Twenty One Demands

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	21 (number) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Twenty-One Demands were a set of demands which were sent to the Chinese government by the Japanese government of Okuma Shigenobu in 1915.
		Twenty-one was the minimum age of suffrage in the majority of states until the introduction of the Twenty-sixth Amendment.
		Twenty-one is a Fibonacci number, a Harshad number, a Motzkin number, a triangular number and an octagonal number, as well as a composite number, its proper divisors being 1, 3 and 7.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Twenty-one (804 words)

	Twenty-One Demands - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Twenty-One Demands were a set of demands which the Japanese government of Okuma Shigenobu sent to the Chinese government on January 18th, 1915, which China gave into and signed two treaties with Japan on May 25th.
		The demands caused a severe boycott movement of Japanese products in China.
		Japan wanted special economic rights for the Japanese occupants living in parts of China (Spence 1999, 281).* The government of Yuan Shi-kai prepared to sign the agreement, but when words leaked out to the world of this agreement, mass protests sprung up across China and threatened revolution if Yuan's government agreed to the demands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Twenty-One_Demands (207 words)

	PlanetPapers - The Solidarity movement in Poland
		Twenty-one demands were drawn up by the workers, one of which asked for 'independent trade unions under the authority of the working class'.
		The demands were far bigger now, even asking for the right to establish free trade unions.
		The government could do nothing but appeal to the workers to help them out, otherwise more demands would have to have been met by them.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/351.php (2213 words)

	First World War.com - Encyclopedia - The Twenty-One Demands
		Already by the time the Twenty-One Demands were published (click here to read a transcript) Japan had successfully invaded the German base at Tsingtao.
		On 18 January 1915 the Japanese government secretly presented to its Chinese counterpart a list of twenty-one grievances of which it required immediate resolution, such resolution to be specified by the Japanese government upon pain of war.
		Having prevaricated, and in the wake of a revised set of demands published on 26 April 1915, China finally capitulated to a Japanese ultimatum of 7 May 1915 which threatened war in the absence of Chinese agreement.
	www.firstworldwar.com /atoz/21demands.htm (304 words)

	MSN Encarta - China
		In 1915 Japan presented China with the Twenty-one Demands, the terms of which would have reduced China to a virtual Japanese protectorate.
		Because the foreigners had demanded the right to impose their own laws instead of obeying Chinese laws, the concessions, especially those in Shanghai, came to resemble international cities.
		Russia demanded and received the right to construct railroads across Manchuria, as well as additional exclusive economic rights throughout that region.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761573055_20/China.html (3384 words)

	W.R. Wheeler. China and the World War. 1919. Chapter One
		These Twenty-one Demands were rather curiously prefaced by the statement: "The Japanese Government and the Chinese Government, being desirous of maintaining the general peace in Eastern Asia and further strengthening the good neighbourhood between the two nations, agree to the following." They were presented by the Japanese Minister directly to the President, Yuan Shih-kai.
		She had to adjust her meagre finances to the pressure and demands of a government of the twentieth century, and she seemed to be tending toward an autocratic government under the guise of a republic.
		Momentous as were the results of the first year of the war in Europe, they were equally significant in Asia, and the making of the new map of the Orient was one of the most important features of the first stage of the great conflict.
	www.lib.byu.edu /estu/wwi/comment/chinawwi/ChinaC1.htm (3749 words)

	Japan: history 1912-41 - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Japan: history 1912-41
		Bitter resentment against Japan prevailed in China for some years over the ‘Twenty-one Demands’.
		The Demands in part reflected Japanese impatience with China's apparent inability to modernize by itself, but were also a foretaste of future Japanese designs on Chinese sovereignty.
		Following the outbreak of World War II in Europe, the collapse of the Netherlands and France in 1940 at once led to extremist demands for Japanese intervention in the European war and for the occupation of the Dutch East Indies and French Indochina.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Japan:+history+1912-41 (2950 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - twentieth
		Twenty-One Demands, ultimatum secretly presented to China by Japan in 1915 demanding economic and territorial rights.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /twentieth.html (82 words)

	Poland - Twenty-One Demands, Gdansk, August 1980. The birth of the SOLIDARITY trades union - a massive social movement.: UNESCO-CI
		This is why the “Twenty One Demands” of August 1980 is one of the most important documents of the 20th century.
		The 21 demands are the demands made by the Strike Committee in August 1980 in Gdansk, which led to the creation of Solidarity, the first free trades union within the communist bloc.
		The practical result of the acceptance of the demands was the foundation of the independent free trades union Solidarity, which had more than 10 million members and became a massive social movement.
	portal.unesco.org /ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=7753&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html (480 words)

	W.R. Wheeler. China and the World War. 1919. Appendix Two
		Of the four demands in connection with that part of Eastern Inner Mongolia which is within the jurisdiction of South Manchuria and the Jehol Intendency, China agrees to three.
		Since Japan could not tolerate such demands the settlement of the other questions, however compromising it may be, would not be to her interest.
		Although the demand in the fourth group asking for a declaration not to alienate China's coast is an infringement of her sovereign rights, yet the Chinese Government offered to make a voluntary pronouncement so far as it comports with China's sovereign rights.
	www.lib.byu.edu /estu/wwi/comment/chinawwi/ChinaA2.htm (4482 words)

	Twenty-one Demands
		Twenty-One Year Old Author Blows Open 50-Year Old Conspiracy.
		The demands for control of Chinese policy were dropped, partly at the insistence of the United States.
		The demands, setting a pattern for Japanese domination, were forced on China, but the treaties were not ratified by the Chinese legislature.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0849815.html (416 words)

	Japanese Expansion in China-A Japanese View A Japanese View
		Tokyo's diplomacy in the case of the twenty-one demands was exactly the diplomacy that has for more than half a century been practiced in China by London, by Paris, by Vienna, by Berlin, by St. Petersburg.
		In submitting the twenty-one demands to China in January, 1915, Japan resorted to the usual methods of dickering.
		Could any one with common sense imagine that Yuan would keep silence, when he knew he could, through publicity, arouse the sympathy of the world in his favor and thus succeed in warding off at least some of the demands?
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Kawa2.html (4341 words)

	AllRefer.com - Shigenobu Okuma (Japanese History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		During his second term as prime minister (1914–16) the army was expanded, and Japan, entering World War I on the Allied side, seized Kiaochow and presented China with the Twenty-one Demands.
		In 1898 he and Itagaki merged their parties to form the Kenseito (Constitutional party) and Okuma served for a brief period as prime minister.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/Okuma-Sh.html (394 words)

	CNN - Top 10 industries for IT jobs - February 26, 1999
		Hiring demand grows monthly, as do the size of salaries, according to Kim Frazier, employment manager at Aztek Engineering Inc. in Boulder, Colo. In fact, Frazier considers telecommunications to be the fastest-growing industry in the world.
		Though year 2000 has skewed the demand for some skills, after it's all over, "We'll just see a shift back to more of the marketing programs and business initiatives that we would rather be working on than Y2K," Kunz says.
		Shifts in the way information is delivered to customers are shaping hiring demand in banking, says Chuck Hobbs, a senior vice president and group executive of information services at Wachovia Bank in Winston-Salem, N.C. Internet-based banking, mortgage loan automation and development of data warehouses are just some of the projects creating demand.
	www.cnn.com /tech/computing/9902/26/itjobs.idg (1982 words)

	Primary Sources for Perry Brief
		Source: "The Twenty-One Demands," in Lawrence Weschler, The Passion of Poland (New York: Pantheon, 1984), 206-208.
		The "Twenty-One Demands": A Call for Workers' Rights and Freedom in a Socialist State
		After the fall of the Soviet Empire in 1989, Solidarity emerged as one of the leading political parties in Poland, while the nation grappled with the awesome challenges of transformation to a capitalistic democracy.
	college.hmco.com /history/west/perry/western_civilization_brief/4e/students/primary/solidarity.htm (991 words)

	Confessions of a Polish Ambassador
		He became suddenly almost obsessively embroiled in love affairs and estranged from his family, temporarily abandoning them in a surge of passion for a woman twenty years younger than himself.
		In time he was reconciled with his family, but the years of betrayal and neglect had exposed to view a soul din decay.
		But the process of dehumanization that had taken root earlier now began to bear fruit.
	www.worldandi.com /public/1986/october/bk16.cfm (2447 words)

	May Fourth Movement in China
		They shouted out such slogans as "Struggle for the sovereignty externally, get rid of the national traitors at home", "Do away with the 'Twenty-One Demands'", "Don't sign the Versailles Treaty".
		They demanded with one voice to punish such traitors as Cao Rulin, Zhang Zongxiang, and Lu Zongyu, who held important posts as diplomats.
		On May 4th, over 3000 students of Peking University and other schools gathered together in front of Tiananmen and held a demonstration.
	www.chineseculture.info /history/mayfourth.htm (975 words)

	Search Results for twenty-one - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Police dogs and the officers they assist are often together twenty four hours a day.
		The great player Babe Ruth amassed seven hundred and twenty homeruns in his twenty year long career in baseball.
		The twenty-eighth President is best remembered for guiding the U.S. through the First World War.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=twenty-one&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (501 words)

	The Twenty-One Demands
		The revised Twenty-One Demands enabled Japan to establish a position in China similar to that enjoyed by the other great powers.
		Memorabilia related to The Twenty-One Demands is at auction on eBay.
		It was made clear that if China were to refuse these demands, war with Japan would be the result.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1111.html (308 words)

	wokeup.html
		After the humiliation of the Twenty-one Demands, Yuan believed even more that a strong central government under a strong leader was the only formula to keep China out of similar trouble in the future.
		Thus, when the so called, Twenty-one Demands, were put forward, Yuan was so outraged that he immediately ordered all activities regarding the imperial restoration to be stopped.
		Only after the Twenty-one Demands negotiations had ended was the monarchical scheme revived.
	sociologyesoscience.com /wokeup.html (6963 words)

	Find in a Library: The A B C's of the twenty-one demands
		The A B C's of the twenty-one demands
		Find in a Library: The A B C's of the twenty-one demands
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/6bb9d3653ce9295e.html (82 words)

	Encyclopedia of Japanese History
		They demanded that Japan withdrew its claim on F?gtien province, concerned that Port Arthur would fall under Japanese control.
		The harsh conditions imposed on China led to the Triple Intervention of Russia, France, and Germany.
		In November 1895 Japan withdrew its claim on F?gtien province in return for an increased war indemnity from China.
	www.openhistory.org /jhdp/encyclopedia/t.html (1820 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Fight For The Republic in China, by Bertram Lenox Putnam Weale
		That reform had been accepted in principle by the Throne when it 28agreed to the so-called Nineteen Fundamental Articles, a corpus of demands which all the Northern Generals had endorsed and had indeed insisted should be the basis of government before they would fight the rebellious South in 1911.
		For this reason, although he destroyed the revolutionists on the mid-Yangtsze, to equalize matters, on the lower Yangtsze he secretly ordered the evacuation of Nanking by the Imperialist forces so that he might have a tangible argument with which to convince the Manchus regarding the root and branch reform which he knew was necessary.
		Provincial levies which had any military virtue, were gradually disbanded, though many of the rascals and rapscallions, who were open menaces to good government were left with arms in their hands so as to be an argument in favour of drastic police-rule.
	ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/4/3/4/14345/14345-h/14345-h.htm (14848 words)

	Japan World War I - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System
		With its Western allies heavily involved in the war in Europe, Japan sought further to consolidate its position in China by presenting the Twenty-One Demands to China in January 1915.
		In the face of slow negotiations with the Chinese government, widespread anti-Japanese sentiments in China, and international condemnation, Japan withdrew the final group of demands, and treaties were signed in May 1915.
		Seizing the opportunity of Berlin's distraction with the European War and wanting to expand its sphere of influence in China, Japan declared war on Germany in August 1914 and quickly occupied German-leased territories in China's Shandong Province and the Mariana, Caroline, and Marshall islands in the Pacific.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/japan/japan_history_world_war_i.html (472 words)

	twenty-one
		Twenty-one Demands - Twenty-one Demands (1915), instrument by which Japan secured temporary hegemony over China.
		blackjack - blackjack, one of the world's most widely played gambling card games; also known as twenty-one or...
		Hoaxes - Media - Media Myths by Beth Rowen War of the Worlds Known for his flair for the dramatic, Orson Welles,...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/society/A0919852.html (100 words)

	Today in Asian History: January 18
		Japan presented its "Twenty-One Demands" to the Chinese government.
		Among the demands were the transfer of German rights in Shandong province to the Japanese, extension of Japanese rights in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia, and the right of the Japanese to appoint advisers to the Chinese military, police, and government.
		Ironically, it was Okuma Shigenobu, who had negotiated an end to Japan's unequal treaties with the West, who presented these demands to the Chinese government headed by Yuan Shikai.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /eas/thisweek/01-18.htm (733 words)

	W.R. Wheeler. China and the World War. 1919. Appendix One
		We should by all means decide and act at once." Within a month, or two months after this statement was made, the Twenty-one Demands were served on China.
		Most of their terms were mentioned in the list of, objections under the "Secret Terms of the Defensive Alliance." This Defensive Alliance was eventually concluded three years later in May, 1918.
		The statement is made that on account of the absorption of the European nations in the Great War, "now is the most opportune moment for Japan to quickly solve the Chinese question.
	www.ku.edu /carrie/texts/world_war_I/chinawwi/ChinaA1.htm (3560 words)

	TamilNet: 19.08.03 University non-academic staff strike enters eighth day
		Lionel Malwatte, said they have launched the strike as a last resort in winning our demands, which included rectification of salary anomalies arising from the recommendations of the B.C.Perera Salary Commission and a salary raise.
		The talks with the University Grant Commission was constructive but no consensus was reached on their core demands such as rectifying salary anomalies and the quantum of salary raise.
		The UGC suggested an interim monthly allowance of one thousand rupees, sources said
	www.tamilnet.com /art.html?catid=13&artid=9673 (415 words)

	Republican China
		In 1915 the Japanese set before the warlord government in Beijing the so-called Twenty-One Demands, which would have made China a Japanese protectorate.
		The Beijing government rejected some of these demands but yielded to the Japanese insistence on keeping the Shandong territory already in its possession.
		When World War I broke out in 1914, Japan fought on the Allied side and seized German holdings in Shandong (
	www-chaos.umd.edu /history/republican.html (1489 words)

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