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Topic: Two Dogmas of Empiricism

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	Quine's "Two Dogma's of Empiricism"
		Quine's "Two Dogmas" is a concerted attack on the analytic/synthetic distinction.
		The second component of Quine's critique, found in sections 5 and 6 of "Two Dogmas," consists of a general argument against the possibility of analyticity.
		Davidson argues that what he calls the scheme-content distinction is a "third dogma" of empiricism.
	www.trinity.edu /cbrown/language/quine_two_dogmas.html (817 words)

	Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Quine's paper Two Dogmas of Empiricism, published 1951, is one of the most celebrated papers of twentieth century philosophy in the analytic tradition.
		The paper is an attack on two central parts of the logical positivists' philosophy.
		In 'Two Dogmas' revisited, Putnam argues that Quine is attacking two different notions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism (1596 words)

	Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Two linguistic forms are according to this view synonymous if they are interchangeable salva veritate, in all contexts without change of truth value.
		Thus, there is no assurance that two terms that are interchangeable salva veritate are interchangeable because of meaning, and not because chance.
		Analytic truth defined as a true statement derivable from a tautology by putting synonyms for synonyms is near Kant's account of analytic truth as a truth which negation is a contradiction.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism (1501 words)

	Empiricism -- Empiricism (greek εμπειρι&#... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Empiricism (greek εμπειρισμός, from empirical, latin experientia - the experience) is generally regarded as being at the heart of the modern scientific method, that our theories should be based on our observations of the world rather than on intuition or faith; that is, empirical research and a posteriori inductive reasoning rather than purely deductive logic.
		Empiricism is contrasted with rationalism, epitomized by René Descartes.
		Empirical is an adjective often used in conjunction with science, both the natural and social sciences, which means an observation or experiment based upon experience that is capable of being verified or disproved.
	empiricism.en.tracking24.net (153 words)

	Two Dogmas of Empiricism: Encyclopedia - Two Dogmas of Empiricism
		Quine's paper Two Dogmas of Empiricism, published 1951, is one of the most celebrated papers of twentieth century philosophy in the analytic tradition.
		Two Dogmas of Empiricism, Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Analyticity and circularity, Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Critique and influence, Two Dogmas of Empiricism - Reductionism and Quine's holism
		Putnam considers the argument in the two last sections as independent of the first four, and at the same time as Putnam criticizes Quine, he also emphasizes his historical importance as the first top rank philosopher to both reject the notion of apriority and sketch a methodology without it.
	www.experiencefestival.com /a/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism/id/2049141 (1848 words)

	Empiricism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Empiricism is the school of Epistemology (in philosophy or psychology) that all knowledge is the result of our experiences.
		Empiricism is generally regarded as being at the heart of the modern scientific method, that our theories should be based on our observation s of the world rather than on intuition or faith ; that is, empirical research, inductive reasoning and deductive logic.
		In philosophy, the term empiricism is used to describe a number of distinct philosophical...
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Empiricism.html (820 words)

	USS Clueless - Inelegance
		Empiricism as it exists today is often accused of being fundamentally atheistic, and that's not entirely wrong.
		Empiricism as an overall movement is most strongly associated with capitalism, humanism, classical liberalism, populism, and democracy.
		It isn't that the US as a nation is seen as an enemy by France as a nation; it's that American empiricism and America's power and influence which have resulted from the success of empiricism is seen as an enemy by p-idealists in France, with their failed embrace of socialism and bureaucratic autocracy.
	www.denbeste.nu /cd_log_entries/2004/05/Inelegance.shtml (4318 words)

	Willard Van Orman Quine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		His major writings include Two Dogmas of Empiricism, which attacked the distinction between analytic and synthetic propositions and advocated a form of semantic holism, and Word and Object which further developed these positions and introduced the notorious indeterminacy of translation thesis.
		The premise of confirmation holism is that all theories (and the propositions derived from them) are under-determined by empirical data (data, sensory-data, evidence); though some theories are not justifiable, failing to fit with the data, or being unworkably complex, there are many alternatives which are equally justifiable.
		Curiously, advocates of Quinian set theory are not warm to the axiomatic set theory Quine advocated in the latter two texts, and invariably confine their enthusiasm to NF and its offshoots by others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/W.V._Quine (2121 words)

	Empiricism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Empiricism is contrasted with continental rationalism, epitomized by René Descartes.
		Empirical is an adjective often used in conjunction with science, both the natural and social sciences, which means they use working hypotheses which are capable of being disproved using observation or experiment (ie: ultimately through experience).
		Empiricism was a precursor of logical positivism, also known as logical empiricism.
	www.omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Empirical (1393 words)

	‘Two Dogmas’—All Bark and No Bite
		Thus, “Two Dogmas”, with its implicit demand for—and rejection of certain attempts at—a non-arbitrary, theoretically grounded, analyticity distinction, is entirely relevant to the overall debate between Carnap and Quine.
		Thus, the “Two Dogmas” argument that the analyticity distinction is arbitrary, as well as the argument that reductionism cannot support the distinction, make direct contact both with Carnap’s doctrine of analyticity, and the use to which he puts it in his deflationism.
		Thus, the “Two Dogmas” discussion of semantic and epistemic holism is also relevant, not just as a rejection of reductionism, but in virtue of offering an alternative view which achieves much of what Carnap intended—with, of course, the notable exceptions of underwriting deflationism and distinguishing philosophy from science.
	people.colgate.edu /pgregory/ABNB.html (6544 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" Quine argues there is no clear distinction among statements according to whether their truth-value depends on their empirical or extra-linguistic or factual content.
		Once the theory of meaning is sharply separated from the theory of reference, it is a short step to recognizing as the business of the theory of meaning simply the synonymy of linguistic forms and the analyticity of statements; meanings themselves, as obscure intermediary entities, may well be abandoned.
		Physics is nevertheless subject to empirical verification and falsification; logic and ontology nevertheless are not.
	humanknowledge.net /Philosophy/Epistemology/OnEmpiricismAndQuine.htm (1335 words)

	Analyticity & Nondescriptionality
		The first two thirds of Quine's classic paper 'Two Dogmas of Empiricism' explores various explicational cul-de-sacs (meaning, synonymy, definition, 'semantical rules') en route to his conclusion that analyticity is not a notion which can be clarified to his satisfaction.
		Given that 'Two Dogmas of Empiricism' is universally acknowledged as the most forceful statement opposing the analytic/synthetic distinction, the suggestion of Chomsky's bolded in the opening quotation would seem to be simply wrong.
		The idea is that both dogmas require that the truth of statements be divisible into a linguistic portion (the meaning, which states the experiences necessary to confirm or disconfirm the statement) and a factual portion (the confirmatory experiences).
	www.msu.edu /user/abbottb/analytic.htm (1745 words)

	Someplace Somewhere - Quine's Two Dogmas of Empiricism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		"Two Dogmas of Empiricism", the paper we will be reading and perhaps his most famous and influential work, is a direct frontal attack on this theory.
		The analytic\synthetic distinction and reductionism are the two dogmas that Quine attacks in "Two Dogmas of Empiricism".
		So, Quine is not attacking empiricism from the outside, but rather from within the empiricist tradition itself, which makes his critique all the more powerful, important, and influential.
	www.someplacesomewhere.com /topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=6717 (6127 words)

	Guardian obituary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It challenged received notions of knowledge, meaning and truth, and exceeded even the extreme empiricism of logical positivism by arguing that logic and maths, like factual statements, are open to revision in the light of experience.
		In his seminal Two Dogmas Of Empiricism, however, Quine declared it "folly to seek a boundary between synthetic statements, which hold contingently on experience, and analytic statements, which hold come what may".
		He is survived by two daughters from his first marriage, and a son and daughter from his second, and several grandchildren.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Obits2/Quine_Guardian.html (1601 words)

	Epistemology - Origin of Knowledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Gettier gives the example of two persons, Smith and Jones who are awaiting the results of their applications for the same job, both of whom have ten coins in their pocket.
		Two common arguments are that these sorts of knowledge can only be derived from experience, and that they do not constitute "real" knowledge.
		Empiricism is sometimes associated with a tradition called logical empiricism, or positivism, which places higher emphasis on ideas about reality rather than on experiences of reality.
	www.0rig.in /knowledge/epistemology.htm (3544 words)

	Dorit2
		Empiricism is the (epistemological) doctrine that all knowledge has its ultimate source and justification in sensory experience.
		Traditional empiricism faced the problem of fitting into this bedrock mathematical and logical statements which seem to be justified apriori and are furthermore necessary.
		His way of adhering to unmitigated empiricism is simply to deny the apriority and necessity of logical and mathematical truths, thereby abandoning the traditional segregation.
	www.unc.edu /~ujanel/Dorit2.htm (2729 words)

	Citations: Two dogmas of empiricism - Quine (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Citations: Two dogmas of empiricism - Quine (ResearchIndex)
		Quine, W. Two dogmas of empiricism, in From a Logical Point of View: Nine Logico-Philosophical Essays, 2nd ed., Harper and Row (New York, 1961).
		Quine, W. Two Dogmas of Empiricism", in A. Martinich (ed.) The Philosophy of Language, OUP 1985, pp.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/25228/0 (2329 words)

	Two Dogmas of Empiricism
		This formulation has two shortcomings: it limits itself to statements of subject-predicate form, and it appeals to a notion of containment which is left at a metaphorical level.
		The lexicographer is an empirical scientist, whose business is the recording of antecedent facts; and if he glosses 'bachelor' as 'unmarried man' it is because of his belief that there is a relation of synonymy between these forms, implicit in general or preferred usage prior to his own work.
		This phrase has established itself so firmly as a catchword of empiricism that we should be very unscientific indeed not to look beneath it for a possible key to the problem of meaning and the associated problems.
	members.tripod.com /Lonego/quine/two_dogmas/quine_2dogmas.htm (8407 words)

	A Priori and A Posteriori [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The a priori/a posteriori distinction is epistemological and should not be confused with the metaphysical distinction between the necessary and the contingent or the semantical or logical distinction between the analytic and the synthetic.
		Two aspects of the a priori/a posteriori distinction require clarification: the conception of experience on which the distinction turns; and the sense in which a priori knowledge is independent of such experience.
		The distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge thus broadly corresponds to the distinction between empirical and nonempirical knowledge.
	www.iep.utm.edu /a/apriori.htm (5580 words)

	W V Quine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		His major writings include "Two Dogmas of Empiricism", which influentially attacked the logical positivists' conception of analytic and synthetic propositions, and Word and Object.
		Thus it is not possible to verify or falsify a theory simply by comparing it to the empirical evidence; the theory can always be saved by some modification.
		For Quine, scientific thought formed a coherent web in which any part could be altered in the light of empirical evidence and in which no empirical evidence could force the revision of a part.
	www.wikiverse.org /w-v-quine (1090 words)

	Two Dogmas of Empiricism
		The other dogma is reductionism: the belief that each meaningful statement is equivalent to some logical construct upon terms which refer to immediate experience.
		It is not even clear, granted meanings, when we have two and when we have one; it is not clear when linguistic forms should be regarded as synonymous, or alike in meaning, and when they should not.
		A natural suggestion, deserving close examination, is that the synonymy of two linguistic forms consists simply in their interchangeability in all contexts without change of truth value; interchangeability, in Leibniz's phrase, salva veritate.
	www.crumpled.com /cp/classics/quine.html (9076 words)

	Two Dogmas of Empiricism
		Two alternative definientia may be equally appropriate for the purposes of a given task of explication and yet not be synonymous with each other; for they may serve interchangeably within the favored contexts but diverge elsewhere.
		The dogma of reductionism, even in its attenuated form, is intimately connected with the other dogma: that there is a cleavage between the analytic and the synthetic.
		The two dogmas are, indeed, at root identical.
	www.galilean-library.org /quine.html (7970 words)

	Is logic empirical?: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This from a physicist's point of view is the meaning of the empirical nature of these laws.
		(then our "preconceived" Boolean logic would have to be rejected by empirical evidence in the same way Euclidean geometry (taken as the correct geometry of physical space) was rejected on the basis of (the facts supporting the theory of) general relativity[Click link for more facts about this topic].
		This argument is in favour of the view that the rules of logic are empirical.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/is/is_logic_empirical1.htm (2009 words)

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