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Topic: Logical types

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	Russell's Theory of Types: Philosophy Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Type 1 consists of classes of individuals, type 2 of classes of classes of individuals, type 3 classes of classes of classes of individuals, and so on and so on.
		Unlike the homogeneous universe, them, in the type hierarchy the members of a given class must all be drawn from a single logical type n, and the class itself must reside in the next higher type n+1.
		Since Rn itself is of type n+1, the paradox breaks down: from the assumption that Rn is not a member of itself (as in fact it is not in the type hierarchy), it no longer follows that it satisfies its own membership conditions, since those conditions apply only to objects of type n.
	forums.philosophyforums.com /thread/576 (637 words)

	THEORY OF LOGICAL TYPES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It states that a class is of a logical type higher (see ordinality) than its members and, because logical types must not be confused, no class can contain itself as a member.
		It provided support on attacks on logical positivism, especially on its verification principle and has inspired inquiries into communication pathologies that arise from the confusion among logical types, e.g., of content and relationship aspects of communications (see double bind).
		However, by exorcising self-reference, the theory of logical types bas retarded the development of theory, largely cognitive theory, in areas where self-reference is prevalent.
	pespmc1.vub.ac.be /ASC/THEORY_TYPES.html (245 words)

	Difference Between Logical Levels and Logical Types? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Over the years, many trainers and theorists in NLP have showed that it is not a logical level system because it does not fit the logical type definitions that even Robert quotes from Bateson and argues for persuasively in many of his works.
		The word "tumbleweed" is of the same logical type as "bush" or "tree." It is not the name of a species or genus of plants; rather, it is the name of a class of plants whose members share a particular style of growth and dissemination.
		This is what we mean by both "logical types" and "logical levels." When we put one state in a "logical" relationship to another state so that one is at a higher level then the higher one is about the other.
	www.neurosemantics.com /Articles/Logical_Types.htm (2298 words)

	NCL data types overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Types classified as numeric types support all of the algebraic functions available in NCL (see Expressions).
		Non-numeric types are types for which there is no numeric value and that cannot be coerced into a numeric type.
		This is important because when a parameter is expected to be a certain type, say float, and an integer variable is passed as the parameter, the integer parameter must be coerced to a float.
	ngwww.ucar.edu /ngdoc/ng/ref/ncl/NclDataTypes.html (1376 words)

	Fachartikel - So called Logical Levels an systemic NLP
		Type is often used synonymously with class or category and refers to "a number of things or persons sharing a particular characteristic, or set of characteristics, that causes them to be regarded as a group, more or less precisely defined or designated." It is the shared characteristic(s) (sameness) that determine the type.
		Type is unspecified, and whenever we hear the word type our meta model challenge should be to ask "type of what specifically?' This is a request for the set of characteristics (sameness) that cause us to group the type together.
		The theory of logical types as developed by Russell was intended to point out a critical difference between certain classes or types (form) and not to focus on the similar characteristics of a particular type (content).
	www.cnlpa.de /presse/loglev.html (11975 words)

	Parameterized Java: Primitive types
		As of version 0.1.5, PolyJava (formerly PJava) allows parameterized types to be instantiated with Java primitive types, or Java array types as their parameters.
		All of the primitive types and array types act as if they implemented a number of methods for the purpose of constraint satisfaction.
		For all numeric types, returns true iff obj is a wrapped-numeric type representing the same number as this.
	www.pmg.lcs.mit.edu /~nickm/PrimitiveTypes.html (550 words)

	Handling Numeric, Complex, and Logical Data Types
		If a C program passes an unsigned data type to a Fortran routine, the routine can accept the argument as the equivalent signed data type, but you should be careful that the range of the signed type is not exceeded.
		The type LOGICAL is the same as LOGICAL(4), which is equivalent to type int in C. You can use a variable of type LOGICAL in an argument list, module, common block, or global variable in Fortran and type int in C for the same argument.
		Type LOGICAL(4) is recommended instead of the shorter variants for use in common blocks.
	www.nersc.gov /vendor_docs/intel/f_ug1/pgwnumdt.htm (475 words)

	Earth Science Data System Working Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These are 'logical' types in that there is no explicit or implicit 1:1 mapping of an instance of a logical data service provider type to a physical entity.
		Because the logical data service provider types are only a few of the possible subsets of the general model, they constitute an open set to which additions (and subtractions) can be readily made as needed to facilitate architecture trade studies or other uses.
		Type 3 ESIPs, members along with DAACs in the ESIP Federation, are currently involved in ESDSWG processes, and at least while they receive some NASA funding can be expected to continue that involvement, and RESACs logically should be involved with ESDSWG in the future.
	seeds.gsfc.nasa.gov /WP6_ESEdsp.htm (13378 words)

	Russell-Myhill Paradox [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		This early form of the theory of types was a version of what has later come to be known as the "simple theory of types" (as opposed to ramified type theory).
		However, on the simple theory of types, propositions are not properties of anything, and thus, they are all in the type of individuals.
		However, it appears that if Frege's logical systems were expanded to include commitment to the realm of sense, to make it possible to refer not only to truth-values and classes, but thoughts and other senses, a version of the antinomy would be provable.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/p/par-rusm.htm (3073 words)

	VHDL Syntax Reference
		The basis of most of the VHDL that you will write is the logical interactions between signals in your modules.
		Most of this is very intuitive, representative of logical functions that you should already know.
		It is a standard VHDL type and is used typically as a variable or as a constant to signify some sort of condition.
	www.cs.ualberta.ca /~amaral/courses/329/labs/VHDL_Reference.html (1094 words)

	Kristen Summers -- Logical Structure Types (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The automated discovery of logical structure in text documents is an important problem that has recently received a good deal of attention; it can enable the creation of flexible and sophisticated document manipulation tools that will greatly increase the impact of electronic documents.
		This paper addresses aspects of the nature of these logical structures, in order to develop categories of structures that reflect the variance in requirements for discovery and the variance in significance for applications.
		The attributes themselves are independent of the choice of particular logical structures to consider in a given application, and their direct implications are discussed.
	www.cs.cornell.edu /Info/People/summers/structures.html (185 words)

	Bibliography on Logical Frameworks
		A modular presentation of modal logics in a logical framework.
		Rewriting logic as a logical and semantical framework.
		On the meanings of the logical constants and the justifications of the logical laws.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs/user/fp/www/lfs-bib.html (8721 words)

	Quantum Politics: Intelligence, Vitality, and The Mathematics of Social Accuracy - Neil Robert Miller imaginenine.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Logical Types ©nrm does for social and political matters, where you're combining "vastly different types of things", what arithmetic does for technical matters, where you're combining "same unit" types of things.
		Logical types is a strictly limited system, bounded in three ways, the three boundaries defining the perimeter of life as we know it.
		"Logical Types © nrm" presents the 'blueprint' so to speak, the 'graph paper', again so to speak, of the actual structure of human intelligence, and the means by which to employ it to find and identify consistency, accuracy, and helpfulness.
	imaginenine.com /quantumpolitics.html (17583 words)

	EMail Msg <9206241549.AA13062@willow.tc.cornell.edu> (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This is the first of several letters addressing some problems I see in his proposal and some general issues for WWW and hypertext which are raised by his list.
		One could also define it as a kind of logical relation - it is a comment on the target.
		To continue the discussion, we might consider whether there are other logical types for links, how to decompose Raisch's links into these categories, and whether to encode presentation in links.
	ksi.cpsc.ucalgary.ca /archives/WWW-TALK/www-talk-1992.messages/112.html (386 words)

	[No title]
		Partial modal logic, as important as it is, is not in themselves sufficient for formulating an adequate model of causation.
		My account of logical knowledge depends on two things: postulating the existence of logically complex situation-types (negative types, disjunctive types, etc.), and postulating that the support relation between tokens and complex types is governed by a four-valued interpretation scheme, namely, the Dunn tables (and their extensions to the first-order case).
		If logic is a precondition of all thought, this may give me a reason to think logically, but it does not (by itself) explain how it is that I know logical truths, or what it is that I am talking about when I am doing logic.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/depts/philosophy/faculty/koons/koonsmmm.html (12237 words)

	IBM Research - Mastery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The logical model is recovered by analyzing the usage of the data in the statements in the program (which are omitted, for brevity).
		Additionally, fields of logical types are linked to fields of declared variables.
		The solid arrows between logical types are associations between the types caused by foreign keys.
	www.research.ibm.com /mastery/details.html (381 words)

	Logical Data Types for Attributes
		Each attribute is defined in the repository with data types, domains, and defaults (in what is sometimes called a fully described data model).
		In other words, what types of persons, organizations, organizational units, places, things, materials, or events are used in or interact with this system, about which data must be captured or maintained?
		RDBM vendors are striving to keep their products in sync with object orientation and are likely to evolve current relational technology to accommodate object structures.
	www.belkcollege.uncc.edu /bnanders/logical.html (1029 words)

	Calling C Routines from HP Fortran 90 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Table 2-10, “Data-Type Correspondence for Fortran 90 and C” lists the corresponding data types for HP Fortran 90 and C. Table 2-10.
		C has no complex numbers, but they are easy to simulate.
		Although the syntax of Fortran's derived types differs from that of C's structures, both languages have similar default packing and alignment rules.
	docs.hp.com /en/5965-4445/ch02s05.html (977 words)

	F90_KIND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		LOGICAL kind selector for logical types occupying only one byte of memory.
		INTEGER kind selector for integer types with at least 16 bits of precision.
		LOGICAL kind selector for logical types occupying the same space as INTEGER(INT16) entities.
	www.nag.co.uk /nagware/np/r50_doc/f90_kind.html (184 words)

	Logical Data Types (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		If a kind parameter is specified, the logical constant has the kind specified.
		If no kind parameter is specified, the kind of the constant is default logical.
		For more information on logical data types, see Logical Constants.
	h18000.www1.hp.com /FORTRAN/docs/vf-html/lref/pgclog.htm (83 words)

	Intersection Types for a Logical Framework - Pfenning (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Abstract: We propose a refinement of the type theory underlying the LF logical framework by a form of subtypes and intersection types.
		4 The strength of the subset type in Martin-Lof's type theory - Salvesen, Smith - 1988
		4 Zeitschrift fur mathematische Logic und Grundlagen der Mathe..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /pfenning92intersection.html (663 words)

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