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Topic: Twelver Shiites

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	Twelvers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Twelvers (Arabic: اثنا عشرية‎ Ithnāˤashariyya) are Shiˤa Muslims who believe there were twelve Imāms.
		Jaˤfarī is always taken to refer to Twelvers to the exclusion of the Ismā'īlī and Zaydī ("Fivers").
		This day is annually commemorated with grief and sorrow; some participate in ritual beating of their chests, as some believe this is a form of expressing the helplessness that comes from a practical inability to have helped Hussayn and his small troop of 72 revolutionaries.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Twelvers (1098 words)

	Shiites, Shia, Shi'a
		Shiites pay the tax called zakat (originally levied by Muhammad to help the poor and later levied by Muslim states) to their religious leaders rather than to state authorities, as they did before achieving political power (for instance, in Iran in the 15th century).
		The early history of the Shi'ite branch of Islam is characterised by a series of unsuccessful insurrections against the dominant Sunnis and the subsequent persecution of the Shi'is by the Sunnis.
		The Twelver Shi'i population in 1980 was estimated to be 72,750,000.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txo/shiites.htm (3834 words)

	Twelvers / Ithna Ashari Islam
		Twelvers constitute ninety percent of the modern population of Iran and fifty-five to sixty percent of the population of Iraq.
		Twelver Shiites are the majority in Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan and also have substantial populations in Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, Syria, India, Afghanistan and Bahrain.
		Twelver Shiism appears to have grown in size partly because it did not have a living Imam; many other descendants or alleged descendants of the Prophet called themselves the Imam, formented militarty revolt, and were killed.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/intro/islam-ithna-ashari.htm (755 words)

	History, religion, power: understanding Iraqi Shiites
		For present purposes the crucial issues in subsequent Shiite history are: the absence of a current Imam; the establishment of a madrassa, or seminary, at Najaf; and the change in Shiite leadership in the 19th century.
		Shiites understand this to be the parent of all their madrasas down to the present.
		In the 19th century, Shiite thought underwent a dramatic transformation when, after much controversy, the majority of madrassas accepted that only the most qualified jurists could establish norms of behavior for the ordinary Shiite believers.These few jurists, who seldom numbered as many as 10, were called “sources of imitation” (singular: marjacat-taqlid).
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article4580.htm (1149 words)

	TandemNews.com - Print This Story
		Sunnis and Shiites are the two main branches of Islam; throughout the 13 centuries of their history, Sunnis have always been predominant, while Shiites were both a religious and political minority.
		Shiites, on the other hand, follow the family of the Prophet as a source of inspiration and leadership to understand the Quranic revelation brought by the Prophet.
		Discussing the Shiites means chronicling a form of dissent both theoretical and ideological, and sometimes of concrete opposition, to the institutional apparatus that formed right after the death of the Prophet.
	www.tandemnews.com /printer.php?storyid=5444 (1437 words)

	Islam Glossary
		Shiite belief elevates Ali to the position of a "Friend of Allah"--next to Mohammed--and the center of the differences between the Shiites and the Sunnis.
		A Shiite who is learned in Sharia, Koran, and the Hadith, and who is known for their piety.
		The Twelver Shiites believe in the ongoing succession of Imam, although the last living Imam was the twelveth (born in 873); he has become the Hidden Imam, the coming messianic figure whose arrival will usher in the end of time (and the Day of Judgment).
	uwacadweb.uwyo.edu /religionet/er/islam/IGLOSSRY.HTM (4460 words)

	Religions of Iran: A brief introduction to Shi'ism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The death of the fourth imam saw a split in the ranks of the Shiites.
		Twelver Shiites believe that one day he will returned as the Rightly Guided One, the Mahdi, to usher in the Day of Judgment.
		As noted, most Imams of the Twelver line, after Hossein's martydom, did not make a claim to political leadership; rather, they acknowledged the authority of the caliphs, and urged their followers to do the same.
	www.iranchamber.com /religions/introduction_to_shiism.php (2085 words)

	Center on Islam , Democracy and the Future of the Muslim World
		His willingness to accept the petition of the leaders of the Saudi Shiites, which included demands for religious equality seemed to indicate that he was willing to consider a change in the traditional attitude of the Wahhabi state towards the Shiites.
		The wider support of the idea among Shiites may be easily attributed to political interests, such as the Iranian quest for levers inside the Sunni world, or the need of minority (and oppressed) Shiites for legitimization.
		The Shiites revile the first Caliphs and the Companions of the Prophet who in their eyes usurped the Caliphate that rightfully belonged at that stage to Ali.
	www.futureofmuslimworld.com /research/pubID.26/pub_detail.asp (2890 words)

	Shiites
		The Shiite focus on the person of the Imam made the community susceptible to division on the issue of succession.
		The central belief of Twelve-Imam Shiites is the occultation (or disappearance from view) of the 12th Imam.
		The religious authority of the Shiite clerics is derived from their role as deputies of the absent 12th Imam; they are as such the recipients of the
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0844916.html (566 words)

	Some Observations on Islamic Revolution
		On this basis the legitimacy of a divinely inspired ruling institution in which authority was passed down to first-born sons was clearly established for a Shiite imamate,* and a spiritual shadow government arose to challenge the Sunnite Arabs which the Arabs, notwithstanding the superior force of their arms, were unable to eradicate.
		Shiite community of Iran profited from almost nine hundred years of isolation from the exercise of political power to work out the theoretical implications of its doctrinal differences with the Sunnite world.
		As a consequence of its divorce from the practical considerations of rulership, Shiite dogmatics acquired a high moral tone and evolved a canon of law that was intellectually pure yet naïve with respect to the requirements of the temporal world.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1983/jul-aug/ware.html (3103 words)

	Utterly Ridiculous - Blog al-Muslihoon: Shiites attack Sunnis after Sunnis destroy the Askari Mosque
		Shiites, on the other hand, feel that Sunnis have abandoned the example of and allegiance to Muhammad's descendants, whom Muhammad and God established as the guardians of Islam, teachers of Islam, and unquestionable leaders of the Muslims.
		We are sure leaders such as as-Sistani would prefer the Shiites to suffer through their persecutions, as they have done so for centuries, but We would not be surprised if some have come to the point of rejecting any such message of restraint.
		Furthermore, Shiite clerics made it a matter of policy not to become directly involved with political forces: all political forces, Sunni or Shiite, are corrupt, evil, and not right before God, and no political force can be good and righteousness in the absence of the Imam.
	muslihoon.blogspot.com /2006/02/shiites-attack-sunnis-after-sunnis.html (4308 words)

	Alawite - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		According to some sources they were originally Nusayri, a sect that broke ties with Twelver Shiites in the 9th century.
		Alawite status was significantly improved and in 1974 Imam Musa al-Sadr, leader of Twelver Shiites of Lebanon proclaimed that he accepted the Alawites as real Muslims.
		Theologically, Alawites today claim to be Twelver Shiites, but traditionally they have been designated as “extremists – ghulat” and outside the bounds of Islam by the Muslim mainstream for their love of Ali ibn Abi Talib or Ali.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Alawite (2272 words)

	Tthornton :
		In spite of this achievement, to Shiites Mu’awiyya and the Umayyads are the bitterest of enemies.
		The second group is the Twelvers, or, Ithna Asheri, followers of the twelfth imam after Ali, Muhamad al-Muntazir who is believed to have been occultated in the year 878 and thought to be returning as al-Mahdi ("the rightly guided one").
		In Twelver Shiism, the Hidden Imam is regarded as infallible, and thus his earthly successors are, too.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/shia.htm (784 words)

	The development of Twelver-Shiism
		We would also find that the Shiites generally do not subscribe to the theory of Divine Imamate, which was believed by some theologians secretly, and attributed to the members of the Ahl al-Bayt who were constantly dissociating themselves from it in reality and in the open.
		Saduq reported the objection of the Zaydite Shiites on the twelve Imams, and their statement that: The narration that shows that the Imams are twelve only was a statement fabricated by the Imamate Shiism recently, and they produced many false Hadiths in that regard.
		They buttressed their position by pointing to the fact that the Shiites used to be divided to several sects after the death of each Imam and lack of knowledge of the next Imam.
	www.ansar.org /english/alkatib/7.htm (2913 words)

	Utterly Ridiculous - Blog al-Muslihoon: February 2006
		Twelver Shiites are very fond of posters and visual depictions of the Holy Infallibles, one of whom is Muhammad.
		Twelver Shiites believe that every imam was killed by order of the (Sunni) caliph (except for the last one, who went into hiding and remains in hiding).
		Shiites have used Ashoorah processions and commemorations to protest their recent grievances, whether it is a caliph who assassinates their imams or a tyrant who uses chemical weapons against them.
	muslihoon.blogspot.com /2006_02_01_muslihoon_archive.html (12184 words)

	Talk:Alawite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Both the Ismailis and the Alawites broke away from the main branch of the Shia and both did this in the gnostic sourroundings of Mesopotamia.
		I just thought I might put in something to say that the terms Alawi and Alevi are different, as that tripped me up once (I thought the latter was the Turkish pronunciation of the former).
		Among the more possible explanations is that the name is derived from that of Mahommed Ibn Nusair, who was an Isma'Ilite follower of the eleventh imam of the Shiites at the end of the 9th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Alawite (1758 words)

	Doran: Anti-Americanism Fanned by Saudi Conservatives - Council on Foreign Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		I did not realize that Shiites were considered by the ruling conservative clerics to be on the same level as Jews and Christians.
		There are the [so-called] twelver Shiites, sort of mainstream Shiites, and they live in the Eastern Province.
		The Shiites in Saudi Arabia looked at their counterparts in Iraq and they said, “How come we can’t have it better over here?” That has led to a rise in tension between the Sunnis and the Shiites.
	www.cfr.org /publication.html?id=6751 (2456 words)

	Islam Social Organization
		For the Shiites, Ali was succeeded by his son Hasan, and after Hasan’s untimely death, by Husayn his second son.
		The Shiites developed the idea of the link between the decendants of Mohammed (through Ali) and the spiritual leadership of the Shia into the concept of the Imamah.
		Until then, the leadership of the Shiites is performed by individuals who are given the title mujtahid, who strive to support, teach and further Islam.
	uwacadweb.uwyo.edu /ReligioNet/ER/Islam/iorg.htm (2957 words)

	Islam :: Muslim sects split over the legacy of founder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Shiite Muslims, who are a minority in most of the Islamic world, but are the largest strain in modern Iraq and Iran, believe Muhammad's direct offspring succeeded him, rather than a caliph selected by a council.
		"Twelver" Shiites do not accept that the imam died, but that he is merely "hidden" and will return in the future, messianically.
		Shiites believe Imam Mahdi was last seen in Samarra, at the mosque destroyed Wednesday.
	www.religionnewsblog.com /13744 (663 words)

	INTRODUCTION
		Imamate Shiites are divided into two main sects namely: (Al-Isma’iliyyah), who ruled over North Africa for a number of centuries, and (Al-Ithna Ashariyyah).
		Twelver-Imam Shiites, who believe in the existence of the twelfth Imam- Muhammad bin Hassan Askari and his occultation- from the middle of the third century of Hijrah to date.
		This very idea is responsible for the collapse of the Shiite and their eventual exit from real of life.
	www.alkatib.co.uk /e2.htm (987 words)

	Shiite page
		One of the central and distinctive Shiite doctrines, and an integral part of Shiite history, is the doctrine of the Imamate.
		All Shiites believe that one of the Imam's functions is to intercede on behalf of his followers in the hereafter.
		Shiites, in contrast to Sunnis, accept the hadiths of Muhammad and the Imams, as being of equal importance and validity.
	www.rim.org /muslim/shiite.htm (3131 words)

	CRITIQUE OF THE TWELVER
		His followers from among the Kissanite Shiites were forced to invent a doctrine on his Mahdism, and the perpetuation of his life and his occultation in their attempt to preserve the hope ignited in their hearts.
		Some of the Shiites went on reporting some narrations from Sadiq that: “It was inevitable that my son is the Qa’im (Mahdi) of this Ummah, and the Owner of the sword”.
		All the Shiite sects believed that he is from this Hashimite family, or that house of Alawites or Fatimide or Hassanite or Hussainite or Musawite house.
	www.ansar.org /english/mahditheory5.htm (4504 words)

	SECTION ONE:
		The Twelver- Imam Shiites, who believe in the existence of a concealed son for Imam Hassan Askari, and in the continuation of his life to date, and to the day he will appear in the future, present several evidences on that, which can be divided into different types.
		Sheikh Saduq has transmitted the statement of a contemporary Shiite theology: Abu Sahl Ismail bin Ali Nubakhti who showed that the evidence on the existence of Imam Mahdi is rational.
		That is by confirming the texts pointing to his Caliphship and Imamate from the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him), and denying the belief in his being the Mahdi and his occultation-as the Sabaites claimed---based on his unambiguous and well known death and the rejection of esoteric explanations.
	www.alkatib.co.uk /e10.htm (2604 words)

	Blogger: Email Post to a Friend
		The Shiite Turkmen are the descendants of the Turkic Qizilbash tribesmen who conquered Iran in the late 1400s and helped establish the Shiite Safavid state in 1501.
		It is actually quite interesting that the Arab Twelver Shiites of Sadr City are identifying with the Turkmen Shiites.
		Most Twelver Shiites in Iraq and Iran normally could not care less if Alevi Turks in Turkey get into a fight with the Sunnis, since the Alevis are also heterodox Shiites.
	www.blogger.com /email-post.g?blogID=3463907&postID=106187579367511397 (1213 words)

	Shiite List to be Announced : Indybay
		About half the list will be Shiite tribal chieftains and notables not associated with one of the (largely expatriate) parties.
		Twelver Shiites of the Usuli school that predominates in Iraq believe that laypersons should defer to religious scholars on issues of religious law.
		Meanwhile, 600 delegates from the Shiite communities of the Middle Euphrates met in Najaf to consider the creation of a large Shiite province out of several smaller ones.
	www.indybay.org /newsitems/2004/12/07/17086891.php (537 words)

	ARAFIYAN: apocalypse of Islam-2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Shiite imam represents a principle of authoritative guidance in interpretation of the revelation: the Sufi pir represents a principle of mystic illumination which supplements the legislative or imperative mood of prophecy.
		The Sleepers hidden in the cave are the Koranic authority for the Shiite notion of the ghayba, or occultation, of the Hidden Imam.
		In the Ithna’ashari, or Twelver Shiites, the occultation becomes the principle on which they base their periodization of the whole of post-Koranic history.
	www.mail-archive.com /arafiyan@arafiyan.net/msg00651.html (2102 words)

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