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Topic: Type I string theory

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	Introduction to "Introduction"
		Strings were originally intended to describe hadrons directly, since the observed spectrum and high-energy behavior of hadrons (linearly rising Regge trajectories, which in a perturbative framework implies the property of hadronic duality) seems realizable only in a string framework.
		Thus, strings may be important for hadronic physics as well as for gravity and unified theories; however, the presently known string models seem to apply only to the latter, since they contain massless particles and have (maximum) spacetime dimension D = 10 (whereas confinement in QCD occurs for D ≤ 4).
		However, in particle field theory, particularly for Yang-Mills, gravity, and supersymmetric theories (all of which are contained in various string theories), significant (and sometimes indispensable) improvements in higher-loop calculations have required techniques using the gauge-invariant field theory action.
	insti.physics.sunysb.edu /~siegel/string.html (2187 words)

	CERN Courier - Testing times for strings - IOP Publishing - article
		String theory replaces all the elementary point particles that form matter and mediate interactions with a single extended object of vanishing width: a tiny "string".
		In this theory, gravity is described by closed strings, which propagate in all nine dimensions of space, while matter and all other Standard Model interactions are described by open strings that end on a particular type of p-brane, called a D-brane (where D stands for Dirichlet), as shown in figure 4 (J Polchinski 1995).
		Type I string theory provides a realization of this idea in a coherent theoretical framework, where the string scale is fixed in the TeV region as required for the stability of the mass hierarchy, corresponding to a size of around 10
	cerncourier.com /main/article/43/6/15 (2725 words)

	Type II string theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The mathematical treatment of type IIA string theory belongs to symplectic topology and algebraic geometry, particularly Gromov-Witten invariants.
		At low energies, type IIB string theory is described by type IIB supergravity in ten dimensions which is a chiral theory (left-right asymmetric) with (2,0) d=10 supersymmetry; the fact that the anomalies in this theory cancel is therefore nontrivial.
		The mathematical treatment of type IIB string theory belongs to algebraic geometry, specifically the deformation theory of complex structures originally studied by Kunihiko Kodaira and Donald C. Spencer.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Type_IIA_string_theory (347 words)

	the nth dimension » tomorrow's theories » types of string theories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The string theory introduced in the 1960s is certainly not as involved by the term today.
		In this theory, the clockwise and counterclockwise vibrations of the strings are opposite.
		The opposite in nature of the type IIA theory, the type IIB string theory has clockwise and counterclockwise vibrations that are the same.
	thenthdimension.com /newphysics/typesof_st.htm (733 words)

	Open Questions: Superstring Theory
		Although string theories automatically avoided the sorts of problems which typically introduce infinities into point particle theories, it is still necessary to prove that string theories don't have new kinds of inifinities of their own.
		Strings in this theory vibrated in a 10-dimensional spacetime.
		Type I string are "unoriented", which means there is no difference in the threory between the two possible directions on the string, whether or not it is closed.
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph001.htm (16849 words)

	Home Page
		String Theory replaces the point particle with something that does not inscribe a point and as such avoids the singularity problem that normally generates infinities as an answer.
		String Theory is also the only theory where General Relativity not only can be combined with it.
		The subject of string theory arose in the late 1960's in an attempt to describe strong nuclear forces.
	www.superstringtheory.fanspace.com (1019 words)

	A timeline of mathematics and theoretical physics
		Einstein, with Hilbert in stiff competition, publishes his stunning General Theory of Relativity, and is lucky enough to be able to find observational support for his theory right away, in the perihelial advance of Mercury, and the deflection of starlight by the Sun.
		Susskind generalizes this idea and applies it to string theory in his paper The World as a Hologram, and the Holographic Principle is born.
		Joseph Polchinski ignites the D-brane revolution in string theory with his paper describing extended objects in string theory formed by dual open strings with Dirichlet boundary conditions.
	superstringtheory.com /history/history3.html (2102 words)

	Is there a more fundamental theory?
		D branes are important in understanding fl holes in string theory, especially in counting the quantum states that lead to fl hole entropy, which was a very big accomplishment for string theory.
		Before string theory won the full attention of the theoretical physics community, the most popular unified theory was an eleven dimensional theory of supergravity, which is supersymmetry combined with gravity.
		The type IIA theory appears to be a ten dimensional theory in the normal perturbative limit, but reveals an extra space dimension, and an equivalence to M theory, in the limit of very strong coupling.
	www.superstringtheory.com /basics/basic7.html (677 words)

	Superstring Theory
		Construction of the superstring theory starts with the "Action Principle", which confines the movement of the string such that the world sheet sweeps out a minimum area (similar to the shorest distance for the case of point particle).
		In the open string case, the left- and right-mover oscillator terms are not independent, having been linked by the boundary condition, and a separation into left and right movers is not particularly useful.
		Type I - Type I theory was formulated by Green and Schwarz in 1980.
	universe-review.ca /R15-18-string.htm (8365 words)

	other guitar forums - Page 2 - Jemsite
		In the early 1990s, it was shown that the various superstring theories were related by dualities, which allow physicists to relate the description of an object in one string theory to the description of a different object in another theory.
		The Type IIA string theory and the Type IIB string theory are connected by T-duality; this means, essentially, that the IIA string theory description of a circle of radius R is exactly the same as the IIB description of a circle of radius 1/R, where distances are measured in units of the Planck length.
		String theorists have found strong evidence that the two theories are really the same, even away from the extremely strong and extremely weak limits, but they do not yet have a proof strong enough to satisfy mathematicians.
	www.jemsite.com /forums/showthread.php?p=580939 (2098 words)

	Type I string theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In theoretical physics, type I string theory is one of five consistent supersymmetric string theories in ten dimensions.
		It can be obtained as an orientifold of type IIB string theory, with 32 half-D9-branes added in the vacuum to cancel various anomalies.
		At low energies, type I string theory is described by the N=1 supergravity (type I supergravity) in ten dimensions coupled to the SO(32) supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Type_I_string (194 words)

	SUPERSTRINGS! String Duality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The five superstring theories appear to be very different when viewed in terms of their descriptions in weakly coupled perturbation theory.
		The other S-duality in 10 dimensions is the self duality of the IIB string: the strong coupling limit of the IIB string is another weakly coupled IIB string theory.
		The dualities between the various string theories provide strong evidence that they are simply different descriptions of the same underlying theory.
	www.sukidog.com /jpierre/strings/duality.htm (423 words)

	[No title]
		The M-Theory is a theory of physics, which is believed to integrate and oversimplify the various superstring theories.
		In the early 1990s, it was shown that the various superstring theories were related by dualities, which enabled physicists to relate the descriptions of one object in one string theory to other objects in other theories.
		Before 1995, there were exactly five consistent superstring theories, which are the Type I string theory, the Type IIA string theory, the Type IIB string theory, the heterotic SO(32) string theory, and the heterotic E8XE8 string theory.
	www.angelfire.com /planet/rosslong/mtheory.html (606 words)

	GUTs: The Five Types
		The presence of these virtual string pairs, though ephemeral, is enough to effect calculations involving string interactions.
		It is different for each of the five string theories, none of which is known.
		It was soon discovered that Type IIB string theory is self-dual, meaning that reciprocal values for its coupling constant yield matching results.
	library.thinkquest.org /25886/yfivetype.htm (453 words)

	Amihay Hanany, (MIT), Magnetic Monopoles in Type I' String Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Amihay Hanany, (MIT), Magnetic Monopoles in Type I' String Theory
		Audio for this talk requires sound hardware, and RealPlayer or RealAudio by RealNetworks.
		To begin viewing slides, click on the first slide below.
	online.itp.ucsb.edu /online/susy_c99/hanany (41 words)

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