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Topic: Type safe

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	LWN: Patch: type safe list
		All of the types and methods + associated with a single list class are assigned unique names and + type signatures, thus allowing the compiler to verify correct + usage.
		The + "list head" and "list link" types are different objects from the + user's perspective, but the core algorithms that operate on this + style of list treat the "list head" and "list link" as identical + types.
		First, there are no type + distinctions made between the two objects despite their distinct + types, which greatly increases the possibility for mistakes.
	www.lwn.net /Articles/144686 (956 words)

	Type safety - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The behaviors classified as type errors by any given programming language are generally those that result from attempts to perform on some value (or values) an operation that is not appropriate to its type (or their types).
		Most statically-typed languages provide a degree of type safety that is strictly stronger than memory safety, because their type systems enforce the proper use of abstract data types defined by programmers even when this is not strictly necessary for memory safety or for the prevention of any kind of catastrophic failure.
		Type safety is synonymous with one of the many definitions of strong typing; however, type safety and dynamic typing are not mutually exclusive.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Type_safety (1338 words)

	Type system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Type theory studies type systems, although the concrete type systems of programming languages originate from practical issues of computer architecture, compiler implementation and language design.
		Type systems that allow polymorphism generally do so in order to improve the potential for code re-use: in a language with polymorphism, programmers need only implement a data structure such as a list or a dictionary once, rather than once for each type of element with which they plan to use it.
		A type-checker for a statically typed language must verify that the type of any expression is consistent with the type expected by the context in which that expression appears.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Type_system (3152 words)

	Safetype Keyboard Design - University Studies
		Typing performance was assessed in words per minute (wpm) and percent accuracy with the use of the software Typing Tutor 6 for the PC computer.
		The keyboard tray was adjusted to the subject so that the initial typing posture would consist of the subject’s elbow angle at approximately 90º and the wrists in a relatively neutral posture.
		Results show that 81% of right hand flexion/extension typing movements and 61% of left hand flexion/extension typing movements were in the lowest risk zone when using the vertical keyboard compared with only 49% of right hand flexion/extension typing movements and 39% of left hand flexion/extension typing movements when using a conventional keyboard.
	www.safetype.com /university-studies.htm (4777 words)

	. NET Type Safety - Free Training
		Type safe means preventing programs from accessing memory outside the bounds of an object's public properties A programming language is type safe when the language defines the behavior for when the programmer treats a value as a type to which it does not belong.
		Type safety requires that well-typed programs have no unspecified behavior (i.e., their semantics are complete).
		Type safe means preventing programs from accessing memory outside the bounds of an object's public properties.
	www.exforsys.com /content/view/1766/360 (1051 words)

	Safe Type - The Safe Seller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Safes have a variety of functions, and all of them include protection of any important documents or any other type of valuable item.
		There are different types of safes, but the two main types of safes are those which are designed for business use, and those which are designed for use in the home.
		Fire proof safes are able to protect valuables by keeping the inside of the safe at a low enough temperature to resist damage for different amounts of time, as mentioned above with business safes.
	www.thesafeseller.com /safeseller/different-safes.asp (564 words)

	Type-safe Linkage for Variables and Functions [+]
		Unfortunately adding type checking in a linker is difficult to implementent as usualy the linker is not under the control of the language implementor, but part of the operating system.
		Basic types are encoded as single characters, type modifiers and declarators are encoded by prepending character codes to the basic type and user defined classes are encoded using the name the user provided.
		In order to be able to fully type check global variables and function return types at compile time we encode the type of global variables and return types of functions into their names and, additionally, create dummy variables with the original names.
	www.spinellis.gr /pubs/jrnl/1991-SIGPLAN-CType/html/tsl.html (2492 words)

	Type destroyer is type restorer
		Type safety is guaranteed because only an object that knows without a doubt what the type of the actual data is will cast the generic form to that type.
		The type safe layer converts to and from the generic types.
		Only the type safe layer can access the generically typed layer so it knows exactly what is stored in the generic layer and can perform the casts without worrying.
	home.earthlink.net /~huston2/dp/type_restorer.html (335 words)

	Java performance programming, Part 2: The cost of casting
		Both the number of primitive types and the relationships between them (particularly conversions between types) are fixed by the language definition.
		However, the method actually executed by a call is determined not by the type of the reference itself, but rather by the type of the referenced object.
		In this test, two target types (one a subclass of the other) were used in alternation, with calls to a method inherited by both target types.
	www.javaworld.com /javaworld/jw-12-1999/jw-12-performance.html (3121 words)

	Java Practices: Type-Safe Enumerations
		Type-safe enumerations (also called "enum types", or simply "enums") were added to the Java language in JDK 1.5, and represent a special kind of class.
		As with any class, it is easy to provide methods in an enum type which change the state of an enum constant.
		//gives an "enum types may not be instantiated" compilation error.
	www.javapractices.com /Topic1.cjp (965 words)

	A Type-safe Enumeration Class in Java (and C++)
		Type safe enumeration classes are increasingly used in Java.
		So it would be nice to have a base class that packages the functionality of the type safe enumeration.
		Although I lose the advantages of strong typing for enumerations, it is far simpler to use the standard enum construct in C++.
	www.bearcave.com /software/java/misl/enum/type_safe_enum.html (1029 words)

	How to Make a Type-Safe Collection (Visual C++ Concepts)
		Because they are templates, these classes provide type safety and ease of use without the type-casting and other extra work involved in using a nontemplate class for this purpose.
		The first parameter in step 1 is the type of data stored as elements of the list.
		This technique of using a predefined collection type and casting as necessary may be adequate for many of your collection needs.
	msdn.microsoft.com /library/en-us/vccore/html/_core_collections.3a_.how_to_make_a_type.2d.safe_collection.asp?FRAME=true (878 words)

	LWN: Patch: type safe list
		It is similar to the list implementation in include/linux/list.h but it also provides type safety which allows to detect some of list manipulating mistakes as soon as they happen.
		All of the types and methods + associated with a single list class are assigned unique names and + type signatures, thus allowing the compiler to verify correct + usage.
		First, there are no type + distinctions made between the two objects despite their distinct + types, which greatly increases the possibility for mistakes.
	lwn.net /Articles/144686 (956 words)

	Eamonn McManus's Blog: Creating type-safe MBean proxies
		Also, the attribute and operation types don't have to match exactly: the real type of an attribute might be a subclass of the type that the proxy expects, and that's OK provided the attribute is a read-only one.
		Likewise, the return type of an operation might be a subclass of the type that the proxy expects.
		They are a bit too strict, in that we could allow the type of a write-only attribute in the proxy to be a subclass of the type in the MBean; but write-only attributes hardly ever occur so we ignore that case.
	weblogs.java.net /blog/emcmanus/archive/2006/07/creating_typesa.html (2259 words)

	Odp .Net- Safe Type Mapping Sample -Readme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Safe Type Mapping is a feature that allows OracleDataAdapter to populate a DataSet with.NET type representations of Oracle data without any data or precision loss.
		By using the Safe Type Mapping feature of ODP.NET these types can be safely retrieved as String or a byte array as against their default.NET types in the DataSet to avoid precision loss.
		Safe Type mapping is used for weight and price data to avoid precision loss during data retrieval and updation.
	www.oracle.com /technology/sample_code/tech/windows/odpnet/SafeTypeMapping/Readme.html (748 words)

	Khiron Software (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Traditionally Run-time type information in Object Oriented 3GL language such as C++ enables the developer to determine the type of classes at run-time, to enable type safe down-casting of classes.
		The Answer is that run-time type information allows Delphi to determine from the instance at run-time a lot of the definition information that traditionally has only been available to the developer at design time.
		Using the IS operator, it is possible to check whether the actual (run-time) type of an object reference belongs to a particular class or to one of it's parent classes.
	www.khiron.com /rtti.htm (3626 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| Cyclone: A Type-Safe Dialect of C \| December 9, 2004
		The type of num is specified as tag_t, which is simply a const unsigned int that may appear as an array bound, in this case for p.
		Nonetheless, the C type system has failed to signal an error, so we are able to assign an arbitrary integer value to *z, thereby changing the value of q to point to an arbitrary location in memory.
		The type system rejects programs that either try to let a pointer escape the scope of its region, or try to assign a pointer value to a variable with an incompatible region type.
	www.ddj.com /184401896?pgno=1 (4611 words)

	Enums
		This method is commonly used in combination with the for-each loop to iterate over the values of an enumerated type.
		That includes natural enumerated types (like the planets, days of the week, and suits in a card deck) as well as other sets where you know all possible values at compile time, such as choices on a menu, rounding modes, command line flags, and the like.
		It is not necessary that the set of constants in an enum type stay fixed for all time.
	java.sun.com /j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/language/enums.html (1310 words)

	Type Safe Sharing
		Safe heterogeneous sharing of long-lived objects requires encapsulation: the system must guarantee that applications interact with objects only by invoking methods.
		The results also show that the cost of safe sharing can be negligible; thus it is possible to have both safety and high performance.
		Safe sharing is a desirable feature of an object oriented database because it protects valuable database objects from program errors in application code.
	www.pmg.lcs.mit.edu /thor/areas/type-safe.html (375 words)

	Citations: Runtime support for type-safe dynamic java classes - Malabara, Pandey, Gragg, Barr, Barnes (ResearchIndex)
		This process is typically analogous to running a garbage collector, using an adapted garbage collector algorithms to scavenge the heap and thread stacks for old version values
		Another approach is to require that all values of updateable library types be proxy objects, and a library update then causes all proxy objects to update their implementation pointers [35] This has the advantage of being possible to provide in libraries, and the disadvantage of having poor....
		Safe Class and Data Evolution in Large and Long-Lived Java..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/1683353/0 (439 words)

	A Type-safe Macro System for XML
		For a program P and an output type τ it asks whether all data instances produced by P are of type τ.
		From this expression σ and the description of the expansion we infer a type expression R(m)=σ' for the output of a macro m.
		With this type, it is possible to generate an extended DTD describing inputs that produce valid documents with respect to a given output DTD.
	www.mulberrytech.com /Extreme/Proceedings/html/2002/Perst01/EML2002Perst01.html (3781 words)

	destroyer of type is restorer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		To maximize the flexibility of some code, it is useful to use void pointers or copy chunks of data into char arrays.
		There is not type safe way in C++ to cast void pointers or data that was stored in a char array.
		Type safety is guaranteed since only an object that knows without a doubt what the type of the actual data is will cast the generic form to that type.
	www.newty.de /jakubik/destroyer-is-restorer.html (348 words)

	[#NH-259] Type-Safe Collections - NHibernate JIRA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-14)
		Consider for a moment that type safety needs to be addressed all the way down to the mapping files.
		One (relatively) easy way to get some type safety into the system quickly would be to have a Framework 2.0 version of Iesi.Collections with a new namespace Iesi.Collections.Generic.
		Since the mapping definition already tells us the child item type, it wouldn't be a stretch to instantiate the type-safe version of set or bag.
	jira.nhibernate.org /browse/NH-259;jsessionid=LGEAKPHPKPCI?page=all (813 words)

	JOT: Journal of Object Technology - Case Study: Converting to Java 1.5 Type-Safe Collections, Wes Munsil
		Generic types allow reference types (class types, interface types, and array types) to be parametrized by other types, and are used to good effect in the J2SE 5 collections framework.
		There still might be occurrences of raw types that, for whatever reason, were not considered problematic by the compiler, and not flagged.
		An alternative to splitting is to re-type such variables with a wildcard type, bounded with a common supertype.
	www.jot.fm /issues/issue_2004_09/column1 (1968 words)

	ONDotnet.com -- Writing Type-Safe Collections in C#
		In such cases, a certain amount of dynamic type checking is required in order to preserve type-safety.
		types, which then requires an unsafe downcast to the class of the desired type.
		Hence it is the responsibility of the programmer to make sure that the collection gets populated with objects of the correct type, and that necessary checks are performed while retrieving objects from the collection.
	www.ondotnet.com /pub/a/dotnet/2003/03/10/collections.html (748 words)

	Safetype Keyboard
		If you stand with your arms relaxed at your sides, use only the biceps to bring your hands up and forward until your forearms are parallel to the floor.
		You are now in the most relaxed typing position possible, with your palms facing each other.
		That is the position you use to type with the SafeType.
	www.safecomputing.com /safetype.html (297 words)

	Java Technology Forums - Generics simply aren't type-safe?
		Despite T being defined as extending a raw type, the usual unchecked warning when calling a method with parameterised arguments on a raw type is not given.
		Appearantly the cast from a parameterized type to the raw type does not generate an unchecked warning, but it should.
		I am aware that raw types are generally unwise to use in new code, and that Sun have been murmuring about deprecating them in future.
	forum.java.sun.com /thread.jspa?threadID=563260&messageID=2773049 (1359 words)

	The Cafes » A minor glitch in type-safe enums
		If an enum type couldn’t have a null value then code like this would also be illegal:
		Enums, either from the typesafe enum pattern or from Java 5 are not basic types like int and float that always have some value.
		They are object references that are either null or refer to an object of the appropriate type.
	cafe.elharo.com /java/a-minor-glitch-in-type-safe-enums (735 words)

	Secure type-safe collections
		The compiler can't check the type of the objects you add to the container, because it accepts them all.
		The first question to answer is: "How do we check an object's type?" Fortunately, Java includes a built-in mechanism to verify and inspect the type of each object during runtime.
		value whether the object is of the given type or not.
	www.javaworld.com /javaworld/jw-04-2001/jw-0427-collections.html (1012 words)

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