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	Linguistic typology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Typological classification of languages contrasts with the more familiar genetic classification into families that share an ancestor language (see historical linguistics).
		A genetic class is a language family, while a typological class is a language type.
		Some languages that are inflected are difficult to classify in the SVO typological system, because virtually any ordering of verb, object, and subject is possible and correct.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Linguistic_typology (607 words)

	Glottalic theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From a typological point of view, no language is known which has voiced aspirates unless it also has voiceless aspirates.
		Thomas Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav V. Ivanov found a possible solution to the problem by postulating that the voiced unaspirated series was actually ejective (or glottalized), while the voiced aspirated series was just plain voiced.
		However, if the system was typologically stable, as proposed, then you would (a) expect to see it preserved in some of the daughter languages, which is not the case; (b) not expect to see a multiplicity of modifications in the daughter languages, as is in fact the case.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Glottalic_theory (510 words)

	Effects of Media
		Typologically similar media can be expected to compete for the same applications, and the success of one medium in a given application will probably be at the expense of another medium's prospects for success.
		A typologically distinct medium, by contrast, may well develop applications that are highly distinctive and for which it need not compete with any other medium.
		It remains to be seen that television is typologically similar enough to newspapers, magazines, radio, and movies to coopt their content, yet typologically distinct enough to succeed in the face of established competition.
	pages.prodigy.com /mediaspace/deffect.htm (3948 words)

	Typology - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		This idea is the basis for most typological constructions, particularly of stone artefacts where essential forms are often thought of as ‘mental templates’, or combinations of traits that are favoured by the maker.
		The typological model was built on the assumption that humans can be assigned to a race based on some small number of traits.
		Another common typological allegory is with the four major Old testament prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel.
	psychcentral.com /wiki/Typology (864 words)

	filosophy
		Traditionally taxonomists identify species using a concept of reproductive cohesiveness, but the concept in itself is mostly operationally useless and instead it is applied as a typological (phenetic) definition of the units.
		A typological identification of such conceptual units is a simple, imprecise and conceptually unjustified methodology, and a typological definition may either wrongly include individual organisms that do not belong to the group or exclude those that do.
		The prevailing view at the 18th and 19th century was that species had some kind of typological identity, an ideal form, and variation between individuals was explained as a result of interfering forces shaping the individual's ontogeny.
	vivaldi.zool.gu.se /morfologi/information/filosoph.htm (3744 words)

	Topo Med paper
		Typological meaning is the familiar kind described by most theories of linguistics and semiotics: a material form of some sort is assigned to a culturally meaningful category, and the meaning of the category arises from its systematic contrasts with other related categories.
		But the material forms through which we make typological meaning, whether printed word, spoken utterance, or drawn symbol do always also vary from instance to instance in ways that may not be criterial for membership in a sign category, but which exhibit continuous variation that is perceivable and to which our cultures do assign meaning.
		Spatialization in gesture is akin to spatial representation in depiction.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /education/jlemke/papers/topomed.htm (4622 words)

	Estonian folk music layers
		A general structural model of a typological group may be constructed which serves as the grammar of the tune-group, fixes its syntactical rules and enables to derive all the variants of a given melody-type, including those which are not presented in the initial material (see: Rüütel 1986 B).
		The typological analysis of all one-line refrainless tunes revealed that they can be divided into 40 typological groups (see Table 1) which are associated first of all with geographic regions, less often with particular song-genres (e.g.
		Typologically close to the North-Estonian swing-song tunes are the West-Estonian wedding tunes which reveal the character of shouting (Rüütel 1986; *Map 2).
	haldjas.folklore.ee /folklore/vol6/ruutel.htm (8686 words)

	Languages of the World
		Typological classification is based on similarities in language structure.
		The best-known typological frame of reference represents the grammar of a language, either as a whole or as a subsystem.
		Typological classifications have been superimposed on genetic classifications of European languages in particular.
	ling.lll.hawaii.edu /faculty/stampe/Linguistics/lgsworld.html (1332 words)

	TECHNOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO RISK IN HOLOCENE AUSTRALIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Appearance of these typologically regular artefacts during the Holocene, has been seen as a major change in the archaeological sequence, revealing that the ‘tempo of technological innovation had quickened’ (Mulvaney, 1969, p.153).
		Backed blade form varies, but typologically they have been described as falling into two classes: Bondi points, which are asymmetric backed blades, and geometric backed blades, representing a number of symmetrical forms including crescents, triangles and trapezoids.
		Such implements were absent in assemblages of the earliest phase, and are said to be rare or absent in the third and youngest phase, but are abundant in the second phase.
	arts.anu.edu.au /arcworld/resources/papers/paapapers/jwprisk.htm (9621 words)

	Evolution -- What is a Species and What is Not (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Typologically conceived, this would mean that no individual of species A would ever hybridize with any individual of species B. Botanists soon pointed out that this did not correctly describe many situations in nature.
		As long as the inventory taking of kinds of organisms was the primary concern of the students of species, the typological species concept was a reasonably satisfactory concept.
		During the period when the typological species concept was dominant, almost any isolated population that differed by a morphological character was called a different species.
	members.aol.com /darwinpage/mayrspecies.htm (6652 words)

	Banner of Truth Trust General Articles
		Wilson devoted some time to explain that the Bible should be read typologically, demonstrating that this is the way Christ and Paul read it.
		Typologically doesn't mean allegorically, for it does not suppose the unreality of the original text.
		Rather, read typologically, historical events have a larger significance than their immediate impact - Israel was baptized in the Red Sea and Israel drank water from the Rock which was Christ (1 Cor.
	www.banneroftruth.org /pages/articles/article_detail.php?48 (2204 words)

	[No title]
		In our allegorical, that is typological, sense, the Exodus of the Jews under Moses is the "type" of a future historical event, the redemption of humanity through the death and resurrection of Jesus.
		Of all typological relationships, this relationship of Exodus to Jesus's life was always the most important and the one most testified to in the gospels.
		To use Erich Auerbach's terminology, historical events in a typological context have both a horizontal relationship to other events in the continuum of time and also a vertical relationship to eternity, from which the events derive their ultimate meaning.
	www.uvm.edu /~wstephan/dante/typessay.htm (5778 words)

	"Typology: A Summary Of The Present Evangelical Discussion" by W. Edward Glenny
		Proper understanding of typology informs us that even if the NT interprets the OT typologically and even if we are to do so, that does not allow us to ignore or cancel the meaning of the type or substitute the meaning of the antitype for it.
		Since this is an age of initial fulfillment many of the uses of the OT in the NT that revised dispensationalists call analogy, such as the use of Hos 11:1 in Matt 2:15, are called typological-prophetic by progressive dispensationalists.
		This is done on the basis of a typological relationship between the experience of Israel as described in Hos 11:1 and the experience of Christ in Matt 2:15.
	www.biblicalstudies.org.uk /article_typology_glenny.html (5452 words)

	Robert Mailhammer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		This paper argues that the status of ablaut in the verbal system of Germanic is typologically distinct from that of Indo-European due to a fundamental change in verbal stem formation.
		As Kortlandt (1992:104) points out, this is typologically reminiscent of ablaut in the Semitic languages with their triconsonantal roots where vowels fill empty slots in the root structure to denote grammatical categories.
		As a result, ablaut in Germanic occupies a position which is typologically distinct from that in Indo-European but very similar to that in Semitic languages.
	www.linguistics.unimelb.edu.au /events/seminars/abstracts/2004/mailh.html (520 words)

	INTAS project 915: Spontaneous Speech of Typologically Unrelated Languages (Russian, Finnish and Dutch)...
		The aim of this project is to determine the phonetic differences between read and spontaneous speech of typologically unrelated languages and define which of these features are universal and which are language dependent.
		Prosodic properties are likely to undergo changes in the first place, and consequently under their influence, changes of phonetic characteristics of sounds (co-articulation, reduction etc.) take place, leading to allophonic variations of speech sounds.
		The study of typologically unrelated languages where segmental and suprasegmental characteristics are in different linguistic relations, is of great interest.
	www.cc.jyu.fi /~silva/intas.html (594 words)

	Wolfgang Welsch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Edifying philosophers, Rorty says, do "something different" than "offering accurate representations of how things are." They do not claim that their terms "are the new-found accurate representations of essences." They don't seek "to find objective truth." As a result of this difference in type, argument between such positions is no longer possible.
		Rorty is misled by imprecisions and overgeneralizations in his definition of typologically different positions.
		On the other hand, however, this means that the refutation follows in a manner contradicting both the total difference of typologically varying conceptions that Rorty insinuates and his thesis as to the impossibility of argument that he derives from this.
	www2.uni-jena.de /welsch/Papers/rorty.html (5747 words)

	SSILA 2004 Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		This paper will analyze several such thematic types (including comitatives, instruments, and locations) that are of typological or theoretical interest, using textual material collected throughout the 20th century.
		Comitatives are encoded by two distinct comitative-applicative constructions: both exhibit typical applicative characteristics, except that one of the constructions is probably unique typologically in that it is marked by a free auxiliary rather than a bound morpheme.
		The latter construction involves a typologically peculiar argument alignment and suggests (when considered with other facts about the language) a novel conceptualization of the role of instruments in event structure in these languages.
	linguistics.buffalo.edu /ssila/meetings/SSILA04/abstracts/weigel.htm (179 words)

	220-fall-2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Background: This course was originally designed by the Syntax Faculty some years ago in direct response to student requests for a typologically oriented theoretical syntax course at the graduate level.
		The members of the syntax faculty rotate in teaching this course from year to year, and the list of topics has evolved and is varied in response to experience and student interest each year.
		Goals: The purpose of the course is to expose students to typologically diverse syntactic phenomena that pose challenges to contemporary syntactic theory.
	montague.stanford.edu /bresnan/220A (206 words)

	Wikinfo \| Pahlavi
		Zoroastrian Middle Persian, by contrast, was transmitted by the Zoroastrians in Iran and, in particular, in India where the Parsee community, descendants of Zoroastrian exiles from Iran, retained a knowledge of Avestan and Middle Persian and by copying the manuscripts preserved them.
		Typologically, Middle Persian is close to Modern Persian (just as Middle and Modern English are typologically close) but the latter distinguishes itself from the former by being written in a different script, the Arabo-Persian script, and by a large number of Arabic loan-words.
		Zoroastrian Middle Persian is the language of quite a large body of Zoroastrian literature which details the traditions and prescriptions of the Zoroastrian religion which was the state religion of Sasanian Iran (224 to ca.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Pahlavi (307 words)

	11 July 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Pieces of high quality flint resembling chalcedony and the light, translucent brown flint called "honey flint" in the archaeological literature occur in the form of finished artifacts or blanks and never in the form of cores, core fragments, or other debitage that would prove that the material was procured and worked locally.
		Patinas are noticeable on typologically older artifacts, particularly on those of Lower-Middle Palaeolithic type, but generally patinas are uneven and the Mallakastra artifacts show little evidence of the extreme effects of weathering that are noticeable on Palaeolithic artifacts farther south in Epirus (Runnels and van Andel 1993; Runnels et al.
		The overall impression is that there is considerable chronological and typological variation in the Balkan Mesolithic that requires further study, and which complicates any effort to pin down the Mallakastra Mesolithic.
	river.blg.uc.edu /mrap/lithics01.html (3926 words)

	Thesis Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		I will argue that the variability of stone points demonstrates that the concept of typologically regular implements forming discrete types is no longer valid.
		Chapter 6 puts forward a hypothesis regarding the underlying conditions that prompted a change in resource utilisation strategy in the region during the Holocene Period.
		This chapter will bring together the typological issues raised in Chapter 3 and the study results in Chapter 5 to develop a new interpretation of the stone resource utilisation in the region.
	arts.anu.edu.au /arcworld/aboutus/studs/roddom/introduc.htm (1092 words)

	An Experimental Approach to Assessing Differences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		While typologically based frameworks enable researchers to establish comparative statistical models of artifacts and their attributes, they are not designed to provide data on issues such as hominid cognitive capacities and manual abilities (Ludwig and Harris 1998).
		Oftentimes, when employing a typological approach to lithic analysis, ‘fossil directeurs’ are used as cultural markers to temporally or chronologically classify artifacts.
		When Mary Leakey (1971) formulated her Oldowan Typological Classification System, she labeled proto-bifaces as intermediaries between bifaces and choppers that are generally bifacially flaked along both lateral edges.
	www.focusanthro.org /Archive2001-02/biface_butchering.htm (2321 words)

	John Hawks Anthropology Weblog : Grotte des Fées de Châtelperron
		The stratigraphy by itself would seem to be adequate for the conclusion: there are 10 typologically Aurignacian artifacts with provenience from the Chatelperronian levels, two perforated animal teeth consistent with Aurignacian typology, and nineteenth-century excavations recovered three unprovenienced Aurignacian blades and one split-based bone or antler point.
		If these typologically Aurignacian artifacts were made by modern humans, then they demonstrate the temporal overlap of Neandertals and modern humans at the site.
		Compared to this--a careful historical review--the dates are a bit of an anticlimax: 40,000 radiocarbon years for the bottom of the sequence, 34,500 to 36,000 for the top, and between 39,000 and 36,000 for level B4 with many of the Aurignacian-type artifacts.
	johnhawks.net /weblog/reviews/neandertals/gravina_chatelperron_2005.html (1063 words)

	CONCLUSION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		To resolve the problem of what the variability of stone points in the Top End reveal about stone resource exploitation, it was necessary to deal with two related issues.
		Once bifacial points can no longer be considered a "discrete type" and "typologically regular" the inclusion of it in the "small tool tradition" is doubtful.
		If stone points can be shown to be a continuum of form then the possibility that the other components of the "small tool tradition", backed blades and tulas, should be re-appraised in a similar way.
	arts.anu.edu.au /arcworld/aboutus/studs/roddom/conclusi.htm (935 words)

	Tense as a Nominal Category (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		In this paper we show first that the phenomenon of TAM-inflected nominals is well established and not typologically marginal.
		We discuss data from a range of typologically diverse languages and show that such data cannot simply be reanalysed to fit head-driven approaches, but demand an analysis in which clause-level information such as TAM is directly contributed by nominal arguments.
		We then go on to show how the correspondence architecture of LFG, and particularly the constructive morphology approach currently being developed within it (Nordlinger 1998, Sadler 1998, Barron 1998, Sells 1998, Lee 1999, Sharma 1999) permits a simple and natural analysis of these data, which are extremely problematic for other formal approaches.
	csli-publications.stanford.edu /LFG/5/lfg00nordlinger-sadler-abs.html (206 words)

	[No title]
		Typologically this is wildly (to put it mildly) atypical.
		In such environments we expect contrasts to be neutralized and to get the unmarked segments (unmarked varies depending on what the phonetic nature of the contrast is; but for (un)voiced, unvoiced is unmarked).
		Regarding that "typological" criterion (if the opposition were not voiced/voiceless, your "rule" wouldn't work), Civil proposed a probable rule "that adds a feature + voice to final stops before suffixes with initial vowel".
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/ANE/ANE-DIGEST/V02/v02.n060 (5953 words)

	Search Results for sound[3,noun] - Encyclopædia Britannica
		In general, all the languages of a particular family are typologically similar to one another both in phonology and grammar.
		Their verbs vary to reflect a wide range of numbers and other features of the subject as well as of the direct and indirect objects and the...
		Certain typological features seem to have been common to all Hamito-Semitic languages at an early stage of their development.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=sound[3,noun]&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (451 words)

	Yom Kippur in Prophecy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		This creation accounts describes the beginning of the physical creation that was completed when the man Jesus died at Calvary, and it describes typologically the entirety of the spiritual creation of those heirs of the Father of whom the Son was "the firstborn among many brothers" (v.
		Jesus said He saw Satan fall as lightning (Luke 10:18), but Satan isn’t cast from heaven until halfway through seven years of tribulation--Jesus sending out the seventy [the return of the seventy is the context of Jesus’ remark about seeing Satan fall] is the second level of shadowing of endtime disciples going to spiritual Babylon.
		As such, Jesus’ remark is typologically appropriate to the level of shadowing for when Satan is cast from heaven.
	www.rereadingprophecy.com /kippur.html (3970 words)

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