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Topic: Typical antipsychotic

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Atypical antipsychotic

	Antipsychotic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Antipsychotics also have some effects as mood stabilizers, leading to their frequent use in treating mood disorder (particularly bipolar disorder) even when no signs of psychosis are present.
		Typical antipsychotics are not particularly selective and also block the same receptors in the mesocortical pathway, tuberoinfundibular pathway and the nigrostriatal pathway.
		The newer atypical antipsychotics are supposedly rationally designed drugs in which a theoretical understanding of both the condition to be treated and the effect of certain molecules on the body is used to develop potential new drug candidates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antipsychotic (1604 words)

	Typical antipsychotic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Typical antipsychotics (sometimes referred to as conventional antipsychotics or conventional neuroleptics) are a class of antipsychotic drugs first developed in the 1950s and used to treat psychosis (in particular, schizophrenia), and are generally being replaced by atypical antipsychotic drugs.
		Typical antipsychotics may also be used for the treatment of acute mania, agitation, and other conditions.
		Fluphenazine and haloperidol are examples of high-potency typical antipsychotics, and chlorpromazine is an example of a low potency antipsychotic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Typical_antipsychotic (637 words)

	Maintenance Drug Treatment for Schizophrenia
		The responsiveness of primary negative symptoms to typical antipsychotic drugs during acute or maintenance treatment has not yet been demonstrated, and studies addressing the responsiveness of non-specific negative symptoms to antipsychotic drugs in acute patients should not be used in lieu of such critical studies.
		Recently, studies of atypical antipsychotic drugs have demonstrated that such drugs may be superior to typical antipsychotic drugs in terms of their efficacy for mood symptoms (75, 76) and at least some cognitive deficits (32).
		Attempts to augment the capacity of typical antipsychotics with anti-depressants that are selective serotonin uptake inhibitors has been disappointing, perhaps because such drugs interfere with the metabolism of typical antipsychotic drugs and thus increase their plasma levels and add to their dose-dependent extrapyramidal side-effects.
	www.acnp.org /g4/GN401000122/CH.html (6289 words)

	Psychiatric Times
		An adequate trial of a typical antipsychotic is often defined as six weeks at a dosage level of 1000 mg/day in chlorpromazine (Thorazine) equivalents.
		An adequate trial of an atypical antipsychotic should be at least eight to 12 weeks on a higher dose of the medication -- for example 12 mg/day of risperidone, 40 mg/day of olanzapine, 800 mg/day of quetiapine or 200 mg/day of ziprasidone.
		Adding even a relatively small dose of a typical antipsychotic, such as 2 mg to 4 mg of haloperidol, to an atypical antipsychotic may augment the therapeutic response at the cost of losing some of the advantages of the atypicals such as low EPS or lack of prolactin elevation.
	www.psychiatrictimes.com /p020537.html (1959 words)

	Info and facts on 'Typical antipsychotic' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		High-potency typical antipsychotics tend to be associated with more extrapyramidal side-effects (additional info and facts about extrapyramidal side-effects) (EPS) and less histaminic (e.g.
		There is a significant risk of the serious condition tardive dyskinesia (Involuntary rolling of the tongue and twitching of the face or trunk or limbs; often occurs in patients with parkinsonism who are treated with phenothiazine) developing as a side-effect of typical antipsychotics.
		The atypical antipsychotic clozapine (An antipsychotic drug (trade name Clozaril) used as a sedative and for treatment-resistant schizophrenia; know to have few side effects) has also been suggested as an alternative antipsychotic for patients experiencing tardive dyskinesia.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/ty/typical_antipsychotic.htm (679 words)

	[No title]
		Atypical antipsychotics antagonize 5HT2 receptors in the cortex that are presumed to block the inhibiting nature of serotonin neurons on dopamine, thus increasing frontal lobe dopamine levels.
		The primary features distinguishing atypical from typical antipsychotics are as follows: (1) The absence of extrapyramidal motor disturbances (EPS) and other motor disturbances; (2) the ability to effectively reduce schizophrenic symptoms in patients who do not respond well to typical antipsychotics; and (3) an increased ability to reduce the negative symptoms of schizophrenia (Grilly, 1998).
		A number of studies have shown its antipsychotic efficacy in otherwise unresponsive schizophrenic patients and its reduced association with EPS and tardive dyskinesia as compared to the typical antipsychotics.
	www.humboldt.edu /~morgan/apsy_s04.htm (3541 words)

	Rabbit Syndrome Secondary to Risperidone
		This uncommon extrapyramidal side effect is characterized by rhythmic movements of the mouth and may be caused by typical antipsychotics and risperidone secondary to blockade of dopamine D2 receptors.
		Eight were due to various combinations of typical antipsychotic drugs, and the remaining two were due to risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic.
		However, if changing to another antipsychotic agent is not possible (e.g., the patient is receiving a long-acting injectable typical antipsychotic because of noncompliance), then an anticholinergic agent would be an effective suppressive treatment.
	www.namiscc.org /Research/2002/RabbitSyndrome.htm (1597 words)

	Typical antipsychotic - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Some of the high-potency antipsychotics, particularly fluphenazine, are combined with oils (e.g.
		Although the risk of developing tardive dyskinesia after chronic typical antipsychotic usage varies on several factors, such as age and gender, the average prevalence is approximately 30% [1].
		Tardive diskinesia may reverse upon discontinuation of the offending agent or it may be irreversible.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Typical_antipsychotic (448 words)

	paw test-olz
		It is fairly well accepted that typical antipsychotic drugs (ones that produce extrapyramidal motor side effects, like chloropromazine [Thorazine] and haloperidol [Haldol] produce their therapeutic effects through blockade of dopamine receptors and there are data showing that typical antipsychotics are more effective in reducing positive symptoms than negative symptoms (see review by Ellenbroek, Pharma.
		Antipsychotic drugs that do not produce motor side effects (or greatly reduced effects) have been classified as atypical antipsychotic drugs.
		The antipsychotic thioridazine (Melleril) also was tested as this drug has shown properties of both atypical and typical neuroleptics in various preclinical tests.
	www.has.vcu.edu /psy/biopsy/porter/pawolz.htm (904 words)

	Treating Schizophrenia - Clinical Trials ACP-103 and ACP-104 - ACADIA
		The typical antipsychotic agents that were introduced in the late-1950s block dopamine receptors.
		Typical antipsychotic drugs fail to address or worsen most of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and their use has decreased in the United States and Europe.
		Despite the availability of a variety of antipsychotic agents, only a portion of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia are treatable and the cognitive disturbances are poorly addressed by current therapies.
	www.acadia-pharm.com /programs/schizophrenia.htm (1309 words)

	Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs
		Other atypical antipsychotic drugs have not been as well studied as clozapine, but there is enough evidence of their relationship to clozapine and of clinically important differences between them and neuroleptics to warrant the new designation.
		The differences in clinical profile among atypical antipsychotics identified solely on the basis of low EPS suggests that multiple biological mechanisms may be responsible for the diverse differences between clozapine and typical antipsychotic drugs.
		Clozapine was reported to be superior to typical neuroleptic drugs with regard to global psychopathology or specific positive symptoms in seven of these studies whereas five studies failed to show a difference between clozapine and typical drugs.
	www.acnp.org /g4/GN401000123/CH121.html (5915 words)

	Wikinfo \| Antipsychotic
		Although the underlying mechanism of this new class is different than the all previous typical and atypical antipsychotics, partial dopamine agonists are often categorized as atypicals.
		This combination of effects on both dopamine and serotonin receptors might be why atypical antipsychotic drugs tend to have less side effects than typicals and have a seemingly additional effect on the 'negative symptoms' of schizophrenia.
		Some people who become psychotic do not seem to respond to antipsychotic medication, despite studies showing that the drug is blocking the same amount of receptors as in other people who do respond to the treatment.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Antipsychotic (1081 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Side effects of antipsychotic drugs
		Regardless of whether a patient is receiving typical (either low or high potency) or atypical antipsychotic drugs, thorough medical evaluation is important to identify, if possible, the cause of psychosis and of any abnormal motor activity that may be present.
		Antipsychotic drugs can produce cognitive deficits; because many older adults already have such problems, it is important to check for preexisting cognitive deficits before starting therapy.
		Antipsychotic drugs are very useful in treatment of psychosis and severe agitation in the elderly.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2000/02_00/saltz.htm (3418 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Antipsychotic
		Antipsychotics also have some effects as mood stabilizers, leading to their occasional use in treating mood disorder (particularly bipolar disorder) even when no signs of psychosis are present.
		There is a greater risk of developing tardive dyskinesia with the older, typical antipsychotic drugs, although the newer antipsychotics do seem to cause this disorder to a lesser degree.
		However, the drug soon appeared to reduce psychosis beyond this calming effect, and it is now believed that the reduction of psychosis produced by the drug is unrelated to the calming effect of the medication.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Neuroleptic (1410 words)

	[No title]
		INTRODUCTION Compared to ‘typical’ antipsychotics, novel ‘atypical’ drugs have been shown to be more effective in treating negative signs of schizophrenia, and have been associated with improved performance on cognitive tasks dependent on frontal lobe function.
		We predicted that substitution of risperidone for typical antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia would be associated with enhanced functional activation during the performance of a verbal working memory task, hypothetically due to relatively increased dopaminergic drive to the prefrontal cortex.
		Risperidone was substituted for typical antipsychotics after baseline assessment in the second group.
	www.neurologie.uni-duesseldorf.de /HBM99/cd/sensor/2495.html (707 words)

	Typical antipsychotic
		High-potency typical antipsychotics tend to be associated with more EPS and less histaminic (e.g.
		Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) are a side effect that may be caused by the typical antipsychotics.
		EPS is a cluster of symptoms consisting of pseudoparkinsonism, dystonias, and akathisia.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/t/ty/typical_antipsychotic.html (394 words)

	Pharmacotherapy
		People changing to atypical antipsychotic medication from old antipsychotic medications will be observed to have improved quality of life, improved mental health, and less medication side effects than people retained on traditional medications.
		We recommend that atypical antipsychotics should be considered the first line treatment of choice, with the typical antipsychotics only being considered when the former have demonstrably failed.
		From the perspective of the Birmingham University Study, the investigators seem to view olanzapine as a prototype atypical antipsychotic, much as chlorpromazine is accepted as a prototype for the old class of typical antipsychotics.
	homepage.ntlworld.com /pxbaa/Pharmacotherapy.htm (4081 words)

	Risk of Diabetes for Individuals with Schizophrenia Treated
		Schizophrenia is a complex illness, often presenting a variety of treatment challenges.1,2 Antipsychotic medications play a critical role in controlling acute psychotic symptoms, and in preventing relapse.3—5 Although the first generation (or typical) antipsychotics are generally effective in controlling positive symptoms of schizophrenia, they are less effective in treating negative and cognitive symptoms.
		For patients younger than 40, each individual atypical group had a significantly increased risk of diabetes compared with the group of all typical antipsychotics; in the analysis of all ages combined, the risperidone group was the only atypical group which did not have a significantly increased risk of diabetes.
		Patients (aged 18 to 64) initiating antipsychotic treatment with atypical or typical agents, between October 1, 1996, and December 31, 1998, and diagnosed with schizophrenia (at least one diagnosis in the inpatient setting or at least two diagnoses in the outpatient setting (ICD9 295.xx)32 were identified.
	www.jrnlappliedresearch.com /articles/Vol3Iss3/Zhao.htm (2903 words)

	Exec Summary Vol. 7: No. 13. A systematic review of atypical antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia
		Evidence for the effectiveness of new atypical antipsychotic drugs compared with older drugs was, in general, of poor quality, based on short-term trials and difficult to generalise to the whole population with schizophrenia.
		Gastrointestinal effects: atypical antipsychotic drugs were not significantly better or worse than typical drugs with regard to rates of nausea and vomiting, except for ziprasidone, which caused increased nausea and vomiting, and olanzapine, which caused less nausea and vomiting.
		The evidence for the effectiveness of the new atypical antipsychotic drugs was, in general, of poor quality, based on short-term trials and difficult to generalise to the whole population with schizophrenia.
	www.hta.nhsweb.nhs.uk /execsumm/summ713.htm (2500 words)

	Inverse Agonist Actions of Typical and Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs at the Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine2C Receptor -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Shown are typical results from a representative experiment which has been replicated three times in which test agents were evaluated for their ability to inhibit basal PI hydrolysis at 1 µM final concentration in NIH-3T3 cells stably expressing the r5-HT receptor (PO1C).
		Shown are typical results from a representative experiment that has been replicated twice in which test agents were evaluated for their ability to inhibit PI hydrolysis in untransfected COS-7 (A) and HEK-293 (B) cells.
		Finally, several typical antipsychotic drugs were potent inverse agonists at the tested isoforms of the h5-HT receptor.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/299/1/83 (4174 words)

	Inverse Agonist Activity of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs at Human 5-Hydroxytryptamine2C Receptors -- Herrick-Davis et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		It is clear that the potency of the "typical" antipsychotic drugs is correlated with their affinity for the D
		In the next series of experiments, typical antipsychotic drugs were tested for inverse agonist activity at human 5-HT receptors.
		Moghaddam B and Bunney BS (1990) Acute effects of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs on the release of dopamine from prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and striatum of the rat: An in vivo microdialysis study.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/295/1/226 (4516 words)

	Typical antipsychotic
		(sometimes referred to as conventional antipsychotics or conventional neuroleptics) are a class of antipsychotic drugs first developed in the 1950s and used to treat psychosis (in particular, schizophrenia, and are generally being replaced by atypical antipsychotic drugs.
		Although the risk of developing tardive dyskinesia after chronic typical antipsychotic usage varies on several factors, such as age and gender, the average prevalence is approximately 30% (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieveandamp;db=PubMedandamp;list_uids=12052573andamp;dopt=Abstract).
		There are no treatments that have consistently been shown to be effective for the treatment of tardive dyskinesias, however branched chain amino acidsmelatonin, and vitamin E have been suggested as possible treatments.
	www.bipolarworld.net /Medications/Antipsychotics/antipsy8.htm (470 words)

	Clozapine versus typical neuroleptic medication for schizophrenia (Cochrane Review) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug, which is claimed to have superior efficacy and to cause fewer motor adverse effects than typical drugs for people with treatment-resistant illnesses.
		There was no difference in the effects of clozapine and typical neuroleptic drugs for broad outcomes such as mortality, ability to work or suitability for discharge at end of the study.
		Also, in the short term, participants on clozapine had fewer relapses than those on typical antipsychotic drugs (OR 0.6 CI 0.4-0.8, NNT 20 CI 17-38), and this may be true for long-term treatment as well.
	www.cochrane.org /cochrane/revabstr/ab000059.htm (835 words)

	Atypical, but Not Typical, Antipsychotic Drugs Increase Cortical Acetylcholine Release without an Effect in the Nucleus ...
		Thus, atypical and typical APDs may differ in the ability to increase cortical ACh release, a possible factor contributing to cognitive improvement in schizophrenia.
		However, typical APDs, haloperidol (0.1 and 1 mg/kg, s.c.), S(-)-sulpiride (10 and 25 mg/kg, s.c.), and thioridazine (5 and 20 mg/kg, s.c.) had no significant effect on dialysate ACh concentrations in the mPFC (Figure 4) compared with vehicle controls.
		Ichikawa J, Meltzer HY (1999): Relationship between dopaminergic and serotonergic neuronal activity in the frontal cortex and the action of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs.
	www.nature.com /npp/journal/v26/n3/full/1395755a.html (7445 words)

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