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Topic: Type specimen

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Homo sapiens

Neanderthal

Carolus Linnaeus

Robert Bakker

1993

	Fossil Hominids: Type Specimens
		The 'type description' of a species describes the type specimen, and the similarities to and differences from closely related species.
		If it is decided that the fossils previously assigned to a species actually belong to two different species, then the type specimen and any other specimens belonging to the same species as it keep the old name.
		An example is Homo habilis (type specimen OH 7); the species Homo rudolfensis, with type specimen ER 1470, consists of fossils formerly assigned to habilis.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/homs/typespec.html (723 words)

	Type Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		type: A term used alone, or forming part of a compound term, to denote a particular kind of specimen or taxon.
		If the name-bearing type was captured or collected after being transported by boat, vehicle, aircraft, or other human or mechanical means, the type locality is the place from which it, or its wild progenitor, began its unnatural journey.
		type series: The series of specimens that either constitutes the name-bearing type (syntypes) of a nominal species or subspecies or from which the name-bearing type has been or may be designated.
	www.dinosauria.com /dml/type.htm (567 words)

	PhyloCode Article 11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		If a specimen that is not a type is used as a specifier in the situation described in Article 11.5, and a species that includes this specimen is subsequently named, this specimen should be chosen as the type of the species name.
		When a specimen that is not a type is used as a specifier in a phylogenetic definition, the institution or collection in which the specifier is conserved must be identified, as well as the collection number or other information needed to establish the identity of the specimen.
		When a specimen that is not a type is used as a specifier in a phylogenetic definition, a brief description of the specimen must be provided, sufficient to convey a mental image and distinguish the specimen from organisms with which it might be confused.
	www.ohiou.edu /phylocode/art11.html (1890 words)

	Annotation of Type Specimens: Recommendations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Paratype: a specimen cited in the protologue that is neither the holotype, isotype, nor one of the syntypes.
		Epitype: "a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type when the holotype, lectotype, or previously designated neotype, or all original material associated with a validly published name, is demonstrably ambiguous and cannot be critically identified for purposes of the precise application of the name of a taxon." (ICBN Ch.
		A specimen and its duplicates are part of a single gathering of a single species or infraspecific taxon made by a collector at one time.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /natsci/herbarium/types/typeannotation.htm (632 words)

	NYBG.org: Type Definition
		specimen is a specimen selected to serve as a reference point when a plant species is first named.
		As a result, these specimens are extremely important to botanists who are attempting to determine the correct application of a name.
		It is chosen from among the specimens available to the original publishing author (the isotypes, syntypes and/or paratypes) of a scientific name when the holotype was either lost or destroyed, or when no holotype was designated.
	sciweb.nybg.org /science2/herbarium_imaging/typedefinition.asp (325 words)

	Utah State University: Intermountain Herbarium
		Type specimens are the specimens that "anchor" the meaning of a name.
		This happens sometimes when the original type specimen was a drawing (no longer legal except for fossils) or when it was not appreciated that what was being called a single spcies is actually two or more different species.
		Syntypes:In the bad old days when it was not necessary to list an individual specimen as a type, many taxonomists simply listed several specimens that they considered should be called by their new name.
	herbarium.usu.edu /holdings_types.htm (518 words)

	PBIO 450 Lecture Notes - Code -- Spring 1998
		An epitype is a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpret-ative type when the holotype, lectotype or previously designated neotype, or all original material associated with a validly published name, is demonstrably ambiguous and cannot be critically identified for purposes of the precise application of the name of a taxon.
		14.9), the type of a name of a genus may be a specimen or illustration, preferably used by the author in the preparation of the protologue, other than the type of a name of an included species.
		The type of a name of a family or subfamily not based on a generic name is the same as that of the corresponding alternative name (Art.
	www.life.umd.edu /emeritus/reveal/pbio/pb450/code02.html (2111 words)

	National Museum of Natural History - Dinosaur Exhibits (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The type material consist of partial postcranial (the bones behind the head) and is from the Kimmeridgian stage (Late Jurassic) in age.
		The type material consist of a lower jaw that was damaged during the life of the animal, possibly the result of an injury (fight with another theropod ?) or from a fall.
		Ostrom, J.H. and Wellnhofer, P., 1986, The Munich specimen of Triceratops with a revision of the genus.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /paleo/dino/dinotypes.htm (4615 words)

	Re: USNM 4734 Allosaurus fragilis topotype
		If it is one specimen, it is either the holotype specimen (if and only if it is designated the type specimen in the original description) or the lectotype specimen (if it is designated the type specimen in a publication after the original description).
		Otherwise the type is more than a single specimen and forms a syntype series (but part and counterpart of a slab count as the same specimen, even though they may have different catalogue numbers in a museum).
		There's also a neotype: A specimen designated as a type specimen when the original type specimen of a species is lost or officially (by ICZN opinion) declared unusable as a type specimen.
	dml.cmnh.org /2002Nov/msg00459.html (429 words)

	Type specimen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Each species has a type specimen which was used to define it.
		Specimen Hunting Pages A site containing articles and information about Coarse Angling, Match Fishing and specimen fishing in particular.
		True Type Font to Postscript type 1 Converter Converts nearly all True Type fonts to an Adobe Type 1.pfa file.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Type_specimen.html (439 words)

	PBIO 450 Lecture Notes -- International Code -- Spring 1998: Names: Typification
		virginiana; the type of Ranunculaceae is the genus Ranunculus, the type of Asterales is Asteraceae.
		If the automatic type is the type of the name that ought to have been adopted, and retaining this type as the type of a later name would cause nomenclature instability, then the superfluous generic name can be conserved with a conserved type.
		The type of such a name is, of course, the published illustration; the type of that illustration is the specimen from which it was drawn; that specimen is thus the type of the type of the name, a typotype.
	www.life.umd.edu /emeritus/reveal/PBIO/WWW/ICBNnames-typ.html (12851 words)

	Mosasauridae Translation and Pronunciation Guide
		The type specimen skull in the National Museum of Natural History in Paris has a colorful history--it was looted from the Netherlands by Napoleon's troops in 1795.
		Russell (1967) referred a large, nearly complete specimen (with a badly eroded cranium) from South Dakota to the species, permitting a full description; however, a new description of the specimen at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology is in preparation, and it may be referred to another taxon.
		Type Species: Prognathodon solvayi [sol-VAY-ie] Dollo 1889: for Ernst Solvay, a Belgian technochemist who founded the Solvay Institute--most of the bones originally described (a nearly complete skull, incomplete postcranial skeleton with vertebrae, fragments of scapula and coracoid (Holotype: IRSNB R33(4672))) were found on the institute's property in Mesvin, Belgium.
	www.dinosauria.com /dml/names/mosa.html (8699 words)

	Type terminology
		Comment: Most types can be segregated into those designated by the originating author in the originating publication, and those designated by a later author (including the originating author at a later date).
		Specimens interpreted by the originating author as belonging to the same taxon as the one proposed.
		A specimen or other element selected to serve as nomenclatural type as long as all of the material on which the name of the taxon was based is missing (ICBN Art.
	fp.bio.utk.edu /mycology/Nomenclature/nom-type.htm (1696 words)

	SDNHM Botany Type Specimen Collection Database Guidelines
		The records in the SD types database are not full label data records.
		They hold only the information relating to each specimen's status as a type -- collector name and number, general locality, the name it typifies, any more recent synonym, the type of type, the SD accession number, and a note field with the publication citation and any additional comments.
		The full record for each specimen is linked by the number at the left margin of the search results list.
	www.sdnhm.org /research/botany/guidelines.html (490 words)

	Herbarium Botanical Type Specimens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		A TYPE specimen is the specimen which formed the basis of the original description.
		NEOTYPE: A specimen or illustration selected to serve as a nomenclatural type as long as all of the material on which the name of the Taxon was based is missing.
		EPITYPE: A specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretive type when the HOLOTYPE, LECTOTYPE or previously designated NEOTYPE, or all original material associated with a validly published name is demonstrably ambiguous and cannot be critically identified for purposes of the precise application of the name of a Taxon.
	www.usna.usda.gov /Research/Herbarium/BotType.html (655 words)

	Biological type - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biology, a type is that which fixes a name to a taxon.
		Depending on the Code which is applied to the organism in question, a type may be a specimen, culture, illustration, description or taxon.
		type (botany) and Art 7-10 of the ICBN.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Type_specimen (70 words)

	Plesiosauria Translation and Pronunciation Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Type Species: Eurycleidus arcuatus [ahr-koo-AY-tuhs] (Owen 1848) "curved," for Plesiosaurus arcuatus Owen 1840, in apparent reference to the "nearly circular" contour of the articular surface on the body of the vertebrae, contrasting with the "triangular form" of the centra of the vertebrae in "Plesiosaurus" subtrigonus Owen 1840.
		The type specimen of Pachycostasaurus seems to have some juvenile features, but whether it represents an immature individual of a previously known species, or whether the thick bone structure would have changed in the fully adult form is unclear at present.
		Type Species: Pliosaurus brachydeirus [brak-ee-DIE-ruhs] "short- necked" Owen 1841; "the vertebrae of the neck are so modified that the peculiarly elongated proportion of this part of the spine, which characterizes the typical Pleisosauri, is exchanged for one that much more nearly approaches the oppposite condition of the cervical region in the Ichthyosauri" (Owen 1841).
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /dinos/dml/names/ples.html (13576 words)

	Type Specimen Register, U.S. National Herbarium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Types in the U.S. National Herbarium are filed under the basionym and all queries search only the basionym fields.
		Types chosen for the project are currently selected in one of three ways.
		Not all of the types at the US National Herbarium are segregated in the type collection or included in the US Botanical Type Specimen Register.
	ravenel.si.edu /botany/types (640 words)

	DivisionCore Network
		Lorem Ipsum is simply dummy text of the printing and typesetting industry.
		Lorem Ipsum has been the industry's standard dummy text ever since the 1500s, when an unknown printer took a galley of type and scrambled it to make a type specimen book.
		It has survived not only five centuries, but also the leap into electronic typesetting, remaining essentially unchanged.
	www.divisioncore.com (354 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Features -- Not my type
		For dinosaurs, type specimens tend to be actual physical fossils, often the first such remains discovered and described.
		And thus the story might have remained except for two things: a general presumption among scientists that type specimens are a good thing to have and a 19th-century paleontologist named Edward Drinker Cope.
		Paratypes are supplementary specimens to the holotype or syntypes.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/features/20031015-9999_1c15type.html (1842 words)

	UCMP Microfossil Type Catalog and Collection Info
		The microfossil type collection contains specimens which were illustrated or referred to in a publication as representative of a particular form the author(s) studied.
		Primary types are the specimens chosen as nameholders when a species or subspecies is first described.
		Secondary types are specimens assigned to a species after the initial description of that species, and include hypotypes and figured and unfigured specimens (these latter two indicate specimens questionably assigned to a species).
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /collections/micro.html (282 words)

	National Museum of Natural History - Dinosaurs
		Usually the scientist who discovers the first specimen of a new species also describes it in the scientific literature, and therefore is also the person who determines the type.
		In this case the scientist who describes the species and determines the type may be different from the one who first discovered the specimen.
		Some types may be damaged through use (study) or the effects of exposure and time, but others have been lost to building damage and the destruction caused by war.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /paleo/dinosaurs/collection/nmnh_collections/specimens_faq.html (595 words)

	ALL Species Foundation - 2nd Quarter Report - Science - Initiatives
		In many cases a digital image of a specimen will reveal information that was not apparent in the often fragile, protected, or small specimen.
		The benefits of the E-Type Initiative will be the standardized, easy access to quality type specimen data, and the repatriation of those data to countries where the specimens were originally collected.
		The DIGIT subcommittee is not focusing on type specimens and welcomed ALL's leadership role with regards to the E-Type Initiative.
	www.all-species.org /summer/initiatives.html (824 words)

	Silver Buckle Press: Woodtype Questions
		specimens to a printed example in a wood type catalogue.
		Specimen 1: 6 line, both specimens are Gothic Round, "fable &" is stamped by J. Cooley NY (1859-1868).
		Specimen 6: 15 line, we are looking for an exact identification for this unknown Antique specimen.
	www.library.wisc.edu /libraries/SBP/woodtype.html (212 words)

	creativepro.com - dot-font: The Pleasures of Old Type Books
		In digital or photo type, the flat-sided forms would make it possible (and tempting) to set the letters too close together, but these were metal types; even fitted tight, they kept enough room to breathe.
		The creators of the specimen book wanted it to be both a reference and a way to show off their type and how it might be used.
		The nature of these once-new type designs is both elusive and insistently material: it would be hard to come by most of them as metal type today, but the printed manifestation of the types in use remains.
	www.creativepro.com /story/feature/19512.html (990 words)

	SDNHM Botany Type Specimen
		A type specimen is the single specimen, or any one of a set of specimens, designated in the original publication of a new scientific name as representing the organism that is being named.
		Like most type collections, ours includes some specimens for which the status is ambiguous--perhaps because the specimen was labeled as a type but no publication of the name has been found, or because the label information is not adequate to identify it as definitely being one of the type set.
		A researcher who is a specialist in the group of plants to which a possible type specimen belongs can help clear up the mystery one way or the other, but only if he or she knows it exists!
	www.sdnhm.org /research/botany/whatis.html (185 words)

	A Checklist of Type Specimens 1628-2002 in the Robert Grabhorn Collection - SFPL.org
		The specimens listed here are part of the Robert Grabhorn Collection on the History of Printing and the Development of the Book, a major collection of over 10,000 volumes focusing on traditional letterpress printing.
		A specimen of the Fell type by Bruce Rogers.
		Type Book; This Same being intended as an aid to the Worker in Type who seeks proper guidance for his inspiration in the selection of suitable type faces possessing those characteristics of refinement which are most acceptable to good taste in letter-press work
	sfpl.lib.ca.us /librarylocations/main/bookarts/typespecs.htm (3229 words)

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