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Topic: Tympanic membrane

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	The Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity - Wikimd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The tympanic cavity consists of two parts: the tympanic cavity proper opposite the tympanic membrane, and the attic or epitympanic recess above the level of the membrane; the latter contains the upper half of the malleus and the greater part of the incus.
		The tympanic cavity is bounded laterally by the tympanic membrane; medially, by the lateral wall of the internal ear; it communicates, behind, with the tympanic antrum and through it with the mastoid air cells, and in front with the auditory tube (Fig.
		Vessels and Nerves—The arteries of the tympanic membrane are derived from the deep auricular branch of the internal maxillary, which ramifies beneath the cutaneous stratum; and from the stylomastoid branch of the posterior auricular, and tympanic branch of the internal maxillary, which are distributed on the mucous surface.
	www.wikimd.org /index.php?title=The_Middle_Ear_or_Tympanic_Cavity (1866 words)

	Eardrum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The tympanum or tympanic membrane, colloquially known as the eardrum, is a thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear.
		The tympanic membrane forms from the joining of the expanding first pharyngeal pouch and groove.
		As a result, the tympanic membrane is one of very few adult structures that is derived from all three germ layers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tympanic_membrane (222 words)

	Tympanic Membrane Perforation
		Tympanic membrane perforations caused by a hot slag are notoriously difficult to heal presumably because the heat traumatizes the surrounding tissue, preventing normal healing.
		In the case of traumatic tympanic membrane perforation, this may suggest injury to the connection of the third ossicle (the stapes) with the inner ear.
		In the case of tympanic membrane perforation secondary to infection, the possibility of cholesteatoma should be considered.
	members.aol.com /orlmd/tmperf.htm (1073 words)

	Tympanoplasty (June 1999)
		Myringoplasty is an operative procedure used in the reconstruction of a perforation of the tympanic membrane.
		Trauma leading to a permanent perforation of the tympanic membrane may be the result of sudden or explosive alterations in air pressure in the external meatus, or of hot water, slag or acid entering the meatus; or it may follow a lightning stroke or skull fracture.
		Although the area of the adult tympanic membrane is between 85 and 90 mm2, only about 55 mm2 effectively vibrates (the lower 2/3 of the drum); the stapes footplate is 3.2 mm2.
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/Tplasty-9906/Tplasty-9906.htm (4151 words)

	The Ear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The tympanic membrane (eardrum) separates the external ear from the middle ear.
		The facial nerve (CN VII) by the branches from the tympanic plexus.
		The tympanic cavity is lined with mucous membrane that is continuous with the mucous membrane of the auditory tube, mastoid cells, and aditus ad antrum.
	www.geocities.com /medinotes/ear.htm (1335 words)

	Ear - Dissector Answers
		The tympanic membrane has three layers: 1) the outer surface is the modified skin of the external meatus 2) the intermediate layer is composed of radial and circular fibers which provide strength for the membrane and 3) the internal layer is composed of mucous membrane.
		The tympanic membrane is one cm in diameter and has a fibrocartilaginous ring at the greater part of its circumference which fixes it into the tympanic sulcus at the inner end of the external acoustic meatus.
		Their fixation in space depends on the attachments of the malleus to the tympanic membrane and of the stapes in the oval window and on ligaments which suspend the bones from the walls of the cavity.
	anatomy.med.umich.edu /head/ear_ans.html (2044 words)

	Tympanic membrane
		The tympanic membrane is also called the eardrum.
		When soundwaves reach the tympanic membrane they cause it to vibrate.
		The tympanic membrane is made up of a thin connective tissue membrane covered by skin on the outside and mucosa on the internal surface.
	www.stv.org /adam/encyclopedia/imagepages/8993.htm (151 words)

	EAR
		tympanic membrane is obliquely situated and has three parts: an outer covering of skin, a central core of connective tissue, and an inner lining of mucous epithelium.
		The middle ear is a cavity (the tympanic cavity), which communicates with the pharynx by the auditory tube and with the mastoid air cells in the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
		The fenestra ovalis is in the wall that separates the vestibule from the tympanic cavity.
	www.mc.vanderbilt.edu /histology/labmanual2002/labsection2/Ear03.htm (1392 words)

	Tympanic Membrane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The tympanic membrane, or ear drum, is made of tissue similar to skin.
		Perforations that result from infections, as when a tympanic membrane bursts, or when chronic infections have led to irreparable damage to the membrane itself, often do not heal.
		When a tympanic membrane perforation persists, the middle ear is unprotected and is vulnerable to infection.
	www.nycornell.org /ent/tympanic.membrane.perf.html (215 words)

	HISTOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The external auditory meatus extends from the auricle to the tympanic membrane (the eardrum) of the middle ear.
		The tympanic membrane is a thin, rigid, semitransparent membrane between the external and middle ears.
		This is the upper one-fifth of the membrane.
	medic.med.uth.tmc.edu /Lecture/Main/ear.htm (2346 words)

	Ear, Nose & Throat Journal: Laser-assisted myringotomy for otitis media: A feasibility study with short-term ...
		A good knowledge of ear canal and tympanic membrane landmarks and structure is required for this procedure, as is the ability to make judgments while viewing a limited image of the tympanic membrane on a monitor rather than by direct visualization.
		The procedure was most difficult to accomplish in acutely inflamed tympanic membranes, possibly because the membrane is not as flat in relation to the laser equipment.
		Tympanic membrane penetration was not achieved in the other three children (three ears).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0BUM/is_8_79/ai_65072309 (1352 words)

	\\CT2\D\VOFORUM\poltym1.htm
		Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (Caries of the Incus and Floor of the Tympanic Cavity).-Destruction of all but a narrow peripheral strip of the tympanic membrane; extremity of the malleus is adherent to the promontory; in the posterosuperior quadrant the head of the stapes is seen; the long process of the incus is wanting.
		Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (Caries of the Tympanic Cavity).-Total absence of the tympanic membrane, the malleus and the incus Granulations on the floor of the cavity.
		The mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity is covered with epiderm, and in its postero-inferior portion with granulations.
	www.rcsullivan.com /www/bruhl39.htm (922 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 7, Ch. 84, Tympanic Membrane And Middle Ear
		If the eustachian tube is not functioning properly, as in a URI or an allergy, the pressure in the middle ear is lower than the ambient pressure, resulting in retraction of the tympanic membrane.
		A transudate of blood from the vessels in the lamina propria of the mucous membrane forms in the middle ear.
		If the difference in pressure becomes great, ecchymosis and subepithelial hematoma may develop in the mucous membrane of the middle ear and in the tympanic membrane.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section7/chapter84/84c.jsp (246 words)

	Tympanic Membrane Perforation Referral Guidelines
		A tympanic membrane perforation represents a hole in the eardrum establishing a communication between the middle and external ear.
		A tympanic membrane perforation must be distinguished from a retraction pocket, which is typically an involution of a portion of the intact tympanic membrane and can be a harbinger of cholesteatoma.
		Typically, tympanic membrane perforations heal on their own over the course of 1-4 months, especially if they developed from an acute process.
	www.mamc.amedd.army.mil /referral/guidelines/ent_tmperforation.htm (525 words)

	Hearing
		The middle ear is bounded by the tympanic membrane on the outer side and the oval window on the inner side.
		Although the closed end of the ear canal, the tympanic membrane, is fairly thick (~0.1 mm) and stiff, both it and the walls of the ear canal are elastic and there is not a sharp resonance, but a broad resonance spanning about 3 octaves with a peak at about 3300 Hz.
		The inner hair cells on the organ of Corti are sheared by relative motions of the basilar membrane in the endolymph to produce an electrical change in the stereocilia membrane leading to a series of electrochemical events that culminate in the recognition of sound in the auditory cortex of the brain.
	www.physics.union.edu /newmanj/2000/PHY_15_stuff/hearing.htm (2137 words)

	eMedicine - Middle Ear, Tympanic Membrane, Perforations : Article by Matthew L Howard, MD, JD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Tympanic membrane perforation (TMP) is a condition as old as the human species.
		The tympanic membrane and its attached ossicles thus act as a transducer, changing one form of energy into another form.
		Allograft tympanic membranes obtained from cadavers, once abandoned because of fear of transmitting viral pathogens, are again being used.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/topic206.htm (3037 words)

	Review of Anatomy: The Auricle and Temporal Bone
		The skin of the external ear normally migrates laterally from the umbo of the malleus in the tympanic membrane to the external auditory meatus (at a rate of 2-3 mm per day).
		Its function is to transmit and amplify sound waves from tympanic membrane to the stapes footplate converting energy from air medium to a fluid medium of the membranous labyrinth.
		The tympanic membrane is an ovoid, three-layered structure consisting of squamous epithelium laterally, respiratory mucosa medially, and an intervening fibrous layer.
	www.bcm.edu /oto/studs/anat/tbone.html (880 words)

	Middle Ear, Tympanic Membrane, Perforations from Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery / Middle Ear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Problem: The tympanic membrane, also called the eardrum (or just the drum), is a stiff (but flexible), translucent, diaphragmlike structure.
		The malleus is invested by the fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane, securely incorporating it within the drum.
		The exceptions are pars tensa perforations located at the annulus or rim of the tympanic membrane.
	users3.ev1.net /~drtony/tmp.htm (3028 words)

	The Tympanic Membrane is the first important structure in the Middle Ear.
		The Tympanic Membrane is the first important structure in the Middle Ear.
		First of all, the Tympanic membrane, which initially receives the sound has a larger surface area than the third ossicle (Stapes) which imparts the signal to the Inner Ear.
		The Tympanic membrane itself has a convex shape toward the outside, which acts to gather and concentrate the energy of the sound as it is transmitted to the first ossicle (Malleus) which is attached to the membrane.
	www.csun.edu /~vcoao0el/webct/de361s81_folder/tsld002.html (1409 words)

	eMedicine - Middle Ear, Tympanic Membrane, Infections : Article by Yuri P Uliyanov, MD, PhD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The edge of the membrane is thickened and attached to a groove in an incomplete ring of bone, the tympanic annulus, which almost encircles it and holds the membrane in place (see Image 2).
		Tympanic membrane (TM) as continuation of the upper wall of external auditory canal (EAC) with angle of incline up to 45 degrees on the border between middle ear and the EAC.
		Mirror display of a tympanic membrane surface on the polymeric masc from external acoustical canal of healthy man. Masc of tympanic membrane surface (MtmS).
	www.emedicine.com /ent/topic205.htm (4135 words)

	Braun - Tympanic Membrane Temperature
		An assessment of the agreement between infrared ear and tympanic membrane (TM) temperature may serve as a predictor of the ability of the infrared ear thermometer to assess core body temperature.
		Assessment of this agreement is critical to determine whether the errors and inaccuracies previously reported with use of infrared ear thermometers at nonear reference sites reflect body site temperature variation or an inherent inability of the infrared device to obtain an accurate measurement of TM temperature.
		The objective of this study is to investigate the agreement between contact tympanic membrane and noncontact infrared ear (IR) thermometers in children.
	www.braun.com /medical/bodytemperature/earthermometers/clinicaltrials/tympanicmembrane.html (226 words)

	Perforation of the Tympanic Membrane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The tympanic membrane, or eardrum, is a thin membrane that separates the ear canal and the middle ear.
		When sound waves strike the tympanic membrane, it vibrates and begins the process of converting these waves into impulses that the brain understands as sound.
		Conversely, a perforation of the tympanic membrane may lead to infection because bacteria can enter through the hole and infect the middle ear.
	www.entcolumbia.org /tympperf.htm (426 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Tympanic membrane perforation in adults
		Preview: Tympanic membrane perforations have diverse causes and range in scope from simple and self-limited to complex and destructive.
		Tympanic membrane perforation in adults: how to manage, when to refer.
		Tympanic membrane perforation is a common and potentially serious condition.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2001/11_01/ott.htm (1426 words)

	Audition
		Transfer the movement of the tympanic membrane into the movement of a second membrane covering a hole in the bone of the skull
		Malleus is displaced in response to the movement of the tympanic membrane--bottom moves towards the inner ear and the top moves towards the outer ear
		The tympanic membrane will bulge out because the pressure in the middle ear is greater than the outside environment.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~uzwiak/AnatPhys/Audition.htm (1159 words)

	Identification Terms - Tympanic Membrane
		There is a bone attached to the tympanic membrane which also attaches to the oval window of the inner ear.
		When sound waves strike the membrane vibrations are transferred via this bone to the fluid of the inner ear.
		In some closely related species of frogs there is a sexual dimorphism in the shape of the tympanic membranes.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /narcam/idguide/tympanum.htm (252 words)

	AllRefer Health - Ruptured or Perforated Eardrum (Eardrum - Ruptured or Punctured, Tympanic Membrane Perforation)
		A ruptured or perforated eardrum is an opening in the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
		The tympanic membrane (eardrum) separates the outer ear from the middle ear.
		The membrane vibrates when sound waves strike it, and this starts the process that converts the sound wave into a nerve impulse that travels to the brain.
	health.allrefer.com /health/ruptured-or-perforated-eardrum-info.html (439 words)

	A comparison of four infrared tympanic thermometers with tympanic membrane temperatures measured by thermocouples -- ...
		A comparison of four infrared tympanic thermometers with tympanic membrane temperatures measured by thermocouples -- Matsukawa et al.
		A comparison of four infrared tympanic thermometers with tympanic membrane temperatures measured by thermocouples
		The tympanic membrane temperatures measured by Thermopit, Quickthermo, and
	www.cja-jca.org /cgi/content/abstract/43/12/1224 (305 words)

	Medical Temperature Measurement Oesophagus esophagus esophageal Rectal Oral Tympanic membrane Axilla Skin medical notes
		Originally, this was done by anesthesiologists during surgery with a probe placed directly against the membrane.
		Since the tympanic membrane and auditory canal are relatively devoid of metabolic activity, the primary determinant of the temperature is that of the carotid artery
		The temperature of the tympanic membrane is relatively protected from the influence of ambient temperatures and is unaffected by smoking, respirations, eating or drinking.
	www.exacon.com /Global/Global22/Global22FR2.html (1538 words)

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