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| | Congress of the United States. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 |
 | | The senators, two from each state, have six-year terms and were chosen by the state legislatures until 1913, when the Seventeenth Amendment, providing for their direct popular election, went into effect. |
 | | The Senate is presided over by the vice president of the United States, who has no part in its deliberations and may vote only in case of a tie; in his absence his duties are assumed by a president pro tempore, elected by the Senate. |
 | | States that are entitled only to one (Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming, by the 1990 census) have a representative at large, i.e., one elected by the whole state. |
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