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Topic: Type polymorphism

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	Poly Morphism
		In sub-type polymorphism, you have a taxonomy of mutually-exclusive sub-types or variations of something, and have a method or attribute name that is the same for each one.
		Types may be a useful implementation mechanism, and do even exist in a type-independent language in the SetTheory sense, but as I've defined it they aren't necessary for PolyMorphism.
		PolyMorphism is the core of OOP, but it doesn't address one specific issue of real world OOP usage.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?PolyMorphism (1231 words)

	Polymorphism
		Polymorphism is the art of taking advantage of this simple but powerful and versatile feature, that brings Object Oriented Methodologies to its full potential.
		This type of function is called a pure virtual function, and all classes that contain at least one pure virtual function are abstract base classes.
		The main difference between an abstract base class and a regular polymorphic class is that because in abstract base classes at least one of its members lacks implementation we cannot create instances (objects) of it.
	www.cplusplus.com /doc/tutorial/polymorphism.html (709 words)

	C#, Java, and JavaScript Programming, by Richard G Baldwin
		With runtime polymorphism, the selection of a method for execution is based on the actual type of the object whose reference is stored in a reference variable, and not on the type of the reference variable on which the method is invoked.
		With runtime polymorphism based on method overriding, the decision as to which version of a method will be executed is based on the actual type of the object whose reference is stored in the reference variable or element, and not on the type of the reference variable or element on which the method is invoked.
		With runtime polymorphism based on method overriding, the decision as to which version of a method will be executed is based on the actual type of object whose reference is stored in the reference variable, and not on the type of the reference variable on which the method is invoked.
	www.dickbaldwin.com /csharp/Cs000120.htm (3042 words)

	Polymorphism in object-oriented programming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In more precise terms, polymorphism (object-oriented programming theory) is the ability of objects belonging to different types to respond to method calls of methods of the same name, each one according to an appropriate type-specific behaviour.
		In principle, the object types may be unrelated, but since they share a common interface, they are often implemented as subclasses of the same parent class.
		Polymorphism allows client programs to be written based only on the abstract interfaces of the objects which will be manipulated (interface inheritance).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polymorphism_in_object-oriented_programming (833 words)

	Object Oriented Polymorphism \| atomicobject.com
		Polymorphism is necessary for the sort of higher level reuse which is the goal of design patterns and frameworks.
		The dynamic type may be one of the subtypes (subclasses) of the static type.
		Pure polymorphism – when a single function (think of a piece of client code) can be applied to objects of many types.
	atomicobject.com /pages/Polymorphism (1382 words)

	Type polymorphism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In these languages, subtyping polymorphism (sometimes referred to as dynamic polymorphism or dynamic typing) allows a function to be written to take an object of a certain type T, but also work correctly if passed an object that belongs to a type S that is a subtype of T (according to the Liskov substitution principle).
		This type of polymorphism is common in object-oriented programming languages, many of which allow operators to be overloaded in a manner similar to functions (see operator overloading).
		For instance, it is usually possible to convert a value of a floating-point numeric type into a value of integer type with a rounding operation, or to convert an integer to a string using a function that constructs the integer's decimal representation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polymorphism_(computer_science) (2967 words)

	Type Theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Type theory can be used as a foundation for mathematics, and indeed, it was presented as such by Russell in his 1908 paper, which appeared the same year as Zermelo's paper, presenting set theory as a foundation for mathematics.
		Given (1) and (2) we should have a type of propositions (as in simple type theory), and given (3) this should also be the type of all types.
		Martin-Löf's choice was to take away (2), restricting type theory to be predicative (and, indeed, the notion of universe appeared first in type theory as a predicative version of the type of all types).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/type-theory (6501 words)

	Function Definitions, Overloading, Polymorphism and Type Inference
		This means that the type of the parameter and the type of the result are bound through that variable: for instance, in some context, the head function could be called with an actual parameter of type ``list of string''; this would bind the variable @T to ``string'' and the result type would then be ``string''.
		A type denoter appearing in an explicit type expression as argument of a set of constructor is assumed to be scalar, but this does not mean that anything more is known on the type it denotes.
		Type denoters which appear in explicit type expressions in the function header (for parameters) are visible in the function body and can be used to declare local types, local values, etc. This is described in more details in chapters
	www-rocq.inria.fr /oscar/www/fnc2/manual/node98.html (2093 words)

	JOT: Journal of Object Technology - The Theory of Classification, Template Classes and Genericity, Anthony J.H. Simons
		type, and the result is a record whose x and y fields map to these values, so the type of the coordinate is clearly dependent on the type of the arguments.
		In practice, if you supply an unsuitable type for a type parameter in C++, this is not detected until the compiler generates a separate image for the instantiated code, because the compiler cannot check template class declarations.
		Fortunately, the concept of restricting a type parameter to a certain family of types is captured exactly by an F-bound, which we have used so far to constrain the family of types in a class.
	www.jot.fm /issues/issue_2004_07/column2 (3679 words)

	Polymorphism
		The Polymorphism primary pattern gives hints on what to do during design of your program when you are thinking about the object in your program and the services they will provide.
		This is called ad-hoc polymorphism and it is difficult to maintain, since you need to find all of the if statements that implement it and change them when changes occur to the program.
		Notes: This type of polymorphism is difficult or impossible to achieve if the tests need to be done on primitive values (not objects) such as int, since these values don’t have polymorphic methods.
	csis.pace.edu /~bergin/patterns/polymorphism.html (1709 words)

	JOT: Journal of Object Technology - The Theory of Classification
		Type downcasting is typically considered a last resort, a dirty trick to be used on occasions when the natural type system doesn't help.
		Parametric polymorphism was built into the early functional programming languages ML and Hope, and exists in object-oriented languages as the templates in C++, or generic types in Ada and Eiffel.
		From this, Cook realised that a class is a polymorphic family of types that satisfy a constraint, or bound [6, 7], expressed using a generator function.
	www.jot.fm /issues/issue_2003_05/column2 (3108 words)

	Abstracts
		Type polymorphism can be handled more nicely when subtype relations, in Cartesian product space, behave uniformly with parametric polymorphic type system and intersection type discipline.
		However, when concepts for extensions and reductions of record types are added to the polymorphic type system, instantiation may not be consistent with subtyping.
		In order to keep the polymorphism in the type hierarchy which is derived from type extensions and reductions, this paper defines the subtyping and inference rules from a new definition of record type.
	pllab.kut.ac.kr /~shin/Papers/abstracts.html (1185 words)

	Programming Languages: Types and Modules (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Types (and Module signatures) specify invariant properties of the program, and this serve as precise and descriptive comments on the functionality of the code.
		In TD, we are fortunate that the type checker mirrors the rules in an almost direct fashion: notice that, like was the case for the interpreter, the rule that applies is dictated by the outermost structure of the expression.
		These type variables indicate their values will be placed in cells, so they may only be instantited with monotypes (type variable-free types).
	www.cs.jhu.edu /~scott/pl/lectures/types.html (4557 words)

	Blood Type Diet bloggers: Peter D'Adamo
		The beat way to deal with these types of attacks is to institute some sort of challenge response test which is usually in the form of some sort of visual recognition scheme.
		Eat Right 4 Your Type is the life's work of a father who had a crackpot theory and a son who has given it, and continues to give it a scientific basis.
		Increased aerobic glycolysis in cancer has been tossed around for decades in alternative medicine circles (and vilified for just as long by ignorant quackbuster types) but is increasing being looked at by research oncologists as a major avenue of approach to the treatment of cancer.
	www.dadamo.com /bloggers/p (2509 words)

	merd, polymorphism and type inference
		The full power of parametric polymorphism plus interface inheritance is shown in haskell's type classes.
		Use a default type: in some case, it can be useful to prefer a type over another.
		An abstract type is permissive if all its functions are permissive, otherwise it is strict.
	merd.sourceforge.net /polymorphism.html (1396 words)

	6 Even More Object-Oriented Concepts
		The type of this element will be the data type with which an actual list object is created.
		In this case, i is of type integer since we have assigned a whole number to it.
		Definition (Dynamic Binding) If the type T of a variable with name N is implicitly associated by its content, we say, that N is dynamically bound to T. The association process is called dynamic binding.
	www.unc.edu /~buia/phys61/cpp/node7.html (1845 words)

	Unit 9, Types, type checking, polymorphism and subtyping
		One of the most important issues in the design of a programming language is the choice of data types, data structuring mechanisms, type checking and data type polymorphism.
		Realise how important type polymorphism is for programming languages; all the features that support re-use and generalisation of code are forms of polymorphism: generics, inheritance etc.
		There are four subsections on problems of resolving types with overloading and how Haskell ``type classes'' solve the problem, these start with a subsection on problems with overloading and type inference.
	homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk /~msc_fl/fl-node16.html (566 words)

	Polymorphism and Encapsulation
		Polymorphism and encapsulation are two big words in OO development, and are also a fundamental concept of software development.
		Polymorphism is a simple concept that you understand right now, as it is prevalent through life.
		There are many people that inherit that type, of which you are a concrete implementation of that type: you have your own beliefs, attributes, and qualities that go beyond just a general person.
	dotnetslackers.com /articles/csharp/PolymorphismEncapsulation.aspx (1176 words)

	Standard ML
		Data-type polymorphism allows a single type declaration (such as "list") to describe lists of integers, lists of strings, lists of lists of integers, and so on; but the programmer can be assured that, given an "int list", every element really is an "int".
		Function polymorphism allows a single function declaration (such as filter_list) to operate on lists of integers, lists of strings, lists of integer-lists, and so on, avoid needless duplication of code.
		Features such as polymorphism, parametric modules, and a heavy reliance on garbage collection have meant that compiling ML to efficient machine code requires techniques not usually necessary in C compilers.
	www.smlnj.org /sml.html (778 words)

	[No title]
		Intensional polymorphism, the ability to dispatch to different routines based on types at run time, enables a variety of advanced implementation techniques for polymorphic languages, including tag-free garbage collection, unboxed function arguments, polymorphic marshalling, and flattened data structures.
		To date, languages that support intensional polymorphism have required a type-passing (as opposed to type-erasure) interpretation where types are constructed and passed to polymorphic functions at run time.
		In a language with non-parametric or ad-hoc polymorphism, it is possible to determine the identity of a type variable at run time.
	www.cs.cornell.edu /sweirich/papers/index.html (1403 words)

	Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of the ACE Gene Is Associated With Type 2 Diabetes -- Feng et al. 51 (6): 1986 -- ...
		Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of the ACE Gene Is Associated With Type 2 Diabetes -- Feng et al.
		polymorphism and type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population.
		Schunkert H: Polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and cardiovascular disease.
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/51/6/1986 (1955 words)

	CS202 polymorphism on Sat Oct 16 07:36:18 PDT 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Similarly we may need a single variable to point at different types of objects at different times, and for the behavior of the pointed at object to be executed, rather than the base object.
		In other words, full polymorphism requires that member functions are resolved as the program executes, rather than when the compiler scans the code.
		Using this kind of polymorphism - where a base class has more than one derived class and the variations are in virtual functions - means you don't have to write so many 'if()...else...' and 'switch(...)...' statements in your code.
	www.csci.csusb.edu /dick/cs202/polymorphism.html (2690 words)

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