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Topic: Type checks

	4.5.3 Weakened Type Checking
		A type check is weakened by changing the check to be for some convenient supertype of the asserted type.
		Although weakened type checking is similar to type checking done by other compilers, it is sometimes safer and sometimes less safe.
		Weakened checking is sometimes somewhat unsafe because although the check is weakened, the precise type is still input into type inference.
	www.umiacs.umd.edu /~resnik/ling645_sp2002/cmu_manual/node99.html (348 words)

	United States Revenue Stamped Paper - the Two Cent Civil War Designs
		Type B also exists with various clauses reminding the user that the two-cent tax was only sufficient when the instrument was used for certain purposes.
		Type D is also known printed on the back of the check, but no copy is available for illustration at this time.
		Type L is the last of the Carpenter designs, featuring a bust of Washington facing left, as in Type K, but with a smaller frame.
	www.rdhinstl.com /rn/rn.htm (4060 words)

	PC-lint/FlexeLint Strong Type Checking
		User-defined types match only through the nominal type, not through the underlying type as is done with C. In other words, typedefs are ignored in C and C++ for the purpose of determining type compatibility.
		Being a parent to a child type is similar to being a base type to a derived type in an object-oriented system with one difference.
		Note that the type of a binary operator is the type of the most restrictive type of the type hierarchy (i.e., the child rather than the parent).
	www.gimpel.com /html/strong.htm (3961 words)

	[No title]
		Type checking is not precise, since the argument type checks will be for the most general type legal for that argument.
		Any type declarations on the argument variables are used as the argument types in the derived function type, and the compiler's best guess for the result type of the function is used as the result type in the derived function type.
		Type inference often allows the compiler to prove that a value is of the correct type, and thus no type check is necessary.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/ram/OldFiles/papers/type.mss (4470 words)

	C Checker Reference Manual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Type checking is relevant to two main areas of C. It ensures that all declarations referring to the same object are consistent (clearly a pre-requisite for a well-defined program).
		Objects of enumerated type are specified by the ISO C standard to be compatible with an implementation-defined integer type.
		The importance of function type checking in C lies in the conversions which can result from type mismatches between the arguments in a function call and the parameter types assumed by its definition or between the specified type of the function return and the values returned within the function definition.
	www.tendra.org /documentation/tdfc.html (14644 words)

	On the Revival of Dynamic Languages \| Lambda the Ultimate
		I can tell you precisely what the actual costs of dynamic typing relative to static typing are if we stipulate, as you did, that they were functionally equivalent apart from being in different phases: given the static language, the customer will never see them; given the dynamic language, the customer might.
		Types are also a good form of documentation (and I've noticed that library documentation in dynamically-typed languages usually includes precise type information in the comments).
		But this has absolutely nothing to do with their type systems- it is perfectly plausible to write an interpreter for a strictly compile time type checked language, as the Ocaml top level interpreter shows.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /node/view/852 (8334 words)

	Adding Optional Static Typing to Python -- Part II
		When in doubt, the type checking should pass; the dynamic type checking that's "always on" in Python should catch those cases as least as well as they are handled currently.
		A type T2 is a subtype of a type T1 if T2 defines the same methods as T1, plus perhaps some new ones; also if T2 makes certain modifications to the signatures of methods defined by T1, while satisfying the Liskov substitution principle: a T2 instance should be acceptable whenever a T1 instance is acceptable.
		Each class implicitly defines a type, but often a subclass does not define a subtype of its base class's type, since subclasses often violate contravariance: methods taking an argument of the same class are often refined in a subclass to expect an instance of that subclass as argument.
	www.artima.com /weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=86641 (4608 words)

	4.6 Getting Existing Programs to Run
		(prog (foo) (declare (type (or fixnum null) foo)) (setq foo...)...)
		If this example is compiled with full type checks (the default), then running it will signal a type error at the end of the loop.
		Such errors are sometimes flagged by unreachable code notes (see section 5.4.5), but it is still important to initially compile any system with full type checks, even if the system works fine when compiled using other compilers.
	www.umiacs.umd.edu /~resnik/ling645_sp2002/cmu_manual/node100.html (660 words)

	merd's home page
		Alas, they miss static checks, Ruby being a dynamically typed languages, very few checks are done at compile-time, making medium to big programs hard to maintain.
		Dylan is an example of mixing dynamic typing and explicit typing (or in Scheme, bigloo)
		Some research has been done to mix compile-time type checking with types known at run-time (Dynamic types in ML and haskell).
	merd.sourceforge.net (666 words)

	As-U-Type's Main Features
		As-U-Type checks and alerts you to any mistake that you may make while typing both audibly and visually so you can optionally take immediate action.
		Since most of your mistakes are recognized (especially if you give As-U-Type enough time to learn and adapt to your typing habits), this feature alone will greatly minimize your mistakes and save you lots of time.
		The detailed information shows your typing habits and mistake patterns, and may help you improve your writing and typing skills.
	www.asutype.com /features.html (615 words)

	[No title]
		The dateline on the used piece includes "Chicago." Now, since all deliveries of the O type were made in September and October, 1874, it seems illogical to conclude that a second printing was required due to the first printing being all used up.
		Written in pen vertically upward across the center of the check is the word "Cancelled." The check had been pasted down at one time, and it is possible that it came from a sample book.
		Assuming that Turner's two Type O's, the used Preston, Kean example, the Pullman piece and National Bank of Commerce check were not in the survey, we can account for at least 15 entires and one cut square prior to the discovery of the Iowa find.
	www.rdhinstl.com /cz/oart.htm (1514 words)

	Autoconf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These macros are used to check for types not covered by the "particular" test macros.
		is given, it is additional shell code to execute when one of the types is found.
		is given, it is executed when one of the types is not found.
	www.delorie.com /gnu/docs/autoconf/autoconf_60.html (135 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		However, if you turn type checking on, GDB considers two variables type equivalent if: * The two variables are structured and have the same structure, union, or enumerated tag.
		Strong type checks are forced using the GDB command `set check strong'.
		This enforces strong type and range checks on all operations where Chill constructs are used (expressions, built in functions, etc.) in respect to the semantics as defined in the z.200 language specification.
	www.math.psu.edu /local_doc/info/gdb.info-5 (5883 words)

	Linux: Understanding The Stricter Type Checks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		With the release of 2.6.9-rc2 [story], Linus Torvalds mentioned the addition of stricter type checks for PCI memory mapping.
		He has since followed up with another email to explain these stricter type checks, "this is a background mail mainly for driver writers and/or architecture people.
		mark it to be a "bitwise" type (which it is), that bug would have been
	kerneltrap.org /node/view/3848 (3262 words)

	XHTML media type test - results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This test only checks media type recognition, checking support for each feature is outside the scope of this test.
		recognized as XML, XHTML-specific semantics were not recognized but the type selector in style sheets matched case-insensitively
		recognized as XML, XHTML-specific semantics were not recognized but the type selector in style sheets matched case-insensitively, and base direction was incorrectly set to
	www.w3.org /People/mimasa/test/xhtml/media-types/results (1663 words)

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