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Strongly-typed programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Some authors, however, reserve the phrase "strongly-typed language" for languages that omit implicit type conversion (that is, conversions that are inserted by the compiler on the programmer's behalf). Such evasions are possible in languages that allow programmers to get at the underlying representation of values (ie, their bit-pattern). Pascal is often said to be more strongly typed than C, a claim that is probably based on the fact that C supports more kinds of implicit conversions than Pascal and C also allows pointer values to be explicitly cast while Pascal does not. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Strongly_typed   (736 words)

Type system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For example, in the C programming language, a value of the "float" data type represents a 32-bit quantity that represents a single-precision floating-point number (likely to be as defined by the IEEE floating-point standard). Advocates of strongly typed languages such as ML and Haskell have suggested that almost all bugs can be considered type errors, if the types used in a program are sufficiently well declared by the programmer or inferred by the compiler. A type-checker for a statically typed language must verify that the type of any expression is consistent with the type expected by the context in which that expression appears. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dynamic_typing   (3151 words)

Type System - TunesWiki Programming languages usually come with a type-system, a term for some algebraic structure whose elements are the types of data that can be manipulated in the language, together with a mapping from the set of objects involved in defining the semantics of the language into the typesystem. Other typed languages, such as ML or Haskell, will infer the type of an expression depending on its structure and context, without the need for programmer declaration, except maybe in difficult or ambiguous cases. In other languages (notably Lisp, the C or Java), it is impossible to define the dynamic semantics of the language without involving its typesystem; the typesystem could thus be called "interdependent" with the dynamic semantics of the language. tunes.org /wiki/Type_System   (1239 words)

Programming languages   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) Scala is a concurrent, object-oriented, functional language with a special focus on web services, and designed as a successor to Funnel, a language based on the Join calculus which combines FP with Petri nets. Groovy is an untyped language for the JVM. Cecil is a pure OO language with multi-methods; the Vortex compiler uses a whole-program optimizer to largely eliminate unnecessary dispatches. homepages.cwi.nl /~atanasso/lang   (1590 words)

Term of the Week: Data Types   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) One frequently cited advantage of statically typed languages is that they run faster because the types have already been checked at compile time and there is no ambiguity over the type at run time. Most generally, if a language uses static (compile time) type checking and that type checking can't be evaded, it fits most definitions of a strongly typed language. A strongly typed language should, at run time, check any variables that will be added and ensure that they have been defined as compatible types. www.developer.com /lang/print.php/3507041   (656 words)

Strongly Typed Similarly, Pascal was frequently cited as 'strongly typed' in contrast to C, even though the Pascal and C type systems are nearly identical and both Pascal and C both provide several mechanisms for evading compile-time type checks. A language is strongly typed if the type of its data objects is fixed and does not vary over the lifetime of the object. For example, the author of #8 above (http://stofi.host.sk/fc_c.htm) contrasts the language 'Force' with C, using C as a 'weakly-typed' language, even though, according to the author's own definition, C is strongly typed. c2.com /cgi/wiki?StronglyTyped   (1649 words)

Programming Language Comparison The primary benefit of parameterized types is that it allows statically typed languages to retain their compile-time type safety yet remain nearly as flexible as dynamically typed languages. Thus, while object-oriented languages strive to remain at a fairly high level of abstraction, to be suitable for systems programming a language must provide such features or relegate such low-level tasks to a language with which it can interact. The Capers Jones Language Level is a study that attempts to identify the number of source lines of code is necessary in a given language to implement a single function point. www.jvoegele.com /software/langcomp.html   (5997 words)

[No title]   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) Scripting languages are less efficient than system programming languages, in part because they use interpreters instead of compilers but also because their basic components are chosen for power and ease of use rather than an efficient mapping onto the underlying hardware. Applications for scripting languages are generally smaller than applications for system programming languages, and the performance of a scripting application tends to be dominated by the performance of the components, which are typically implemented in a system programming language. Scripting languages provided less benefit when they were used for the first implementation; this suggests that any reimplementation benefits substantially from the experiences of the first implementation and that the true difference between scripting and system programming is more like a factor of 5-10x than the extreme points of the table. www.tcl.tk /doc/scripting.html   (5442 words)

Henk: A Typed Intermediate Language There is growing interst in the use of richly-typed intermediate languages in sophisticated compilers for higher-order, typed source languages. these intermediate languages are typically stratified, involving terms, types, and kinds. As the sophistication of the type system increases, these three levels begin to look more and more similar, so an attractive approach is to use a single syntax, and a single data type in the compiler, to represent all three. research.microsoft.com /Pubs/view.aspx?pubid=371   (114 words)

Crossing borders: Typing strategies beyond the Java model A type-inferred language determines which type an object might be based on syntactic or structural clues in the language. Statically typed languages are usually, but not exclusively, type explicit; dynamically typed languages are almost always type-inferred. In statically typed languages, the programmer (through a declaration or convention) or the compiler (through inference based on structural and syntactic clues) assigns a type to a variable or object, and that type doesn't change. www-128.ibm.com /developerworks/java/library/j-cb05236.html   (3758 words)

Papers on Typed Assembly Language   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) I would like to announce that revised and extended versions of two papers on typed assembly language, "From System F to Typed Assembly Language" and "Stack-Based Typed Assembly Language," are now available at the URL http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~crary/papers/. TAL is sufficiently expressive to serve as a target language for compilers of high-level languages such as ML. We show that STAL is sufficiently expressive to support languages such as Java, Pascal, and ML; constructs such as exceptions and displays; and optimizations such as tail call elimination and callee-saves registers. www.seas.upenn.edu /~sweirich/types/archive/1999-2003/msg00079.html   (345 words)

A Typed Intermediate Language for Compiling Multiple Inheritance | Lambda the Ultimate We believe that EMI is the first typed intermediate language that is expressive enough for describing implementation details of multiple and virtual inheritance of classes. One of the problems with most OO languages is that they focus too much on one model of implementation reuse - inheritance - at the expense of useful alternatives. Multiple inheritance is much more necessary in the case of types, when the language is statically typed since the ability to treat objects polymorphically hinges on subtyping. lambda-the-ultimate.org /node/view/870   (1197 words)

Strongly typed, weakly understood The main cause of this confusion is that the various "X typing" terms are used to qualify orthogonal language properties, while those who use those terms often do not have enough exposure to language semantics to realize the need for all of those qualifications and the difference between them. Statically typed languages often require type declarations in programs, however some statically typed languages such as ML can in some cases infer types from the operations performed, making manifest type declarations unnecessary. Comment on Strongly typed, weakly understood by David Buck Manifest typing is normally considered a specialisation of Static typing, so if it's manifest typed, it ust be (by definition) also statically typed. www.cincomsmalltalk.com /userblogs/buck/blogView?showComments=true&entry=3252458583   (1114 words)

An Orientation to JavaScript > A Weakly Typed Language Means That JavaScript Is Smart   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) For programmers coming from C++ or Java, two strongly typed languages, this means that JavaScript will figure out what type of data you have and make the necessary adjustments so that you don't have to redefine your different types of data. In strongly typed languages, you need to convert the floating-point number to a string and then concatenate it with the dollar sign. Although the term "weakly typed" might imply some deficiency with JavaScript, the term actually means that JavaScript is smart enough to do the work of determining what type of data any given variable should be. www.peachpit.com /articles/article.asp?p=25275&seqNum=4   (458 words)

XML Path Language (XPath) 2.0 Since these languages are so closely related, their grammars and language descriptions are generated from a common source to ensure consistency, and the editors of these specifications work together closely. The typed value of a variable may be set by execution of an expression that binds a value to the variable, or by the external environment. The typed value of a node is a sequence of atomic values, and the string value of a node is a string. www.w3.org /TR/2003/WD-xpath20-20030502   (9499 words)

Typed Assembly Language   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) Typed Assembly Language (TAL) extends traditional untyped assembly languages with typing annotations, memory management primitives, and a sound set of typing rules. Moreover, the typing constructs are expressive enough to encode most source language programming features including records and structures, arrays, higher-order and polymorphic functions, exceptions, abstract data types, subtyping, and modules. Consequently, TAL is an ideal target platform for type-directed compilers that want to produce verifiably safe code for use in secure mobile code applications or extensible operating system kernels. www.cs.cornell.edu /talc/default.html   (145 words)

Dynamic Typing A variable is dynamically typed when the type of the object(s) it will name is not specified at compile time. A language is dynamically typed if most variables in typical programs written in that language are dynamically typed. The only dynamically typed language that I can think of that doesn't have implicit references is Perl, where if you want a reference, you gotta request it explicitly with the \ operator. c2.com /cgi/wiki?DynamicTyping   (1070 words)

The Icon Programming Language Icon is a derivation of SNOBOL, a language originally designed by Bell Telephone Laboratories in the early 60s to promote development of string and structure intensive applications. Icon is a high-level, imperative, procedural language especially useful for processing strings and structures. Strongly typed language - values are typed, as opposed to variables. www.engin.umd.umich.edu /CIS/course.des/cis400/icon/icon.html   (448 words)

James Gosling: on the Java Road I think the argument is that languages (maybe by design) that so happen to have weak typing are getting a lot of focus and Java which is 10 years old is losing some its foothold. This is perfectly legal in languages as C and C++ (non-managed languages or languages that have no VM, CLR or whatever it's called in your favorite language/platform) Dynamically means that when you put an Integer in a variable/label one moment, it is perfectly legal to put a Float io it the next. The point being that both weakly typed and dynamically typed languages can lead to variable-related bugs that would be caught in strongly typed and dynamically typed languages, without the need for writing tests. blogs.sun.com /roller/page/jag?entry=radlab_scripting_and_scale   (2981 words)

The Scheme Programming Language Scheme was one of the first programming languages to incorporate first class procedures as in the lambda calculus, thereby proving the usefulness of static scope rules and block structure in a dynamically typed language. Scheme was the first major dialect of Lisp to distinguish procedures from lambda expressions and symbols, to use a single lexical environment for all variables, and to evaluate the operator position of a procedure call in the same way as an operand position. Scheme is also the first programming language to support hygienic macros, which permit the syntax of a block-structured language to be extended reliably. www.swiss.ai.mit.edu /projects/scheme/index.html   (700 words)

strongly-typed - a definition from Whatis.com A strongly-typed programming language is one in which each type of data (such as integer, character, hexadecimal, packed decimal, and so forth) is predefined as part of the programming language and all constants or variables defined for a given program must be described with one of the data types. The language compiler enforces the data typing and use compliance. An advantage of strong data typing is that it imposes a rigorous set of rules on a programmer and thus guarantees a certain consistency of results. whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci213058,00.html   (195 words)

The Java(tm) Language: An Overview The Java programming language and environment is designed to solve a number of problems in modern programming practice. One of the advantages of a strongly typed language (like C++) is that it allows extensive compile-time checking so bugs can be found early. One reason that dynamic languages are good for prototyping is that they don't require you to pin down decisions too early. java.sun.com /docs/overviews/java/java-overview-1.html   (3168 words)

Language Log: Typed citation links A system that already does something like this is CiteSeer, which provides (as in this example) separate lists of related documents along the seven different typed links "Cited by", "Similar documents (at the sentence level)", "Active bibliography (related documents)", "Similar documents based on text", "Related documents from co-citation", "Citations", and "Documents on the same site". Some of the kinds of links that James suggests ("provides further evidence for", "answers question posed by") are likely to be hard even for human readers to agree about. You could argue -- probably someone already has -- that html has been so successful because it's at a sweet spot of semantic incoherence, which allows writers to adopt vague and variable theories about what it all means, and readers to reconstruct some approximate analog of the writers' intentions. itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/001714.html   (649 words)

James Strachan's Weblog I'm still not convinced we should all move to dynamically typed languages any time soon - however I see no reason why we can't use both dynamically and statically typed languages and choose the best tool for the job. Apart from beanshell, most of them are languages designed with other use cases or criteria in mind and the bridge to the JVM was an afterthought and so don't quite sit nicely in a Java (platform and language) developers toolkit - even if thats just some minor syntax things (like __init__ and self in Jython). So the initial idea was to make a little dynamic language which compiles directly to Java classes and provides all the nice (alleged) productivity benefits of python / ruby but allows you to reuse, extend, implement and test your existing Java code - and use that to write your unit tests. radio.weblogs.com /0112098/2003/08/29.html   (601 words)

Can a dynamically typed language support type inference? | Lambda the Ultimate You can have dynamically typed languages that don't support much dynamic metaprogramming at all, and such languages are much more amenable to type inference. For example, Ruby is dynamically typed which we can view as statically typed with a trivial type system; namely every term has type "Dynamic". And it's only correct because the language is restricted so that all functions are pure, which gives you stronger invariants to work with. lambda-the-ultimate.org /node/1681   (1324 words)

Lush: Lisp Universal SHell Lush is designed to be used in situations where one would want to combine the flexibility of a high-level, weakly-typed interpreted language, with the efficiency of a strongly-typed, natively-compiled language, and with the easy integration of code written in C, C++, or other languages. Many software projects, particularly research projects, require two languages: an efficient compiled language such as C or C++ for implementing the low-level or computationally expensive function, and a flexible, possibly interpreted language for high-level control, scripting, experimentation, and tinkering. The Lush interpreter is written in C and features all the usual functionalities and constructs found in every decent object-oriented programming language such as conditional statements, loops, local variables, functions, macros, objects, classes, methods, and inheritance, but it also provides a large number of functions for manipulating lists, strings, vectors, matrices, and tensors. lush.sourceforge.net   (2314 words)

XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language XML is a versatile markup language, capable of labeling the information content of diverse data sources including structured and semi-structured documents, relational databases, and object repositories. One requirement in [XML Query 1.0 Requirements] is that an XML query language have both a human-readable syntax and an XML-based syntax. The typed value of a variable may be set by execution of an expression that binds a value to the variable, by the Prolog, or by the external environment. www.w3.org /TR/2003/WD-xquery-20030502   (9305 words)

A Key Python/Dynamically Typed Language Observation   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30) By his definition VBScript and Python are dynamically typed languages but Python is both dynamically typed (because it doesn't use explicit data-type declarations) and strongly typed (because once it has a data-type it actually matters). VBScript, on the other hand, is a weakly typed language because you can concatenate the string '12' and the integer 3 to get the string '123', and then treat that as the integer 123, all without any explicit conversion. Then it hit me. I have been (naively) biased against late/dynamically bound languages because of the crap that is VBScript and assuming that it was a real dynamic dynamic language. samgentile.com /blog/archive/2005/01/09/12443.aspx   (355 words)

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