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Topic: Typed and untyped languages

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typed and untyped languages

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	Typed and untyped languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In computer science, some programming languages are typed and some are untyped.
		Regardless of static or dynamic checking, a language can be strongly typed or weakly typed.
		For a definition of strong and weak languages, see Strongly-typed_programming_language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Typed_and_untyped_languages (230 words)

	Talk:Typed and untyped languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Definitely don't merge strongly-typed programming language into this article (the other way around, maybe, though there are other solutions if people object to merging typed and untyped languages into strongly-typed programming language).
		On a side note, "typed" does not mean the same thing as "strongly-typed"; a "typed language" is anyone that uses explicit data types, so a "strongly-typed language" and a "weakly-typed language" are both still "typed languages".
		The Strongly typed article shows all of the definitions; clearly Perl does not meet some of them (which is not a bad thing, but the continued use of the term as if it had meaning isn't very helpful).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Typed_and_untyped_languages (761 words)

	Datatype - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Programming languages implicitly or explicitly support one or more datatypes; these types may act as a statically or dynamically checked constraint on the programs that can be written in a given language.
		Advocates of strongly typed languages such as ML and Haskell have suggested that almost all bugs can be considered type errors, if the types used in a program are sufficiently well declared by the programmer or inferred by the compiler.
		Careful language design has also allowed other languages to appear to be weakly-typed (through type inference and other techniques) for usability while preserving the type checking and protection offered by languages such as Java.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /datatype.htm (2291 words)

	Datatype (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Programming languages implicitly or explicitly support one or more datatypes; these types may act as a statically or dynamically checked constraint, ensuring valid programs for a given language.
		If a language enforces type rules strongly (that is, generally allowing only those automatic type conversions which do not lose information), one can refer to the process as strongly typed, if not, as weakly typed.
		Careful language design has also allowed other languages to appear weakly-typed (through type inference and other techniques) for usability while preserving the type checking and protection offered by languages such as VB.Net, C# and Java.
	nba.servegame.org /en/Data_type.htm (2447 words)

	Datatype - explanation-Guide.info - for information, definition, meaning, reference - free encyclopedia, glossary of ...
		Other statically typed systems, like that of ML, allow such operations as the type is associated with the value, and not the variable.
		Advocates of languages such as ML and Haskell have suggested that almost all bugs can be considered type errors, if the types used in a program are sufficiently well declared by the programmer or inferred by the compiler.
		A strongly typed language does not allow an operation to succeed on arguments which are of the wrong type.
	explanation-guide.info /meaning/Datatype.html (2251 words)

	Why type systems are interesting - part II \| Lambda the Ultimate
		Untyped languages are a proper subset of typed languages.
		For statically-typed languages to model popular use cases of untyped languages requires a "sufficiently expressive type system" in the sense used previously, so some level of type annotation will be necessary in such languages.
		As for being useful in evaluating languages today, it clearly is valuable: some of us have made the switch from untyped languages to typed ones and have direct experience of the benefits.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /node/view/175 (16936 words)

	Chapter 3: Constraint Graphs: A Concept Map Meta-Language
		Object-oriented languages may be untyped (Smalltalk), declaratively typed (Simula, C++), or inferentially typed (object-oriented extensions to ML (Remy 1994)) (Gunter and Mitchel 1994).
		Some languages do not enforce child classes to be subtypes of the parent class; this non-strict inheritance replaces the isa relation with the weaker like relation (Wegner 1988).
		In contrast, in a typed hypergraph the types of nodes and arcs are taken from an arbitrary type lattice: there exists a subtype/supertype relationship between the different types (see Figure 9).
	pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca /~kremer/dissertation/Ch3.html (3906 words)

	Why type systems are interesting \| Lambda the Ultimate
		In practice, the statically typed languages we're talking about don't provide support for using a Univ type throughout the program (although some languages with less "modern" type systems do do this.) In addition, use of a Univ type leads to having to do things explicitly that are done implicitly for you in dynamic languages.
		Statically typed languages, on the other hand, possess a semantics which is sophisticated enough to express both untyped and typed programs but, because typed programmers are generally not interested in writing untyped programs, there has been little impetus to provide a convenient syntax for them.
		Languages which do not rely on statically derived type information alone, but which enmesh values with their types at runtime may have benefits for inter-program communication because marshalling of the sort described above can assign types dynamically in a manner which is consistent with the runtime assignment of other types within a program.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /node/view/100 (17510 words)

	Programming languages
		Scala is a concurrent, object-oriented, functional language with a special focus on web services, and designed as a successor to Funnel, a language based on the Join calculus which combines FP with Petri nets.
		Groovy is an untyped language for the JVM.
		Cecil is a pure OO language with multi-methods; the Vortex compiler uses a whole-program optimizer to largely eliminate unnecessary dispatches.
	homepages.cwi.nl /~atanasso/lang (1580 words)

	Why type systems are interesting - part III: latent types \| Lambda the Ultimate
		In practice, typed languages are not usually used like this, probably because of convenience and practicality.
		Programmer in dynamically-typed languages tend to think about types in first-class terms, as runtime properties of values, but in Piercian terms, those runtime properties are tags, and those programmers are still in fact reasoning about types when they write e.g.
		This implies that programmers in statically-typed languages should be aware of latent types, although in their case, their response to it may often be to attempt to encode it fully the type system, so that it is no longer latent.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /node/view/220 (4655 words)

	ipedia.com: Datatype Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In fact, many languages allow programmers to define semantic types derived from builtin types; either composed of elements of one or more builtin types, or simply as aliases for names of builtin types.
		Duck typing is a humorous way of describing the (dynamic) typing typical of many scripting languages, where the language guesses at the type of a value.
		However, a language can be statically typed without requiring declarations, so this is not a consequence of static typing.
	www.ipedia.com /datatype.html (2261 words)

	SENG 609.03 Object Theory: Course Work
		Given that it seems non-relevant whether you have a typed expression or not since the type can be derived or inferred, the question of typed or untyped languages arises and the advantageous or pitfalls of each.
		This seems at odds with typed Lambda calculus where each expression has one type only, and args have one type only, but is perfectly natural in untyped lambda calculus where the type is undefined or simply not important.
		In this manner, untyped lambda calculus, Wegner finds an example of a notation where the expression is in fact an abbreviation for the related typed expressions.
	sern.ucalgary.ca /courses/SENG/609.03/W98/roec1/classification-paper.html (2606 words)

	Datatype (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Programming languages implicitly or explicitly support one or more datatypes; these types may act as a statically or dynamically checked constraint on the programss that can be written in a given language.
		This can be used as an additional mechanism for communicating the intentions of the library developer.
		Dynamic typing allows compilers to run more quickly, since there is less checking to perform and less code to revisit when something changes.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Datatype (2572 words)

	Clarence Westberg's Radio Weblog
		I am glad there has been so much discussion about typed vs untyped languages but in the end nothing will change because the powers to be just don't get it.
		There are even a bunch of people that want to make smalltalk typed.
		We are at a deadend in computing right now, we need some kind of big event to change things.
	radio.weblogs.com /0102279/2003/05/05.html (112 words)

	Strong Typing vs. Loose Typing - Rick Strahl's WebLog
		In a strongly typed language, make a change to a property name, or remove and the compiler will tell you where it's missing or mistyped or used incorrectly.
		COM Interop from a typed language is a lot more difficult than it is with an untyped language.
		It would be nice to see a language that was strongly typed but allowed you to turn it off when you needed to in order to get the flexibility.
	west-wind.com /weblog/posts/1945.aspx (2403 words)

	ITworld.com - Dynamically typed languages are no cure-all
		He is perhaps best known for his Eiffel programming language and the related concept of "Design by Contract" that he effectively diffused.
		When he spoke in ITworld.com's interview forum, Robert Martin expressed the opinion that dynamically (though strongly) typed languages like Python and Smalltalk would be the mainstream languages of the future, rather than languages like C++ and Java.
		Untyped or dynamically typed languages are OK for throwaway code, although in my experience with developing such code I have every single time wished in retrospect (even when I was initially happy with an untyped approach) that I had the benefit of static typing.
	www.itworld.com /AppDev/1032/ITF010402meyerpromo/pfindex.html (769 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		-- Frequently asked questions about Joy : concatenation of programs represents composition of functions concatenative languages to be used to eliminate formal parameters in lambda abstractions -- Overview of the language Joy : Joy is a categorical functional language.
		typed vs. untyped languages - untyped apparently requires runtime checks both lambda and combinatory calculus make use of application as an operator, but application has no nice algebraic properties.
		the category should also have exponentials, yielding higher order functions and thus giving the categorical equivalent of a typed lambda calculus note to self: this isomorphism appears to be very useful given the horrendous lambda notation versus the more visually pleasing categorical diagrams.
	userpages.umbc.edu /~mmisam1/doc.interjoy.txt (833 words)

	Mark Watson's Blog
		Still, whenever I do a major project in an untyped language like Common Lisp or Smalltalk, I see a personal productivity gain of about a factor of two improvement over statically typed languages like Java.
		I really love the Common LISP language but I immediately rule out Common LISP for projects that need technologies like SOAP, WSDL, etc. that are either not well supported in a portable way or are only available on specific vendor's platforms.
		Anyway, programming language selection should be made, in my opinion, based on which language works best for a specific application.
	radio.weblogs.com /0115954/2002/12/20.html (277 words)

	Week 13 Notes: JavaScript
		In an untyped language, a variable may be of any data type, and an individual variable's data type may be changed at any time.
		As I mentioned earlier, even though JavaScript is an untyped language, and even though you can change a variable's data type on-the-fly in JavaScript, variables can only be a SINGLE data type at any given time, whether that type be a number, a string, a boolean, an object, or null/undefined.
		Data may be passed as an argument to a method/function either directly (by stating the actual number, string, or boolean value), or by passing a variable containing the data (by stating the variable name).
	fog.ccsf.cc.ca.us /~pthiry/132/week13notes.htm (18351 words)

	Syllabus
		The third level will discuss the implications of how languages implement these concepts for compiler and run-time system.
		Typed and untyped languages, type safety, type equality, static and dynamic typing, strong and weak typing.
		Polymorphism in languages and its implications(Modula-3, C++, Java, Smalltalk).
	www-plan.cs.colorado.edu /diwan/5535-99 (547 words)

	Business Software Review : Article 'Programming language' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A language enables a programmer to precisely specify what data a computer will act upon, how these data will be stored/transmitted, and precisely what actions to take under various circumstances.
		A fifth-generation programming language is a programming language based around solving problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer.
		In the 1990s fifth-generation languages were considered to be the wave of the future and would replace all other languages except low-level languages for system developement in software developement.
	www.business-software-review.org /DisplayArticle47935.html (891 words)

	Proposte di Tesi XIII ciclo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		However, their combination yields programming languages that are difficult to model and to reason about.
		Examples include typed and untyped functional languages, like SML and Scheme, and object oriented languages like Java.
		These include models and logics for object-oriented languages, typed assembly languages, intermediate metalanguages, process calculi with higher order functions, regions and effect systems.
	www.disi.unige.it /dottorato/thesis-proposal-13.html (1260 words)

	Type-Directed Flow Analysis for Typed Intermediate Languages - Jagannathan, Weeks, Wright (ResearchIndex)
		Flow analysis is especially valuable for optimizing functional languages because control-flow information is not syntactically apparent in higher-order programs.
		However, recent compilers for typed functional languages such as ML and Haskell use a typed intermediate language to expose data representations for optimization.
		This paper presents a polyvariant flow analysis framework for the predicative subset of system F, a common basis for...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /50673.html (668 words)

	Region-Based Memory Management in Prolog - Makholm (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Experiments with a prototype region-based Prolog implementation show that the time efficiency of the extended region-based model compares favorably with garbage collection and is not prohibitively worse than a purely stack-based Prolog...
		86 Implementation of the typed call-by-value -calculus using a..
		1 Polymorphic typing of an algorithmic language (context) - Hall, Cliff et al.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /319724.html (742 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The thesis also describes a method for translating a subset of Prolog into C programs that use the extended region-based memory manager.
		The translation involves several typed and untyped intermediate languages with rigorously defined semantics.
		Informal arguments for the correctness of most of the individual transformation phases are provided; they are meant to be expandable into fully rigorous proofs.
	www.diku.dk /topps/activities/topps-talks/2000/20000309 (171 words)

	pagefall : I ''still'' don't get it (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		If of course typing is being added to make it easier to optimize and speed up python code then that is another kettle of fish.
		If typed code is faster then typing won't be optional because not adding it will equal slower code.
		If we are going to tinker with Python then there are plenty of things that would add real value for the whole community.
	www.pagefall.com /musings/2005/01/19/i_still_don't_get_it (219 words)

	Many faces of the fixed-point combinator
		It is that simple, especially compared to the more complex expression for the applicative fixpoint combinator.
		In a simply typed lambda-calculus, the fix-point operator can be typed but cannot be expressed and so has to be introduced as a primitive.
		The self-application combinator cannot even be typed because it requires recursive types.
	okmij.org /ftp/Computation/fixed-point-combinators.html (657 words)

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