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Topic: Type species

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	ICZN Code - Article 69
		If an author subsequently designates a type species by using an unjustified emendation or an incorrect spelling of the name of one of the originally included nominal species, he or she is deemed to have designated the type species under its correctly spelled name [Art.
		In designating a type species for a nominal genus or subgenus, an author should give preference to a species that is adequately described or illustrated, or of which type material still exists, or of which material is easily obtained.
		A nominal species having a sexually mature specimen as its type is generally preferable to one based on a larval or otherwise immature specimen.
	www.iczn.org /iczn/includes/page.jsp?article=69&nfv= (689 words)

	Type Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		type horizon: The geological stratum from which the name-bearing type of a nominal species or subspecies was collected.
		If the name-bearing type was captured or collected after being transported by boat, vehicle, aircraft, or other human or mechanical means, the type locality is the place from which it, or its wild progenitor, began its unnatural journey.
		type series: The series of specimens that either constitutes the name-bearing type (syntypes) of a nominal species or subspecies or from which the name-bearing type has been or may be designated.
	www.dinosauria.com /dml/type.htm (567 words)

	"TYPE" DICTIONARY
		type genus: The nominal genus that is the name-bearing type of a nominal family-group taxon.
		type host: The host species with which the name-bearing type of a nominal species or subspecies was associated.
		type species: The nominal species that is the name-bearing type of a nominal genus or subgenus.
	www.rfbolland.com /okislugs/type_dic.html (631 words)

	Type species - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A type species fixes the name of a genus (or of a taxon in a rank lower than genus).
		This is defined as "The nominal species that is the name-bearing type of a nominal genus or subgenus".
		In botanical nomenclature, the type of a name of a genus or species is a specimen (or illustration) (ICBN, Art 10.1, 8.1 and 10.4).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Type_species (0 words)

	Geoscience - Collections - Australian type species
		A type mineral specimen is one from which that mineral was first formally described, just as biologists and botanists have type specimens from which new animals and plants have first been formally described.
		Because of this, all type specimens should ideally be lodged with the state or national museum of the country in which the mineral was found and stored under secure conditions.
		The first new mineral species to be described from Australia was Maldonite (a gold-bismuth compound), found near the gold mining town of Maldon in central Victoria and formally described by George Ulrich in 1870.
	www.austmus.gov.au /geoscience/collections/types.htm (0 words)

	Species (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Species are the fundamental taxonomic units of biological classification.
		The universality of a biological trait in a species is fragile.
		Species pluralists respond to this objection by suggesting criteria for judging the legitimacy of a proposed species concept.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/species (0 words)

	Nematology Laboratory : Type Specimen Article
		The type specimen list is prepared in accordance with recommendations of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Noffsinger, 1982; Ride et al., 1985), in which institutions serving as type specimen repositories are urged to "publish lists of type material in their collection".
		This publication is a type specimen location reference and is not to be used for the status of the type species.
		Also, in the type specimens list, for any unpublished forms their names and their type numbers are presented for the sake of completeness, not as a statement of validity.
	www.ars.usda.gov /pandp/docs.htm?docid=10360 (1270 words)

	Biological type - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biology, a type is that which fixes a name to a taxon.
		Depending on the Code which is applied to the organism in question, a type may be a specimen, culture, illustration, description or taxon.
		type (botany) and Art 7, 8, 9, 10 of the ICBN.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_type (110 words)

	type definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		biology representative genus or species: a genus or species of plant or animal whose attributes serve as the defining characteristics for the next higher level of taxonomic classification
		type a group made up of individuals or items that have strongly marked and readily defined similarities;
		The reactor was of the same type as the one that exploded at Chernobyl in 1986.
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861722849_1861722854/nextpage.html (665 words)

	Birds Species Accounts
		Type H forest is usually situated further inland than other forest types and takes a lot of effort during the early hours of the morning to reach, since this species is only heard during predawn chorus 0045 hrs to 0530 hrs.
		A seemingly unfamiliar habitat for the species as most of the understorey has been cleared in the vicinity of the platforms for a tourist resting area, and the fact that it’s at the juxtaposition of Type B forest, scrub, and the permanently flooded Swamp type A forest.
		Population density for this species in type F forest bamboo habitat was estimated at 4.3 individuals per sq.
	www.geocities.com /project_tambopata_peru/birds_species_accounts.htm (6092 words)

	How animals are given scientific names
		The confusion was increased by the proliferation of new species resulting from the growth of Science and the voyages of exploration.
		At a later date more specimens of the species might be discovered and it might be found that the type is in fact at the extreme of variation for that species and therefore not typical.
		The author usually labels the specimen as a type but this is not always the case and one has to compare the label of the specimen with the collection information accompanying the description to assess whether a specimen is a type or not.
	www.museums.org.za /bio/animal_nomenclature.htm (3011 words)

	Geoscience - Collections - Australian type species
		A type mineral specimen is one from which that mineral was first formally described, just as biologists and botanists have type specimens from which new animals and plants have first been formally described.
		Because of this, all type specimens should ideally be lodged with the state or national museum of the country in which the mineral was found and stored under secure conditions.
		The first new mineral species to be described from Australia was Maldonite (a gold-bismuth compound), found near the gold mining town of Maldon in central Victoria and formally described by George Ulrich in 1870.
	www.amonline.net.au /geoscience/collections/types.htm (652 words)

	ICZN Code - Article 68
		If one (or more) species qualifies for fixation as the type species in more than one of the ways provided for in Articles 68.2-68.5, the valid fixation is that determined by reference to the following order of precedence: firstly, original designation [Art.
		67.5] as the type species when a nominal genus-group taxon is established, that nominal species is the type species (type by original designation) unless the provisions of Article 70.3 apply.
		The type species of Aus is Bus aus Robinson, not Bus xus Brown.
	www.iczn.org /iczn/includes/page.jsp?nfv=&article=68 (526 words)

	Types of Types
		The specimen designated as the name-bearing type of a nominal species or subspecies for which no holotype, or lectotype, or syntype, or prior neotype is believed to exist.
		The (nominal) species that is the name-bearing type of a genus or subgenus.
		This term is sometimes used to refer to type specimens before the manuscript is published.
	www.amonline.net.au /fishes/collections/types/typesoft.htm (297 words)

	Fossil Hominids: Type Specimens
		The 'type description' of a species describes the type specimen, and the similarities to and differences from closely related species.
		An example is Homo habilis (type specimen OH 7); the species Homo rudolfensis, with type specimen ER 1470, consists of fossils formerly assigned to habilis.
		Where two species names are given, the first is the one which was given by the original namer of the fossil, and the second name is the one by which it is usually known now.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/typespec.html (723 words)

	Mineral Species - Scotland's Type Localities
		The type locality for smoky quartz - where it was first described - is in the Upper Deeside area of the Cairngorm Mountains (Aberdeenshire), in the Scottish Highlands.
		Mineral species are described within certain guidelines, based on scientific analysis of samples obtained from a specific location.
		The type locality is generally the first place a new mineral species is found.
	www.curriehj.freeserve.co.uk /typeloc.htm (747 words)

	A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR NORTHEASTERN MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Two of his type species occur only in Europe and one of his major life cycle types is not exhibited by any North American mosquito.
		Each of the species in the group is capable of breeding in areas where salt concentrations are minimal but all reach greatest concentrations in coastal areas of the region.
		Species that belong to this group tend to be urban, rather than rural, pests.
	www.nmca.org /PAPER19.htm (1935 words)

	Catalogue Output Description
		A species catalogue is headed by the currently accepted valid name of the species, with the author's name in parentheses if that species was described initially in some genus other than the currently accepted generic placement.
		Species host information can also be obtained in tabular form along with citation codes hot-linked to full literature citations by doing a Host of a Scale query as explained under Query Descriptions.
		Species distribution information can also be obtained in tabular form along with citation codes hot-linked to full literature citations by doing a Distribution of a Scale query as explained under Query Descriptions.
	www.sel.barc.usda.gov /scalenet/cat_out.htm (906 words)

	Nematology Laboratory : Type Specimen Abstract
		The type specimen section is considered one of the largest and most valuable in existence.
		Also, a brief description of the other constituent divisions of the collection is given, which including the type collection consists of 34,000 permanent slides and vials and 19,500 species entries.
		The list of deposited types is only a type specimen location reference and should not be used for the status of type species.
	www.ars.usda.gov /pandp/docs.htm?docid=9963 (217 words)

	Enoploteuthidae Taxa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Alexeyev, D.O. Enoploteuthis (Paraenoploteuthis) semilineata, a new species of squid (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida, Enoploteuthidae) from the southern Pacific.
		Types of Mollusca in the Zoological Museum of Moscow University.
		A catalogue of the type specimens of Cephalopoda (Mollusca) in the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen.
	tolweb.org /notes/?note_id=2317 (0 words)

	Ultrastructure of Gyrodinium Spirale, the Type Species of Gyrodinium (Dinophyceae), Including a Phylogeny of G. ...
		Two major groups of dinoflagellates may be distinguished; (1) thecate species with discernible thecal plates; and (2) athecate or 'naked' species without plates or with plates that are barely visible in the light microscope.
		Gyrodinium is heterotrophic and characterised by the presence of surface striations and an elliptical apical groove bisected by a ridge.
		This species is interesting, as it is morphologically very similar to G. spirale, but differs by the presence of an apical spicule and a well-developed nuclear capsule.The latter consists of a hexagonal mesh with minute poroids or caniculi circumscribing larger circles or pores that are visible under the light microscope (Biecheler 1934; Taylor 1987).
	www.redorbit.com /news/display?id=107762 (8836 words)

	SYMPOSIUM ON MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLE CLASSIFICATIONS
		Two of the mosquitoes he suggested as model species occur only in Europe and one of his temperate life cycle types is not utilized by any known species in the new world.
		Bates’ type species for temperate areas included 1) Aedes cinereus, a univoltine culicine that overwinters in the egg stage, 2) Aedes caspius, a multivoltine culicine that overwinters in the egg stage, 3) Anopheles claviger, a univoltine anopheline that overwinters as a larva, and 4) Culex pipiens, a multivoltine culicine that overwinters as a mated female.
		Four species with this life cycle type are found in the northeastern United States (Table 1).
	www-rci.rutgers.edu /~insects/mosclass.htm (5330 words)

	NomenclaturalTypeStatusOfSpecimensDiscussion < UBIF < TWiki
		Diplotype: genoholotype (the primary type of the type species of the genus, designate by the author in the original description of the genus).
		Ideotype: "A specimen collected from some other general locality than the original type (that is, not a topotype) that has been identified by the original author of the species or subspecies to which it is referred at a date subsequent to the publication of the original description.
		Metatype: "A topotype identified by the original describer of the species or subspecies to which it is referred, but at a date subsequent to the publication of the original description." (http://www.coleoptera.org/p890.htm) and "1) a specimen from the type locality determined by the original author subsequent to the original description of the species.
	wiki.tdwg.org /twiki/bin/view/UBIF/NomenclaturalTypeStatusOfSpecimensDiscussion (2191 words)

	Tortricid.net - DEFINITIONS
		The type of a nominal species is a specimen (type specimen), the type of a nominal genus is the nominal species (type species), and the type of a nominal family is the nominal genus (type genus).
		In cases where the syntypes are unmarked and cannot be distinguished from the balance of the original series, all of the original specimens of a new species should be regarded as syntypes.
		Every specimen in a type series other than the holotype which were before the author at the time of preparation of the original description and were so designated and indicated there.
	www.tortricidae.com /definitions.asp (374 words)

	LEADHILLS & WANLOCKHEAD - Type Locality Species.
		Leadhills and Wanlockhead are the type localities for nine, bona fide mineral species: caledonite, chenite, lanarkite, leadhillite, macphersonite, mattheddleite, plattnerite, scotlandite and susannite.
		All of these species tend to form small crystals and are rare to very rare.
		Lanarkite, a secondary lead species (Lead Sulphate Oxide), is one of the rarest of the type locality species to be found in the early days of mining.
	www.curriehj.freeserve.co.uk /leadwan6.htm (354 words)

	Apple snail (Ampullariidae) genera and species.
		For the snails of the Pomacea canaliculata group, it's quite hard to distinguish the species as the external differences are subtle and the variation within species is high.
		However, Dall (1904) designated Helix ampullacea as the type species of Pila rendering Ampullaria Lamarck, 1799 a junior objective synonym of Pila Röding, 1798, despite his designation of Nerita urceus Müller, 1774 as the type of Ampullaria.
		In March 1810 Perry created the genus Pomacea (type species Pomacea maculata) in which the American species were placed.
	www.applesnail.net /content/species_genera.htm (1134 words)

	NomenclaturalTypeStatusOfSpecimensDiscussion < UBIF < Wiki
		Archetype: In phylogenetics an ancestral type established hypothetically by eliminating characters known to be derived in later taxa.
		Logotype: "type determined from a written description in the absence of an illustration and of a specimen" (http://www.briancoad.com/Dictionary/L.htm) -- explicitly not referring to a specimen, so it can only refer to a circumscription of a taxon.
		Typus conservandus: Latin, "a type to be conserved;" abbreviated typ.
	wiki.cs.umb.edu /twiki/bin/view/UBIF/NomenclaturalTypeStatusOfSpecimensDiscussion (2189 words)

	Puget Sound Shorelines: Species - Salmon: Estuary Use
		Some salmon species pass through nearshore waters quickly on their way to sea.
		Listed as a threatened species in 1999, the populations listed include all naturally-spawning summer-run chum salmon in Hood Canal and populations in Olympic Peninsula rivers between Hood Canal and Dungeness Bay.
		The genetic variation among salmon species and the range of estuary use helps salmon survive.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/sea/pugetsound/species/salmon_est.html (994 words)

	Mammal Species of the World
		The Mammal Species of the World (MSW) is a database of mammalian taxonomy.
		Species recognized in this database are limited to existing or recently extinct species (possibly alive during the preceding 500 years); in instances where the persistence of a species is doubtful, the comment field so indicates.
		Scientific names applied to domesticated mammals, and to the natural ancestors of domesticated forms, are the earliest valid names as called for by the Code of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1985).
	gcmd.nasa.gov /records/GCMD_si_mnh_mammalspecies.html (0 words)

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