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	String theory - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		String theory is a model of fundamental physics whose building blocks are one-dimensional extended objects (strings) rather than the zero-dimensional points (particles) that are the basis of the Standard Model of particle physics.
		String theories which include fermionic vibrations are now known as superstring theories; several different kinds have been described.
		Since string theory may not be tested in the foreseeable future, some scientists have asked if it even deserves to be called a scientific theory: it is not yet a falsifiable theory in the sense of Popper.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/s/t/r/String_theory.html (2690 words)

	String theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		String theory is a model of fundamental physics whose building blocks are one-dimensional extended objects (strings) rather than the zero-dimensional points (particles) that are the basis of the Standard Model of particle physics.
		String theories which include fermionic vibrations are now known as superstring theories; several different kinds have been described.
		Since string theory may not be tested in the foreseeable future, some scientists have asked if it even deserves to be called a scientific theory: it is not yet a falsifiable theory in the sense of Popper.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/String_theory (2656 words)

	M-theory - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		It was shown in the early 1990s that the various superstring theories were related by dualities, which allowed physicists to relate the description of an object in one string theory to the description of a different object in another theory.
		The Type IIA string theory and the Type IIB string theory are connected by T-duality; this means, essentially, that the IIA string theory description of a circle of radius R is exactly the same as the IIB description of a circle of radius 1/R. This is a profound result.
		String theorists have found strong evidence that the two theories are really the same, even away from the extremely strong and extremely weak limits, but they do not yet have a proof strong enough to satisfy mathematicians.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/M-theory (1749 words)

	Superstring theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Superstring theory is an attempt to explain all of the particles and fundamental forces of nature in one theory by modeling them as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric strings.
		Superstring theory is a shorthand for "supersymmetric string theory" because unlike bosonic string theory, it is the version of string theory that incorporates fermions and supersymmetry.
		The graviton (the proposed messenger particle of the gravitational force), for example, is predicted by the theory to be a string with wave amplitude zero.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Superstring_theory (950 words)

	String
		String Cheese Incident The String Cheese Incident, one of the forefront bands of the bass guitar; born 5 February 1965)...
		String field theory String field theory is a proposal to define quantum field theory with infinitely many fields which a...
		String quartet A string quartet is a string musical instruments or a piece written to be performed by such a group.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/string.html (1209 words)

	How are string theories related?
		String theories feature two kinds of perturbative expansions: an expansion in powers of the string parameter a' in the conformal field theory on the two-dimensional string worldsheet, and a quantum loop expansion for string scattering amplitudes in d-dimensional spacetime.
		Type IIB superstring theory is S-dual to itself, so the strong and weak coupling limits are the same.
		At very strong coupling, heterotic SO(32) string theory has excitations that are open strings, but these open strings are highly unstable in the weakly coupled limit of the theory, which is the limit in which heterotic string theory is commonly understood.
	www.superstringtheory.com /basics/basic6a1.html (676 words)

	Type II string -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Both theories have the maximal amount of ((physics) a theory that tries to link the four fundamental forces) supersymmetry — namely 32 (Click link for more info and facts about supercharge) supercharges — in ten dimensions.
		At low energies, type IIA string theory is described by type IIA (Click link for more info and facts about supergravity) supergravity in ten dimensions which is a non- (Click link for more info and facts about chiral) chiral theory (i.e.
		In the 1990s it was realized that type II string theory with the string coupling constant is equivalent to the same theory with the coupling.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/ty/type_ii_string1.htm (337 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Type II string theory
		The mathematical treatment of type IIA string theory belongs to symplectic topology and algebraic geometry, particularly Gromov-Witten invariants.
		At low energies, type IIB string theory is described by type IIB supergravity in ten dimensions which is a chiral theory (left-right asymmetric) with (2,0) d=10 supersymmetry; the fact that the anomalies in this theory cancel is therefore nontrivial.
		The mathematical treatment of type IIB string theory belongs to algebraic geometry, specifically the deformation theory of complex structures originally studied by Kunihiko Kodaira and Donald C. Spencer.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Type_II_string_theory (351 words)

	4.2 String theory
		Unlike supergravity, string theory appears to be a consistent and well-defined theory of quantum gravity, and therefore calculating the value of the cosmological constant should, at least in principle, be possible.
		More generally, it is now understood that (at least in some circumstances) string theory obeys the ``holographic principle'', the idea that a theory with gravity in D dimensions is equivalent to a theory without gravity in D -1 dimensions [235, 234].
		Kachru, Kumar and Silverstein [139] have constructed such a string theory, and argue that the perturbative contributions to the cosmological constant should vanish (although the actual calculations are somewhat delicate, and not everyone agrees [136]).
	relativity.livingreviews.org /Articles/lrr-2001-1/node18.html (902 words)

	Read about String theory at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research String theory and learn about String theory here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		String theory was originally invented to explain certain peculiarities of hadron behavior.
		In this sense, string theory is still in a "larval stage": it possesses many features of mathematical interest, and it may yet become supremely important in our understanding of the Universe, but it requires further developments before it can become verifiable.
		These developments may be in the theory itself, such as new methods of performing calculations and deriving predictions, or they may be advances in experimental science, which make formerly ungraspable quantities measurable.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/String_theory (1899 words)

	[No title]
		One of the features of string theory that the non-experts often misunderstand is its unity and inevitability of its conclusions.
		But the principle is clear: when you study string theory carefully enough, all questions are eventually matched by clear answers, much like the question which numbers greater than 100 and smaller than 120 are primes.
		In a certain sense, string theory can't be an approximation of the truth.
	www.blogger.com /feeds/8666091/posts/default/114307538320392460 (1314 words)

	Maldacena conjecture and holographic principle
		Consider N coincident D-3-branes of type IIB string theory in the large N limit.
		The Maldacena conjecture states that type IIB string theory on
		The holographic principle conjectures that in a consistent quantum theory of gravity, the fundamental quantum degrees of freedom reside at the boundary of space time and not in the interior; futhermore, there is
	www.mit.edu /~nleonard/x/xdiv/string/node8.html (130 words)

	Type II string - Linix Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		In theoretical physics, type II string theory is a unified term that includes both type IIA strings and type IIB strings.
		At low energies, type IIA string theory is described by type IIA supergravity in ten dimensions which is a non-chiral theory (i.e.
		At low energies, type IIB string theory is described by type IIB supergravity in ten dimensions which is a chiral theory (left-right asymmetric) with (2,0) d=10 supersymmetry; the fact that the anomalies in this theory cancel is therefore nontrivial.
	web.linix.ca /pedia/index.php/Type_IIA_string (281 words)

	Towards a Field Theory of F-theory
		The SL(2,IZ) duality transformations of type IIB supergravity are shown to be anomalous in generic F-theory backgrounds due to the anomalous transformation of the phase of the chiral fermion determinant.
		The massive IIA string theory whose low energy limit is the massive supergravity theory constructed by Romans is obtained from M-theory compactified on a 2-torus bundle over a circle in a limit in which the volume of the bundle shrinks to zero.
		The massive string theories in 9-dimensions given by Scherk-Schwarz reduction of IIB string theory are interpreted as F-theory compactified on 2-torus bundles over a circle.
	philenid.tripod.com /Pastor/Physics/F-Theory2.htm (2945 words)

	type IIB string theory Comparison Table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		A proposal for the ultimate laws of nature, a "theory of everything," stemming primarily from discoveries in the mid 1980's.
		The fundamental entity in this theory is an ultramicroscopic string-like object, with a length of typically 10
		The simplest predictions of superstring theory concern processes at the Planck energy, and so far very little is known about the consequences of string theory at lower energies.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/typeIIBstringtheory_table.html (140 words)

	How are string theories related?
		String theories feature two kinds of perturbative expansions: an expansion in powers of the string parameter a' in the conformal field theory on the two-dimensional string worldsheet, and a quantum loop expansion for string scattering amplitudes in d-dimensional spacetime.
		Type IIB superstring theory is S-dual to itself, so the strong and weak coupling limits are the same.
		At very strong coupling, heterotic SO(32) string theory has excitations that are open strings, but these open strings are highly unstable in the weakly coupled limit of the theory, which is the limit in which heterotic string theory is commonly understood.
	superstringtheory.com /basics/basic6a1.html (676 words)

	Type I string - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		In theoretical physics, type I string theory is one of five consistent supersymmetric string theories in ten dimensions.
		At low energies, type I string theory is described by the N=1 supergravity (type I supergravity) in ten dimensions coupled to the SO(32) supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory.
		In the 1990s it was realized that type I string theory with the string coupling constant $g is equivalent to the SO(32) heterotic$ string with the coupling $1/g .$
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Type_I_string (162 words)

	Re: Anti D-branes?
		There are various T-dual theories to type I string theory - for example the singly-T-dual theory is called type IA or type I' (an orientifold of type IIA) and it has orientifold 8-planes.
		F-theory is a Cumrun Vafa's newer (1996) limit of string/M/F-theory that is physically equivalent to type IIB string theory on a nontrivial background, but it allows one to use a lot of insights about the complex geometry.
		Type IIB string theory has a complex constant tau = i/g_{string} + axion/(2.pi) where axion (also C_0) is a periodic scalar from the Ramond-Ramond sector whose periodicity is 2.pi (it couples to D(-1)-branes, i.e.
	www.lns.cornell.edu /spr/2003-11/msg0056959.html (1301 words)

	String networks
		Then (1,0) strings are all horizontal, (0,1) strings are all vertical, (1,1) strings are at a 45 degree angle, etc. And of course, they're all in a single plane.
		String networks are embedded in space, while spin networks are supposed to represent states of space.
		String networks are coupled to all of the other fields of Type IIB, while spin networks seem to only involve gravity.
	www.lns.cornell.edu /spr/2001-06/msg0033716.html (1084 words)

	Home Page
		String Theory replaces the point particle with something that does not inscribe a point and as such avoids the singularity problem that normally generates infinities as an answer.
		String Theory is also the only theory where General Relativity not only can be combined with it.
		The subject of string theory arose in the late 1960's in an attempt to describe strong nuclear forces.
	www.superstringtheory.fanspace.com (1019 words)

	F-theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		In physics, in the context of string theory, F-theory is formally a 12-dimensional theory, but the only way to obtain an acceptable background is to compactify this theory on a two-torus.
		The SL(2,Z) S-duality symmetry of the resulting type IIB string theory is manifest because it arises as the group of large diffeomorphisms of the two-dimensional torus.
		For example, a subclass of the K3 manifolds is elliptically fibered, and F-theory on K3 is dual to heterotic string theory on a two-torus.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/F/F-theory.htm (251 words)

	Luboš Motl's reference frame: Types and meaning of the branes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		In a similar way, the fundamental strings in string theory are examples of (relativistic) 1-branes because they have 1 spatial dimension plus one time - these two dimensions together form the worldsheet, a history spanned by the oscillating strings in spacetime.
		This argument was known to pick the relativistic strings as a special kind of object - and the spacetime observables like the scattering amplitudes could have been calculated from the correlators of some operators in a two-dimensional conformal field theory, a special kind of quantum field theory defined on the two-dimensional worldsheet.
		These open strings therefore only have either momentum (for the open strings ending on the space-filling brane - which is a D25-brane for bosonic strings or a D9-brane for the ten-dimensional superstrings), or winding (for the open strings ending on the sheet, the codimension one D-brane), and these two integers are interchanged by T-duality.
	motls.blogspot.com /2005/01/types-and-meaning-of-branes.html (3825 words)

	Citations: Type-IIB Superstrings, BPS Monopoles, And Three Dimensional Gauge Dynamics - Hanany, Witten (ResearchIndex)
		One of the aims of this paper is to apply this idea to the families of dual theories (called A and B models) introduced and analyzed in [3] 1) The A model has U(k) gauge group, n....
		A similar brane configurations in type IIA string theory which responsible for dualities of fourdimensional (d=4) supersymmetric Yang Mills theories (Seiberg dualities) was found by Elitzer et al.
		We note that the method of intersecting branes in IIA and IIB string theories and in some cases their M theory description have been applied to the study of supersymmetric field theories in various dimensions in [21 36]....
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/541819/0 (1090 words)

	MINI-WORKSHOP ON STRING THEORY AND RELATED TOPICS
		The Maldacena conjecture states that (type IIB) String Theory on the product of an anti-de-Sitter (AdS) and a compact space is, in some sense, equivalent to a certain (super) conformal theory on the boundary of AdS, i.e., Minkowski space.
		One of the conceptual advances around and after Strings-95 is to understand how to go beyond perturbative String Theory as part of an as yet poorly understood non-perturbative theory called M-theory.
		This generalizes supergravity with n supercharges on the worldline to a theory with a larger local symmetry.
	www.physics.adelaide.edu.au /itp/workshops/Strings_98_sched.html (937 words)

	t duality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		T-duality is a symmetry of string theory, relating type IIA and type IIB string theory, and the two heterotic string theories.
		Under the transformation, the radius R of that direction will be changed to 1/R, and "wrapped" string states will be exchanged with high-momentum string states in the dual theory.
		A IIA string with a winding number of two (i.e., wrapped twice) will be mapped to a IIB string with two units of momentum, and so on.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /t_duality.html (255 words)

	List Of Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The effective action for the low energy scattering of two gravitons with a D-brane in the presence of a constant antisytmetric $B$ field in bosonic string theory is calculated and the modification to the standard D-brane action to first order in $\alpha'$ is obtained.
		It is shown that whereas the quantum corrections to N=1 sector of the theory are not affected by the C-deformation, the non(anti)commutativity parameter C receives one-loop perturbative corrections.
		The inflationary brane is either a D3- or a D5-brane of type IIB string theory.
	theory.ipm.ac.ir /papers/ahmad.html (406 words)

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