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	Two stage to orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A two stage to orbit (or TSTO) launch vehicle is a spacecraft in which two distinct stages provide propulsion consecutively in order to achieve orbital velocity.
		Many designs which use a very small boost at the beginning of their flight are referred to as single stage to orbit.
		Its supporters argue that, since each stage may have a lower mass ratio than an SSTO launch system, such a system may be built without approaching as close to the limitations of its structural materials.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Two_stage_to_orbit (506 words)

	Two stage to orbit -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A two stage to orbit (or TSTO) (additional info and facts about launch vehicle) launch vehicle is a spacecraft in which two distinct (A large platform on which people can stand and can be seen by an audience) stages provide propulsion consecutively in order to achieve orbital velocity.
		Many designs which use a very small boost at the beginning of their flight are referred to as (additional info and facts about single stage to orbit) single stage to orbit.
		Many TSTO designs comprise an (An aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets) airplane-like first stage and a (A jet engine containing its own propellant and driven by reaction propulsion) rocket-like second stage.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/tw/two_stage_to_orbit.htm (473 words)

	Winged
		Two rocket stage layouts were studied: a traditional tandem scheme, and a 'piston' / 'wrap around' concept, where the toroidal propellant tanks of the first stage surrounded the second stage.
		Orbits from 120 to 1000 km altitude, and 45 to 94 degrees inclination could be achieved thanks to the flexibility of airborne launch.
		The advantage with the single stage was that the stage would land in the ocean across the world from the launch point.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/lvfam/winged.htm (6511 words)

	The Millennium Express
		The preferred concept for the carrier stage uses a large straight wing and large turboprop engines to allow efficient climb while constraining aerodynamic forces on the orbiter wing during the climb to launch altitude.
		The ventrals are rotated upward for ground clearance prior to takeoff of the carrier stage -- or during landing with the orbiter stage still attached.
		Cargo payload to a 110-km, 60-degree orbit is an estimated 1800 kg.
	www.tour2space.com /archives/millexpr/millexpr.htm (1898 words)

	The Apollo Spacecraft - A Chronology. Vol. I. Part 3 (1962 2nd quarter)
		The first two launches in 1963 were to be max q abort tests and the third was to be a high-altitude atmospheric abort.
		The outline specified that the two spacecraft be navigated to within a few feet of each other and held to a relative velocity of less than six inches per second and that they be steered to within a few inches of axial alignment and parallelism.
		Two NAA analyses showed that the urine management system would prevent a rise in the command module humidity load and atmospheric contamination and that freeze-up of the line used for daily evacuation of urine to the vacuum of space could be prevented by proper orificing of the line.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/SP-4009/v1p3c.htm (5216 words)

	SART-Systemanalyse Raumtransport - Projects
		The mounting of these upper stages in a partially open cargo bay on the bottom of the carrier aircraft enables a large variety of reusable, as well as expendable, upper stages to economically reach each desired orbit, a safe separation maneuver, assisted by gravitational force.
		Two options, a direct, controlled de-orbit as well as a transfer to a limited lifetime orbit are considered.
		Solar Thermal Propulsion (STP) is proposed as alternative propulsion means for orbit transfer and planetary missions: the solar energy is accumulated by an absorber and rejected to a cryogenic propellant during a thrust phase.
	www.la.dlr.de /ra/sart/projects/project.php.en (464 words)

	British Spaceplanes of the 1960s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The first stage would accelerate to hypersonic speed using air-breathing engines, at which point the second stage would be released.
		Two would act as boosters for the third stage, which was orbital.
		Fuel could be transferred from the boosters into the orbiter, allowing the orbiter to reach Earth orbit with a full fuel load.
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/6133/60planes.html (189 words)

	Chapter 3 Japanese Aerospace Vehicle Programs - Aerospace Plane Technology: Research and
		A two-stage-to orbit vehicle would consist of an air-breathing first stage, which would take off and land from a conventional runway, and a rocket-propelled upper stage, which, at a certain altitude, would separate and continue into orbit.
		Two test models controlled by on-board computers were suspended from a helicopter flying at an altitude of about 3,000 feet.
		The objectives of the conceptual study for a hypersonic experimental aircraft are to identify the state of the art of Japanese technology bases, establish a flying test bed for air-breathing engines and advanced materials, and use manned hypersonic flight to stimulate the development of an aerospace plane.
	www.globalsecurity.org /space/library/report/gao/nsiad92005/part03.htm (5844 words)

	Launch Vehicles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The TSTO Launch Vehicle is a low cost reusable ETO transportation system for placing very heavy lift class payloads (80 metric tons or176 Klb) into LEO.
		Microwaves are beamed from either a ground station or an orbiting solar power satellite to the Lightcraft which resembles a '"flying saucer".
		The launch requirements were to place a 120 Klb into a 1300 km orbit, with a payload of 31 ft diameter and 104 ft in length.
	lamazorca.com.ar /notas/ciencia_extrema/launchvehicles.htm (537 words)

	Saenger II
		Saenger II would have a gross mass of 750,000 kg, and could place a payload of either two crew and 3,000 kg using the Horus winged upper stage, or a 15,000 kg payload with the unmanned Cargus upper stage.
		Stage 1 would cruise on turboramjets at Mach 4.4 to the launch area, then dash to Mach 6.0 and release the upper stage.
		Two subscale prototype vehicles would be available by the late 1990's, and the full sized X-2000 prototype by 2005.
	www.astronautix.com /lvs/saegerii.htm (345 words)

	[No title]
		Two of the most important of these misconceptions are: a) the perceived market for a space transport; and b) the perceived technology requirements for a space transport.
		This is the primary orbit for a potential application: a large number of self-propelled communications satellite for deployment to 800-km altitude.
		The ventrals are rotated upward for ground clearance prior to takeoff of the carrier stage-- or during landing with the orbiter stage still attached in the event of mission abort.
	www.tour2space.com /archives/economic/20013962.htm (3943 words)

	[No title]
		That position appeared to ignore the predictable and inflexible nature of satellites' fixed orbits.
		A high-speed aircraft/spacecraft system that could orbit a small satelliite carrying a suite of reconnaissance sensors and communication equipment would overcome that detraction, however.
		If the second-stage vehicle were fairly "stealthy," the satellite could be launched covertly into any orbit at the most desirable time.
	www.textfiles.com /ufo/UFOBBS/3000/3094.ufo (1014 words)

	Universal Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Because the lower stages of a multi-staged booster are far more massive than the upper stage; so if only one or the other is to be reusable, you save much more money by reusing the lower stage.
		Furthermore, it is much easier to make the lower stage reusable, since it does not fly as high or as fast, and thus takes much less of a beating during reentry.
		The Shuttle is actually a 100-tonne-to-orbit booster, but because the upper stage is a reusable orbiter vehicle with a dry mass of 80 tonnes, only 20 tonnes of payload is actually delivered to orbit.
	www.mecfilms.com /universe/articles/shuttle.htm (555 words)

	Towards Reusable Launchers - A Widening Perspective
		Mass ratios of the order of 10% are achieved today with expendable rocket stages, but are a nearly impossible requirement for a reusable vehicle, which is more stressed during its lifetime and which must carry the additional provisions for recovery and reuse.
		Staging is optimised for a given technology level and prevents one from deriving full benefit from any subsequent technology improvements.
		The first stage therefore provides almost the total Delta V needed to reach orbit and the payload, ejected in vacuum but still at sub-orbital speed, achieves orbital velocity with its own propulsion system.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /bulletin/bullet87/pfeffe87.htm (3480 words)

	The Hindu : Karnataka News : ISRO trying to develop air-breathing engine
		One-stage flights may only happen by the year 2050, he said delivering the 45th Founders' Day lecture at NAL.
		In one design being considered, the first stage would be a winged structure, closer to a space shuttle, and the second stage would be a conventional rocket, he said.
		Recently, ISRO concluded its third space capsule recovery experiment, in which a module weighing some 500 kg was dropped from a helicopter over the Bay of Bengal and then recovered from the sea.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2004/08/26/stories/2004082604210500.htm (393 words)

	Space Transport - Horizontal Take Off and Landing - Two Stages To Orbit (HTOL 2SSTO)
		The first stage is referred to as the booster or carrier while the second stage is called the orbiter.
		While most first stage carrier aircraft are only concepts, some possible candidates are already flying and infact have been designed for this role in mind.
		Payload is 2,500 lbs to a 100 nm orbit.
	www.geocities.com /spacetransport/htol2sto.html (1091 words)

	Space Tourism Is Not Just a Cute Idea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Properly planned and implemented, the reusable first stage of a two-stage to orbit tourism system will cut the cost of space access by 50% to 70%.
		Making matters worse, they have found a market for their vehicle in Europe where they are now attempting to team with ESA to use it as a reusable booster on the Ariane 5, replacing the more costly and accident prone expendable solid rocket motors.
		Two months later, NASA told us our proposal was exactly what they wanted, and that we'd won.
	www.politicsol.com /guest-commentaries/2001-07-02.html (1967 words)

	Brilliant Buzzard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The 2nd stage is fuelled by onboard liquid hydrogen with the collected LOX being the oxidant.
		The 1st stage cruise to meet up with a tanker for a full load of JP for the trip back home, while the 2nd stage continues on to orbit to deploy a satellite.
		Eventually the 2nd stage de-orbits and glides back to its base, ready to be refitted and loaded back onto the 1st stage aircraft for another sortie and both aircraft ferry to Vandenburg or Patrick AFB to load up with LH2 once every few weeks.
	members.macconnect.com /users/q/quellish/Buzzard/Brilliant_Buzzard.html (5079 words)

	Future Launch Systems
		According to Aerospace analyses, reusable launch vehicles that have been optimized for minimum dry mass have staging velocities (that is, the velocity at which the second stage deploys) roughly between Mach 10.5 and 11.5.
		For example, if the staging velocity grows higher, the booster must be bigger to generate more thrust; if the staging velocity is lower, the upper stage will have to make up the difference to reach orbit.
		Also, the mass of the reusable booster stage for a hybrid is about 45 percent that of a fully reusable launch vehicle.
	www.aero.org /publications/crosslink/winter2004/08.html (3177 words)

	Space Settlement Design: Company
		Two major customer groups are operators of orbital hotels and moderate-sized space settlements developed by organizations other than the Foundation Society.
		The company also earned praise from the Foundation Society for the amenities that were designed into the public areas of this settlement; it is the first space community to prominently feature large public artworks and promenades that serve aesthetic needs beyond the utilitarian design of existing settlements.
		Whether or not it wins the contract for development of the Aresam settlement in orbit around Mars, Northdonning Heedwell plans to build two large "cycler" spacecraft, in elliptical solar orbits crossing the orbits of Earth and Mars when the planets are relatively close by.
	spaceset.org /p.company.html (1273 words)

	Winged
		The Douglas "Astro" was a VTHL TSTO system designed for launching space station crews and cargo by the 1968-70 period.
		USAF program of the 1980's that reached the test hardware stage and was leading to a single-stage-to-orbit, rocket-powered, winged manned vehicle.
		The Bristol Spaceplanes Spacecab was a Two Stage To Orbit (TSTO) Manned Spaceplane, with an airbreathing supersonic / hypersonic, delta winged first stage and a second stage powered by a liquid fuelled rocket engine.
	www.astronautix.com /lvfam/winged.htm (1769 words)

	Boeing Frontiers Online
		Boeing is part of a NASA/industry team that's developing the scaled X-43 Hyper-X hypersonic demonstrator, while Boeing Phantom Works has produced the unmanned X-37 reusable space plane, which is due to begin atmospheric drop tests in 2004 and could be launched from a Delta IV or Atlas V rocket in 2006.
		Increased attention also is being paid to the future sustainment of payloads once in orbit, with the selection of Boeing last year by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency to design and develop the Autonomous Space Transport Robotic Operations satellite, as part of the Orbital Express Program.
		As a result, most satellites remain in regular periodic orbits that are easy to predict and avoid when overhead.
	www.boeing.com /news/frontiers/archive/2003/december/cover2.html (1028 words)

	Falcon V (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Falcon V is a Falcon family two stage to orbit RP-1 kerosene/liquid oxygen semi-reusable launch vehicle designed and manufactured by SpaceX.
		The first stage returns by parachute to a water landing, where it is picked up by ship in a procedure similar to that of the Space Shuttle solid rocket boosters.
		The Falcon V is designed for maximum reliability and safety, being the first American rocket since the Saturn V to have "engine out" capability on the first stage, with failure of up to three Merlin engines resulting in a successful flight, depending on when during flight the engine failure takes place.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/F/Falcon-V.htm (362 words)

	Orbit 6 - Space Technology and Fiction
		Key to attaining orbit with second stage propulsion is the use of higher performance liquid hydrogen as a fuel instead of kerosene as with the Star Booster.
		Star Bird will utilize two advanced SSME's, internal liquid oxygen and making the concept unique, two external liquid hydrogen drop tanks (DT's) which are anchored over the wings on the side of the fuselage.
		The tanks that it brings to orbit will be stored in a slowly expanding orbital resource reservoir containing ever increasing supplies of aluminum, copper, carbon, silicon, iron, magnesium, titanium, chromium and other elements that can be tapped by an emerging orbital industrial base.
	www.orbit6.com /et/et_buzz.htm (483 words)

	The Tether advantages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The tether acts as one stage of a TSTO (two stage to orbit), with the SSTT as the second stage.
		There is no need to circularize the orbit as the tether has a big ballast mass and is in orbit.
		The first stage could have been 5 to 10 times as large as the second stage, so we have saved the big expensive stage.
	spacetethers.com /whyworks.html (539 words)

	Rockets vs Space Planes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Alternatively TSTO (Two Stage To Orbit) or 2STO, and also 1.5STO, are possible, and may well become attractive systems.
		Good examples of these are the Spacecab/Spacebus 2STO design which has a first stage like a large Concorde that takes off using existing jets and then uses existing rockets to climb to high altitude (about 40 km) where it releases the upper stage already almost outside the atmosphere.
		The upper stage or orbiter is like a smaller, blunt (good for re-entry) first stage, using existing rockets to get to orbit, and then small jet engines for landing.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /rocketsvsplanes.html (1428 words)

	05.19.97. Testimony of NSS Chairman...
		By dropping the expense of attaining Earth orbit, many new industries are waiting to develop, one of which will be space tourism.
		A sequential buildup of a Full Cycling Network could be in place within two decades of a go-ahead, geared to the maturation of lunar and Mars activities.
		This vision spans two decades of enterprise, exploration and settlement.
	www.nss.org /news/mailings/mailing09.html (1589 words)

	Delta II Launch Vehicle
		Delta II comprises a group of expendable rockets that can be configured as two- or three-stage vehicles and with three, four or nine strap-on graphite epoxy motors (GEMs) depending on mission needs.
		Two-stage Delta II rockets typically fly LEO missions, while three-stage Delta II vehicles generally deliver payloads to GTO or are used for deep-space explorations such as NASA's missions to Mars, a comet or near-Earth asteroids.
		The first stage is powered by the Boeing Rocketdyne-built RS-27A main engine and by Alliant Techsystems' solid rocket strap-on GEMs for added boost during liftoff.
	www.boeing.com /defense-space/space/delta/delta2/delta2.htm (315 words)

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