Schoenberg's teaching (as his various published textbooks demonstrate) was highly traditional and conservative, and did not include discussion of his serial method.
		The principal members of the school, besides Schoenberg, were Alban Berg and Anton Webern, although there are lesser known composers who perhaps ought to be covered by the term, such as the Greek Nikolaos Skalkottas.
		The Second Viennese School was a group of composers made up of Arnold Schoenberg and those who studied under him in early 20th century Vienna.
	www.recipeland.com /encyclopaedia/index.php/Second_Viennese_School (185 words)

	twelve-tone technique
		a modern system of tone relationships in which the 12 tones of an octave are not centered around any one tone, but are unified by a selected order of tones for a given composition.
	www.factmonster.com /ipd/A0705929.html (59 words)

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