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Topic: Type II string

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	Type II string theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In theoretical physics, type II string theory is a unified term that includes both type IIA strings and type IIB strings.
		At low energies, type IIA string theory is described by type IIA supergravity in ten dimensions which is a non-chiral theory (i.e.
		At low energies, type IIB string theory is described by type IIB supergravity in ten dimensions which is a chiral theory (left-right asymmetric) with (2,0) d=10 supersymmetry; the fact that the anomalies in this theory cancel is therefore nontrivial.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Type_IIA_string (277 words)

	M-theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Type IIA string theory and the Type IIB string theory are connected by T-duality; this means, essentially, that the IIA string theory description of a circle of radius R is exactly the same as the IIB description of a circle of radius 1/R. This is a profound result.
		The Type I string theory is related to the heterotic SO(32) theory by S-duality; this means that the Type I description of weakly interacting particles can also be seen as the heterotic SO(32) description of very strongly interacting particles.
		String theorists have found strong evidence that the two theories are really the same, even away from the extremely strong and extremely weak limits, but they do not yet have a proof strong enough to satisfy mathematicians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/M-theory (1574 words)

	Type II string -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In (Click link for more info and facts about theoretical physics) theoretical physics, type II string theory is a unified term that includes both type IIA strings and type IIB strings.
		At low energies, type IIA string theory is described by type IIA (Click link for more info and facts about supergravity) supergravity in ten dimensions which is a non- (Click link for more info and facts about chiral) chiral theory (i.e.
		In the 1990s it was realized that type II string theory with the string coupling constant is equivalent to the same theory with the coupling.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/ty/type_ii_string1.htm (337 words)

	Read about String theory at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research String theory and learn about String theory here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For this reason, string theories are able to avoid problems associated with the presence of pointlike particles in a physical theory.
		String theory was originally invented to explain certain peculiarities of hadron behavior.
		Eventually, we may be able to observe strings in a meaningful way, or at least to gain substantial insight by observing cosmological phenomena which may elucidate string physics.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/String_theory (1899 words)

	Articles - String theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		String theory is a model of fundamental physics whose building blocks are one-dimensional extended objects (strings) rather than the zero-dimensional points (particles) that are the basis of the Standard Model of particle physics.
		String theories which include fermionic vibrations are now known as superstring theories; several different kinds have been described.
		Since string theory may not be tested in the foreseeable future, some scientists have asked if it even deserves to be called a scientific theory: it is not yet a falsifiable theory in the sense of Popper.
	www.lastring.com /articles/String_theory (2685 words)

	[No title]
		Type IIA and Type IIB superstring theory have a vector x spinor and spinor x vector which are the gauge fields for the local supersymmetry.
		Type II strings are also related to a type of bosonic string called Type 0.
		Since Type IIA and Type IIB string theories have only closed strings, the string states don't give rise to bosons, except of course for the graviton which is intrinsic in all closed strings.
	www.geocities.com /jefferywinkler/beyondstandardmodel9.html (3355 words)

	week72
		However, the string-string duality conjecture in six dimensions states that the strongly coupled limit of a Heterotic string theory in six dimensions on a four-torus is equivalent to a weakly coupled Type II string theory in six-dimensions on K3.
		Similarly, it states that the strongly coupled limit of a Type II theory in six dimensions on K3 is equivalent to a weakly coupled Heterotic string theory in six-dimensions on a four-torus.
		Similarly, as a strongly coupled E8 x E8 Heterotic string theory in ten-dimensions is equivalent to the low energy limit of M-Theory on a "large" S^1/Z_2, the low energy limit of M-Theory on S^1/Z_2 x T^4 should be equivalent to a weakly coupled Type II string theory on K3.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/week72.html (1916 words)

	Articles - Superstring theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Superstring theory is a shorthand for "supersymmetric string theory" because unlike bosonic string theory, it is the version of string theory that incorporates fermions and supersymmetry.
		The graviton (the proposed messenger particle of the gravitational force), for example, is predicted by the theory to be a string with wave amplitude zero.
		The heterotic string theories are based on a peculiar hybrid of a type I superstring and a bosonic string.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Superstring_theory?mySession=da9d7ae11b95da6c4177b76de5fc19d7 (932 words)

	Superstring Theory
		In the open string case, the left- and right-mover oscillator terms are not independent, having been linked by the boundary condition, and a separation into left and right movers is not particularly useful.
		It was found in the 1960s that the spin (or angular momentum) of a family of resonances (short-lived elementary particles) is related to the square of mass by a simple line on a graph, which is known as Regge trajectory.
		Type I - Type I theory was formulated by Green and Schwarz in 1980.
	universe-review.ca /R15-18-string.htm (7731 words)

	Luboš Motl's reference frame: Astronomers prove string theory?
		The gravitational field of a cosmic string in 3+1 dimensions is simple - the spacetime is flat everywhere except for the locus of the string, but it has a deficit angle, much like a usual cone (multiplied by two more flat dimensions along the stringy worldsheet).
		This fits the estimate for the tension that you expect from some GUT cosmic strings or the fundamental strings in string theory themselves - in the nearly old-fashioned models where the string scale is close to the GUT scale.
		String theory obviously offers several explanations - from the ordinary ones (cosmic strings from spontaneously broken gauge group) to the super-exciting ones, namely the fundamental superstrings grown to a macroscopic size.
	motls.blogspot.com /2004/12/astronomers-prove-string-theory.html (3270 words)

	ETH ITP - Center for Theoretical Studies
		The series of lectures on String Theory held during the Winter term 2000/2001 is aimed at the dissemination of new and exciting developments of the field.
		The subject of the talk is the correspondence between gauge theories and string theory (in the (super)gravity limit) away from the conformal point.
		String theory is the leading candidate for a quantum theory that unifies gravity with other forces.
	www.itp.phys.ethz.ch /cts/stringtheorie.html (1043 words)

	Introduction and summary
		In the context of type II strings, we will see that many, and possibly all, of these Calabi--Yau vacua are in fact different branches of a vastly larger ``universal'' moduli space.
		The key to understanding this transition is in a recent resolution [12] of simple conifold singularities in type II string theory.
		First, as mentioned, type II string vacua which were previously thought to be disjoint are now seen to fit together into a connected web with string physics smoothly interpolating from one component to another.
	www.cgtp.duke.edu /~drm/condensation/node1.html (1028 words)

	[No title]
		The type int is an "abstract data type" i.
		The parameter type is Object const & because of 1.
		This type of modification is done in an inheritance hierarchy using the dynamic_cast operator.
	www.ship.edu /~jcthom/schedule/csc210/Notes/Ch5DatTypsAbstr.html (1214 words)

	Type II models on Calabi-Yau (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The difference of the type IIA theory and the type IIB theory is mainly that for type IIA p must be even and for type IIB it is odd.
		It turns out that in type IIA they correspond to vector multiplets, while in type IIB they are related to the vector multiplets in the effective theory.
		The manifestation of the spectrum of the type II string theories on the Calabi-Yau can be seen quite directly from a dimensional reduction of the effective field theory.
	www.phys.uu.nl /~hofman/scriptie/duality/node41.html (1276 words)

	List Of Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We construct type II A brane configuration of $N=(4,4)$ supersymmetric two dimensional gauge theory with gauge group $U(1)$ and $N_f$ hypermultiplets in the fundamental representation.
		Using the recent proposal for the observables in open string field theory, we explicitly compute the coupling of closed string tachyon and massless states with the open string states up to level two.
		Type II NS5-brane (M5-brane) in the presence of RR n-form for n=0,..., 4 (C field) in this time-dependent background have also been studied.
	theory.ipm.ac.ir /papers/alishah.html (2759 words)

	heterotic string theory concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		has definition Gross's version of string theory in which space-times of different dimensions are associated with the same closed loop.
		) - One of the five superstring theories; involves closed strings whose right-moving vibrations resemble those of the Type II string and whose left-moving vibrations involve those of the bosonic string.
		heterotic o-string theory (3 facts) (O(32)) - One of the five superstring theories; involves closed strings whose right-moving vibrations resemble those of the Type II string and whose left-moving vibrations involve those of the bosonic string.
	www.csi.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/heteroticstringtheory.html (163 words)

	BCDE Seminar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Abstract: Abstract: String Topology was introduced a few years ago by M. Chas and D. Sullivan, who defined a new algebraic structure, that of a BV-algebra, on the homology of the free loop space in a compact manifold.
		A subtlety in the physics of the open string B model has the effect of physically realizing certain spectral sequences abutting to Ext groups, so that the vertex operators turn out to be in one-to-one correspondence with Ext group elements rather than with the cohomology classes appearing as the E_2 terms.
		In particular, a connection of M-theory on a class of G_2 holonomy spaces to Type II string theory on a class of Calabi-Yau spaces (resolved and deformed conifolds) is highlighted.
	www.math.uiuc.edu /~ersharpe/pastseminar.html (3681 words)

	Enhanced Gauge Symmetry in Type II String Theory - Katz, Morrison, Plesser (ResearchIndex)
		Abstract: this paper the case in which the curve of singularities is smooth and irreducible, the singularity type is constant along the entire curve, and G = Z=NZ so that the singularity is of type AN \Gamma1.
		An example with two intersecting curves of singularities was discussed (from a different point of view) in [12]; examples in which the singularity type is allowed to change along the curve are currently under study [18].
		8 The Heterotic String is a Soliton (context) - Harvey, Strominger - 1995
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /katz96enhanced.html (1136 words)

	Luboš Motl's reference frame: Albion and Bernard: talks
		Yesterday, Albion Lawrence gave a pretty interesting and very well-prepared Duality Seminar on his work with John McGreevy (who is visiting us, too) about soft SUSY breaking terms from FI D-terms in type II string theory.
		He explained the basic stuff how you construct N=1 vacua from type II strings on Calabi-Yau.
		Type II strings on Calabi-Yau have N=2 SUSY to start with, with hypermultiplets and vector multiplets whose number is given by the Hodge numbers, and you can add D-branes (D6-branes in type IIA or D(2k-1)-branes in type IIB), which breaks N=2 to N=1, and adds some adjoint or bifundamental chiral multiplets
	motls.blogspot.com /2004/11/albion-and-bernard-talks.html (526 words)

	String Geometry Seminar (abstracts)
		General off-shell boundary states in the B model are believed to correspond to objects in the derived category of coherent sheaves, and open string modes are believed to correspond to RHom's.
		(3) Matrix String, hence IIA string, is a consequence of $Z_N$ orbifold.
		(4) IIB string is a consequence of $Z_N^2$ orbifold.
	www.math.utah.edu /~jfernand/sgs/abstracts.html (636 words)

	Dilaton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Although string theory naturally incorporates Kaluza-Klein theory, perturbative string theories, such as type I string theory, type II string theory and heterotic string theory, already contain the dilaton in the maximal number of 10 dimensions.
		Therefore the coupling constant is a dynamical variable in string theory, unlike the case of quantum field theory where it is constant.
		However, supersymmetry breaking usually creates a potential energy for the scalar fields and the scalar fields localize near a minimum whose position should in principle be calculable in string theory.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/D/Dilaton.htm (349 words)

	heterotic o-string theory Comparison Table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		abstraction > hypothesis > theory > unified theory > string theory > superstring theory > heterotic string theory > heterotic o-string theory
		Gross's version of string theory in which space-times of different dimensions are associated with the same closed loop.
		One of the five superstring theories; involves closed strings whose right-moving vibrations resemble those of the Type II string and whose left-moving vibrations involve those of the bosonic string.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/heterotico-stringtheory_table.html (102 words)

	Sheldon Katz, UIUC Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		String Theory: String theory seeks to unify quantum field theory and general relativity.
		String and M-theory dualities also lead to dualities of supersymmetric quantum field theories and deep connections to geometry.
		Specific topics include Gromov-Witten theory, which is identified with topological string amplitudes, and toric varieties, which are closely related to Witten's gauged linear sigma model.
	www.physics.uiuc.edu /People/Faculty/profiles/Katz (383 words)

	Tachyons can change topology - Physics Help and Math Help - Physics Forums
		Instead of the 2-dimensional handles of the\ncylindrical type, there may be many higher-dimensional analogues of the\ncylinder although most of us so far seem to have trouble to find working\nhigher-dimensional examples.
		Instead of the\n2-dimensional handles of the cylindrical type, there may be many\nhigher-dimensional analogues of the cylinder although most of us\nso far seem to have trouble to find working higher-dimensional\nexamples.
		It\'s type II string theory compactified on a\nRiemann surface down to 8 dimensions.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=62349 (4239 words)

	Recent developments in superstring theory -- Schwarz 95 (6): 2750 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		String theories that have a symmetry relating bosons and fermions, called "supersymmetry," are called "superstring" theories.
		The first example (32) is a configuration of NS5-branes and D4-branes in type IIA theory depicted in Fig.
		There is a string theory without fermions or supersymmetry, called the "bosonic string".
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/6/2750 (6929 words)

	Almost Contact Manifolds And Type Ii String Equations - Friedrich, Ivanov (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Abstract: We classify locally homogeneous quasi-Sasakian manifolds in dimension five that admit a parallel spinor / of algebraic type F \Delta / = 0 with respect to the unique connection r preserving the quasi-Sasakian structure and with totally skew-symmetric torsion.
		On Types of Non-Integrable Geometries - Friedrich (2003)
		Friedrich and S. Ivanov, Almost contact manifolds and type II string equations, math.dg/0111131.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /614411.html (524 words)

	MKaku.org \| Articles \| “The Physics of Extra-Terrestrial Civilizations” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Dyson has proposed that a Type II civilization may even build a gigantic sphere around their star to more efficiently utilize its total energy output.
		Perhaps the only serious threat to a Type II civilization would be a nearby supernova explosion, whose sudden eruption could scorch their planet in a withering blast of X-rays, killing all life forms.
		Lastly, there is also the possibility that a Type II or Type III civilization might be able to reach the fabled Planck energy with their machines (10^19 billion electron volts).
	www.mkaku.org /articles/physics_of_alien_civs.shtml (3034 words)

	Before the flood \| The String Coffee Table
		, as conventional in the string literature, is supposed to be a mode of the worldsheet supercurrent.
		Interestingly, it is coauthored by the author of the notes you are using in the string seminar.
		Some attempts were made to understand string theory based on loop space geometry [2], but this had limitations because the needed geometrical tools are not available.
	golem.ph.utexas.edu /string/archives/000322.html (6109 words)

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