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Topic: Tyramine

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	National Headache Foundation: Tyramine
		Tyramine is a vaso-active amino acid found in foods.
		Foods that contain tyramine may trigger headaches in migraineurs by facilitating a chain reaction which results in selective cerebral vasoconstriction followed by rebound dilation of the cranial vessels (the most common cause of the throbbing headache pain).
		Some of the foods containing tyramine are aged cheese, nuts, herring, and chicken livers.
	www.headaches.org /consumer/topicsheets/tyramine.html (123 words)

	What foods you should avoid on MAOIs
		Tyramine, is an amino acid which is found in various foods, and is an indirect sympathomimetic that can cause a hypertensive reaction in patients receiving MAOI therapy.
		Monoamine oxidase is found in the gastrointestinal tract and inactivates tyramine; when drugs prevent the catabolism of exogenous tyramine, this amino acid is absorbed and displaces norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve ending and epinephrine from the adrenal glands.
		Approximately 10 to 25 mg of tyramine is required for a severe reaction compared to 6 to 10 mg for a mild reaction.
	www.incywincy.com /default?catid=508376&cached=deoxy.org/maoidiet.htm (1705 words)

	Phenylethylamine and tyramine
		Phenylethylamine and tyramine are mixed-acting sympathomimetic amines in the brain.
		On the isolated brain stem PEA, tyramine and (-)methamphetamine are, in the presence of cocaine and DMI, highly potent enhancers of stimulation induced release of 3H-noradrenaline, 3H-dopamine and 3H-serotonin.
		PEA and tyramine enhance Ca2+ influx from 0.05 to 4 micrograms/ml and inhibit it in 8 micrograms/ml.
	www.smart-drugs.net /deprenyl/Phenylethylamine.htm (283 words)

	tyramine containing food and drink - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Some foodstuffs contain tyramine which is usually broken down by MAO in the body.
		This substance, if it persists in the body, causes hypertensive effects due to the release of noradrenaline and consequent elevation of blood pressure, which may be great enough to cause a subarachnoid haemorrhage.
		If the patient has a hypertensive crisis because of non- breakdown of tyramine they are treated by blocking alpha adrenoreceptors by parenteral administration of phentolamine (alternatively by i.m.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/798621714.htm (187 words)

	Tyramine, Tyrosine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Tyramine also raises blood pressure by causing the release of catecholamines.
		Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of tyramine and catecholamines.
		Tyrosine is made in the body from the amino acid phenylalanine and is the raw material of the three catecholamines: adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and dopamine.
	www.health-diets.net /healthsearch/tyramine.htm (309 words)

	Tyramine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Tyramine can cause a hypertensive effect in those receiving MAOI therapy which can lead to arrhythmias and cardiac failure in some.
		Tyramine is found in foods and beverages such as red wine, bean curd, fava beans, some cheeses, sausage, bologna, and pepperoni.
		Higher contents of tyramine are found in foods that are fermented, aged or spoiled.
	www.cas.astate.edu /draganjac/page2.html (89 words)

	Tyramine Restricted Diet
		It may be beneficial to know that the references have not agreed on all restricted tyramine foods; thus, it is not the purpose of this writer to contradict or formulate any opinions or conclusions; but rather to provide the information as written by the various references including the various contradictions.
		Monoamine oxidase is in the gastrointestinal tract and inactivates tyramine, an amino acid, which is found various foods.
		Furthermore, regarding the controversy of "bananas", she also agreed that the reported adverse event involving a banana included the stewing of the banana and banana peel; however, overripe bananas increase in tyramine content, thus, overripe bananas should be avoided.
	www.virtualtrials.com /pcvdiet.cfm (1046 words)

	Numark \| Tyramine Free Diet
		Tyramine is a natural substance formed from the breakdown of protein as food ages.
		Under normal circumstances, tyramine and dopamine are metabolized to their harmless metabolites by the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO).
		Many foods have a low tyramine content when fresh, but their tyramine levels rise if they are allowed to age or spoil.
	www.numarkpharmacist.co.uk /hn/Diet/Tyramine_Free_Diet.htm (919 words)

	Erowid MAOI Vault : Foods to Avoid
		Because the sequela from tyramine and MAOIs is dose-related, reactions can be minimized without total abstinence from tyramine-containing foods.Approximately 10 to 25 mg of tyramine is required for a severe reaction compared to 6 to 10 mg for a mild reaction.
		Tyramine content cannot be predicted based on appearance, flavor, or variety and therefore should be avoided.
		Tyramine content has varied from 20 to 95 µg/gram and should be avoided (McCabe, 1986).
	www.erowid.org /chemicals/maois/maois_info2.shtml (1661 words)

	Erowid Psychoactive Vaults
		Tyramine is an amino acid which is normally metabolized by MAO in the gut.
		Tyramine is in cheese, wines, and anything aged or fermented.
		Related Physiology: Tyramine is an amino acid that is formed by the decarboxylation of tyrosine, which occurs during the process of fermentation, aging, spoiling, or pickling of food.
	www.erowid.org /chemicals/maois/maois_info5.shtml (819 words)

	Diagnose-Me: Treatment: Tyramine-containing Foods Avoidance
		In summary, the caution regarding foods high in tyramine is that firm and fresh is more likely to be safe than over-ripe or over-exposed to potential bacterial overgrowth.
		Marked variability was found with soy products, including significant amounts of tyramine found in tofu when stored for a week, and high tyramine content of some soy sauces.
		The authors of this study concluded that pizzas from large chain commercial outlets are safe for consumption with MAO inhibitors.
	www.diagnose-me.com /treat/T127905.html (866 words)

	MAOI diet: Restrict foods high in tyramine - OhioHealth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Tyramine is an amino acid normally found in your body that helps regulate blood pressure.
		A side effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) — a type of medication used to treat depression — is that tyramine isn't broken down by the body.
		Tyramine can also vary among different brands of certain foods due to processing, storage and preparation methods.
	www.ohiohealth.com /healthreference/reference/26BFEE12-2FB7-4728-8C82CABA0C5A5ED0.htm?category=questions (464 words)

	LOW TYRAMINE DIET CARE GUIDE INFORMATION LOW TYRAMINE DIET
		Tyramine (ti-ruh-meen) is a harmless chemical found in all foods.
		It may be found in larger amounts in aged foods or foods that have a lot of yeast in them.
		High tyramine foods should not be eaten by people who take MAO inhibitor medicine.
	www.drugs.com /CG/LOW_TYRAMINE_DIET.html (576 words)

	Ayahuasca Forums :: View topic - Foods to avoid with MAOIs
		Soy sauce - has been reported to contain large amounts of tyramine and reactions have been reported with teriyaki (Anon, 1989), however analysis of soy sauce reveals a tyramine level of 1.76 µg/mL and fermented meat may have contributed to the previously reported reactions (McCabe, 1986).
		Tyramine is a monoamine, derived, like dopamine or noradrenaline, from the amino acid tyrosine.
		As previously mentioned, the problem with tyramine in excess is that it promotes release of noradrenaline, stored in peripheral, postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals.
	forums.ayahuasca.com /phpbb/viewtopic.php?p=60353 (4159 words)

	MAOI Diet
		Many foods contain small amounts of tyramine and the formation of large quantities of tyramine has been reported if products were aged, fermented, or left to spoil.
		This list consists of foods with sufficient tyramine (in small or usual serving sizes) to create a dangerous elevation in blood pressure and which therefore should be avoided (McCabe, 1986).
		I suspect the offending substance is phenylethylamine not tyramine.
	www.incywincy.com /default?catid=508376&cached=www.dr-bob.org/tips/maoi.html (2855 words)

	ferments - thoughts to Andrew (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Feingold also tries to make a connection between tyramine processing and sulfur handling - I didn't research this more fully, though - so I can't give particulars or say whether it is valid.
		I believe tyramine and excess sulfur play a part in my own problems as many of my symptoms are indicative of sympathetic stimulation - more rapid/stronger heart beat, inhibited gall bladder and bile ducts, constricted blood vessels, hypoglycemia like symptoms (due to excessive liver release of glucose), sweating, etc.
		I've read that b-6 can sometimes be a limiting nutrient in tyramine handling - so, I've again upped my b-6 intake to see whether I get a favorable response.
	www.healthyawareness.com /archives/_can_gen52/000002b5.htm (183 words)

	Vitamins, Minerals, and Nutritional Supplements. Tyramine-Free Diet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Aged cheeses have the highest levels of tyramine.
		A tyramine-free diet is prescribed for people who are sensitive to tyramine, such as migraine sufferers, or those taking prescription monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressants, such as
		soy products, including significant amounts of tyramine in tofu when stored for a week, and high tyramine content of one of the soy sauces.
	www.vitamin-galore.com /Diet/Tyramine_Free_Diet.htm (664 words)

	TYRAMINE definition
		Tyramine is a normal substance in the body that helps support blood pressure.
		Tyramine is know to interact with monoamine oxidase inhibitors leading to dangerous effects.
		Tyramine is also thought to trigger cluster headaches.
	www.books.md /T/dic/tyramine.php (176 words)

	Disease: tyramine-restricted diet - find signs & symptoms
		In the body, tyramine's pharmalogical action is to raise the blood pressure; however, enzymes, present in many body tissues neutralize this action.
		Drugs that prevent this neutralizing process, such as MAO inhibitors, allow the tyramine to reenter the blood.
		This diet avoids the use of foods which contain large amounts of tyramine and other pressor amines.
	www.myelectronicmd.com /get_reference.php?Id=627&condition=TYRAMINE-RESTRICTED%20DIET&symname=T&typ=3 (229 words)

	MoonDragon's Nutrition Information - Tyramine-Restricted Diet
		The portion of cheese closer to the rind has a much higher tyramine content than the cheese portion furthest away.
		Consumption of 6 mg of tyramine may produce some degree of hypertension while 10-25 mg can lead to a more severe crisis.
		Patients have been known to eat tyramine-containing foods on occasion without adverse effect, but there is no guarantee that the same food will not produce a severe reaction in the future.
	www.moondragon.org /nutrition/diet/tyraminediet.html (388 words)

	The MAOI diet refined (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In the spirit of evidence-based practice, dietary restrictions should be based on carefully documented case reports and valid tyramine analyses.
		A tyramine level of 6 mg or less was considered safe.
		Marked variability was found in soy products, including clinically significant tyramine levels in tofu when stored for a week and high tyramine content in one of the soy sauces.
	www.biopsychiatry.com /maoi-diet.htm (234 words)

	antidepressant tyramine
		Read about antidepressant tyramine in the free online encyclopedia and dictionary.
		MAOI, monoamine oxidase inhibitor, MAOI as an antidepressant, tyramine interaction, side effects, applications,...
		In the digestive system, it detoxifies tyramine, a harmful by-product of the...
	www.antidepressants.ws /antidepressants/antidepressant-tyramine.html (267 words)

	Antidepressants Health Guide - Health Guides Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Foods such as cheese, wine, and pickles contain an amine called tyramine, and broad beans contain a precursor of dopamine.
		Normally these foods have little effect on blood pressure because tyramine and dopamine are rapidly metabolised in the liver by monoamine oxidase.
		However, people who take MAOI medication and consume tyramine / dopamine-rich foods run the risk of strokes (brain haemorrhage) caused by increases in blood pressure.
	www.healthguidesonline.com /Antidepressants.html (1806 words)

	Nutrient/Drug Interaction
		A Tyramine restricted diet is used to prevent the occurrence of serious side effects from the ingestion of monoamines.
		However, in the presence of MAO Inhibitors, the body's defense against their activity is removed, thereby producing severe hypertensive effects when diet is not controlled.
		Foods Moderate to Low in Tyramine: (to be used in limited amounts, i.e., 1/2 cup, 4 oz.
	www.nyspi.cpmc.columbia.edu /jcho/NYSPI/nutritionsrv/clinutrit5.htm (448 words)

	monoamine oxidase inhibitors and alcohol - General Practice Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Irreversible monoamine-oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) may precipitate serious hypertensive reactions if foodstuffs containing the sympathomimetic tyramine are consumed.
		This is because tyramine is usually metabolised by monoamine oxidase in the body; but this is not possible if a patient is taking a MAOI.
		The classical alcoholic bevarage associated with this reaction is red wine.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/818937911.htm (141 words)

	Amphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, and Metabolites of the Catecholamine ...
		Black JW, Jenkinson DH and Kenakin TP (1980) Antagonism of an indirectly acting agonist: block by propranolol and sotalol of the action of tyramine on rat heart.
		McClung C and Hirsh J (1999) The trace amine tyramine is essential for sensitization to cocaine in Drosophila.
		Tallman JF, Saavedra JM and Axelrod J (1976) Biosynthesis and metabolism of endogenous tyramine and its normal presence in sympathetic nerves.
	molpharm.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/60/6/1181 (4973 words)

	Virtual Naval Hospital: Emergency Psychiatry Service Handbook: Major Emergencies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		They inhibit the breakdown of monoamines such as norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine and tyramine.
		Those using MAOIs must follow a restrictive diet that is limited in the amount of tyramine.
		Tyramine buildup in the blood can lead to a serious and life threatening medical emergency when taken with MAOIs.
	www.vnh.org /EmergPsychHB/MedEmergMAOI.html (228 words)

	Tyramine - GIDSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Read about tyramine in the free online encyclopedia and dictionary.
		Find Tyramine products and anything you are looking for on Ebay.
		Your support is critical to those that have been impacted by this national disaster.
	www.gidsearch.com /?q=tyramine (157 words)

	foods containing tyramine
		In Reply to: foods containing tyramine posted by Greg on September 05, 1997 at 00:35:09:
		as possible of foods containing levels of tyramine that are sufficient to
		An incomplete list of tyramine containing foods is as under:
	www.medhelp.org /forums/neuro/archive/1553.html (234 words)

	The Analyst - Internet Health Report: Treatment: Tyramine-containing Foods Avoidance
		Proteins are changed to amino acids in the body.
		Tyramine: An amino acid synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid tyrosine that has a sympathomimetic action and is derived from tyrosine.
		Yeast: A single-cell organism that may cause infection in the mouth, vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and any or all bodily parts.
	www.digitalnaturopath.com /treat/T127761.html (587 words)

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