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Topic: Tyrannosaurids

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	Tyrannosauridae - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tyrannosaurids, tyrant lizards or members of the Tyrannosauridae are a dinosaur family whose name is derived from the Greek words tyrannos, meaning tyrant ; and sauros, meaning lizard.
		Tyrannosaurids were originally classified as carnosaurs, along most of the rest of the large theropods.
		But contrary to previous classifictions, recent phylogenetic studies have determined that tyrannosaurids are coelurosaurs, a group which also includes the ornithomimids and the maniraptorans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tyrannosaurids (212 words)

	New Dinosaur Discovered
		Tyrannosaurids belong to a broader, diverse group of dinosaurs known as the coelurosaurs.
		The predictions paleontologists have made are based on skeletal data that suggest tyrannosaurids had a more recent common ancestor with birds than did the most primitive known feathered dinosaur who lived 120 to 150 million years ago.
		Nevertheless, unlike more advanced tyrannosaurids, Dilong had relatively long forearms with three fingers.The fragmented fossil went unidentified until a more complete fossil of the same creature was studied and found to match the morphology, or form and structure, of that found in the earlier fragments.
	www.skynemesis.org /eng/scitech/1007.htm (629 words)

	Tyrannosauridae
		Tyrannosaurid tooth remains were reported by Leidy in 1856; and partial skeletal material was described in the late 19th Century by Cope (1892) and Marsh (1890, 1892).
		Tyrannosaurid dentition is markedly heterodont, perhaps indicating a partition of different sectors of the jaw for different function: scraping for the incisiform premaxillary teeth versus tearing and crushing for the lateral teeth, for example.
		Indeed, the hindlimb proportions of tyrannosaurids, ornithomimosaurs, and the gracile ceratosaur
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Tyrannosauridae&contgroup=Tyrannosauroidea (3353 words)

	tyrannosauroidea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Tyrannosaurids are easily recognized by their two-clawed hands carried at the end of very short arms, big ol' skulls with a fair degree of binocular vision, running hindlimbs, and robust teeth.
		A peculiar feature of tyrannosaurids is that the teeth in the premaxilla, at the front end of the upper jaw, have D-shaped cross sections.
		So far, all tyrannosaurids come from the LK of Asia and North America; teeth are known from the EK of Japan, and tyrannosaurid remains also are known from the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation.
	personal2.stthomas.edu /JSTWEET/tyrannosauroidea.htm (2048 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: early evolution of the Tyrannosauridae in Asia, The (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The occurrence of a tyrannosaurid tooth in the Japanese early Early Cretaceous further supports the possibility that tyrannosaurids originated during the Early Cretaceous in Asia and migrated to North America when the two continents were connected via a land bridge during the early Late Cretaceous.
		The occurrence of a tyrannosaurid tooth in the Japanese early Early Cretaceous further supports the possibility that tyrannosaurids originated during the Early Cretaceous time in Asia and migrated to North America when the two continents were joined via a land connection in the early Late Cretaceous (Buffetaut et al., 1996; Kirkland 1996).
		It is distinctly different from typical tyrannosaurid premaxillary teeth from the Late Cretaceous in not having a median ridge on the posterior surface of the crown.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_199911/ai_n8871715 (1213 words)

	Cretaceous Dinosaurs of the Southeastern United States D
		Further, "unknown older theropods" (under tyrannosaurids in Table 1) is a group that is seemingly unrelated to Albertosaurus and (or) Dryptosaurus because they are significantly older (King, 1996).
		Tyrannosaurids of eastern North America consist of apparently equivalent genera, Albertosaurus and Dryptosaurus.
		Southeastern tyrannosaurids from Alabama and Mississippi occur first in strata that may be as old as mid-Santonian and have a last known occurrence which may be as young as mid- Maastrichtian ( Figure 4).
	www.auburn.edu /~kingdat/dinosaur_webpage.htm (4417 words)

	AllRefer.com - Tyrannosaurus (Vertebrate Zoology) - Encyclopedia
		Tyrannosaurids are theropods, having three toes on the hind feet.
		The oldest known tyrannosaurids lived approximately 120 million years ago.
		Like the other tyrannosaurids, the short forelimbs had two fingers armed, like the three digits of the powerful hind limbs, with sharp, curved claws; on the foot was a spurred toe not reaching to the ground.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/Tyrannos.html (330 words)

	The Jurassic Foundation - T.D. Carr and T. W. Williamson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The purpose of the cladistic analysis was to specify the phylogenetic position of New Mexico tyrannosaurids and reconstruct the evolution and historical biogeography of the group.
		All significant tyrannosaurid material collected from the San Juan Basin was examined, thoroughly described, and compared to holotypes and representative tyrannosaurid material recovered from the Judith River and Edmonton Groups (Two Medicine, Oldman, Dinosaur Park, and Horseshoe Canyon Formations) and Hell Creek Formation (and equivalents) of Alberta, Canada, Montana and South Dakota.
		Diagnostic late Campanian tyrannosaurids of the San Juan Basin are distinct from their northern counterparts.
	www.magtech.ab.ca /jurassic/williamson.htm (662 words)

	Tarbosaurus prosjektet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		During a postdoctoral research project entitled "Jaw mechanism in carnivorous dinosaurs — function and variation of the intramandibular joint of theropods" Jørn H. Hurum’s main interest was with the tyrannosaurids.
		Most scientists claim that the skull and lower jaw of tyrannosaurids were as loosely articulated as in varanoids and snakes today.
		This means that the flexibility allowed lateral flexion for increasing gape, or maybe it functioned to absorb, or soften, impact during biting.
	www.nhm.uio.no /palmus/tarbosaurus/english (641 words)

	JPI Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		An immature tyrannosaurid (NMMNH P-25049) collected from the Farmington Member of the Kirtland Formation was identified as a new species of Daspletosaurus (Carr and Williamson, 1999).
		Although not done with Jurassic Foundation funds, the braincases of two Daspletosaurus specimens were CAT-scanned: the type specimen of Daspletosaurus torosus Russell, 1970 (CMN 8506) and the immature Daspletosaurus sp.
		A partial skeleton of the tyrannosaurid dinosaur Aublysodon from the Upper Cretaceous of New Mexico.
	www.jpinstitute.com /jpi_foundation/jpf_comp_vert_7.jsp (642 words)

	Nanotyrannus; Gigadispute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		All the earlier tyrannosaurids of Mongolia and western North America lack any hope of binocular vision; their eyes were directed laterally with almost no forward component, and their occipita were not dramatically broadened as in Tyrannosaurus and Nanotyrannus.
		In the BCF scenario, tyrannosaurids were the cursorial descendants of volant dino-birds in which the number of wing digits was reduced to two--a continuation of the progressive loss of the wing digits that began with the origin of Aves in the Triassic.
		It is entirely possible that Nanotyrannus represents a "primitive" tyrannosaurid lineage separate from all the other tyrannosaurids, but I have less trouble presently believing it is a small member of the same tyrannosaurine clade as Tyrannosaurus and Dinotyrannus and not particularly closely related to Troodon, etc.
	www.dinoruss.org /jdp/trex/nano.htm (1527 words)

	Tyrannosaurids
		The tyrannosaurids were a family of dinosaurs whose name is derived from Greek words meaning tyrant and lizard.
		However, their large teeth would allow for the quick and easy destruction of the thick armour plating on ankylosaurss.
		All tyrannosaurids are easily characterized by their large, thickly built back legs, on which they walked, and scrawny, short front ones.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/t/ty/tyrannosaurids.html (171 words)

	A Changing Look at Tyrannosaurids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Tyrannosaurids have always been my favourite dinosaurs, although they all fascinate me. I would be happy with any input I receive from any source, so please e-mail me with comments, corrections, or suggestions.
		Tyrannosaurids themselves are well defined as a group.
		There is also a study going on now to try to sort out the tyrannosaurid tree, so when it is published, I may need to do some major updating.
	www3.sympatico.ca /dinoguy/genera.html (349 words)

	Tyrannosaurus Rex
		Tyrannosaurids ranged in size from the 15-foot, 200-pound Nanotyrannus to Tyrannosaurus rex, at 50 feet and 15,000 pounds.
		The tyrannosaurids had massive heads, huge bodies, powerful legs, large clawed toes, and serrated teeth.
		Other tyrannosaurids include Albertosaurus, Tarbosaurus, Daspletosaurus, and a few others that are little known.
	www.tyrannosaurusrex.org (847 words)

	Saurischian dinosaurs: Theropods: Tyrannosaurs
		Tyrannosaurids comprise the family Tyrannosauridae, a group of 16-39ft dinosaurs of the Late Cretaceous period.
		Tyrannosaurids could probably run fast, and may have eaten their victims by lunging forward and capturing their prey in their jaws: the purpose of the weak arms of these dinosaurs is unknown.
		Examples of tyrannosaurids are Albertosaurus, Daspletosaurus, Tarbosaurus and of course Tyrannosaurus itself.
	www.nhm.org /journey/prehist/saur/tyrannosaurs.html (230 words)

	Tyrannosauroidea
		It resembles tyrannosaurids in the presence of a hollow quadrate, a triangular obturator process on the ischium, and the semicircular scar on the caudolateral surface of the proximal ischium (Molnar 1974).
		However, unlike tyrannosaurids the midline crest of the ilium is a pair of crests.
		However, the obturator notch of the pubis is partially enclosed by a cranially-oriented hook, unlike the condition in coelurosaurs.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Tyrannosauroidea&contgroup=Coelurosauria (885 words)

	The Tyrannosauridae
		The teeth of tyrannosaurids are very interesting -- rather than being the flat knifelike blades as in most other carnivorous dinosaurs, they are, as Berkeley's Professor Kevin Padian describes them, "like lethal bananas"; more like giant spikes than razor-edged blades.
		With a mouthful of this murderous fruitlike dentition, tyrannosaurs had a whopping bite, which might have made up for their reduced forelimbs.
		Some tyrannosaur fossils show evidence of bite marks from other tyrannosaurids, suggesting that there might have been fierce fighting between tyrannosaurs, or even cannibalism.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/saurischia/tyrannosauridae.html (508 words)

	Discovery Channel :: News :: Study: T.Rex Ate Like a Mammal
		None of the modern reptilians' teeth featured the wear that comes with tooth-to-tooth contact, indicating that the reptilians were not using their teeth to process food before swallowing.
		we propose that wear facets in tyrannosaurids were formed by repeated tooth-to-tooth contact between the lingual side of maxillary teeth and labial side of dentary teeth," the researchers said.
		But tyrannosaurids lacked the muscles and jaw joints necessary for the precise chewing movements seen in mammals.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/briefs/20041018/trex.html (601 words)

	Review of the Tyrannosauridae
		In his initial paper, he described the 1946 specimen (PIN 551-1), with a skull (were it complete) slightly larger than that of AMNH 5027, as the holotype of the new species Tyrannosaurus bataar (the trivial name derives from the Mongolian for "hero" or "warrior"; Figure 26).
		Most of the characters he listed apply to tyrannosaurids in general: They describe the family as a whole rather than the family's members, and serve only to establish the skeletons as tyrannosaurids.
		But tyrannosaurids occupy only three or four of the 117 pages that comprise the volume; only one skull (GI 100/59) is illustrated, in a tiny figure on page 8.
	www.dinosauria.com /jdp/trex/tyranno.htm (2110 words)

	JPI Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The arctometatarus of coelurosaurian theropods, in which the third metatarsal is proximally and distocaudally constricted, has elicited a number of functional hypotheses.
		Because the structure has no strict modern homologue and occurs in coelurosaurs over a wide range of body size (including giant tyrannosaurids), we must take a consilient approach to testing proposed functions.
		Similarity in morphology indicates similarity of metatarsus function in ornithomimids and tyrannosaurids, despite their divergent ecological roles.
	www.jpinstitute.com /jpi_foundation/jpf_comp_vert_4.jsp (394 words)

	Tyrannosauroidea -- The Dinosauricon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This was the last group of huge predatory dinosaurs, including the ever-popular Tyrannosaurus rex ("king of the tyrant lizards"), a 40+ foot-long monster, largest of all land predators, excluding some carcharodontosaurine allosaurids.
		For all their size and strength, tyrannosaurids had remarkably small arms with only two fingers on the hand, the third digit having degenerated to near nothingness.
		Its huge head, muscular neck, and dagger-like teeth would easily have made up for its tiny arms, and its main prey, duck-billed dinosaurs, probably had similar problems in running at top speed, as they also had small forearms (albeit not nearly as small as tyrannosaurid forearms) and large body size.
	dinosauricon.com /taxa/tyrannosauroidea.html (429 words)

	Holtz, Brett-Surman Answer Questions - ZoomDinosaurs.com
		Tyrannosaurids in particular had very long and slender legs for their size: young tyrannosaurids (or adults of smaller species) had legs with precisely the same proportions as those of ostrich dinosaurs (ornithomimosaurs).
		This suggests that tyrannosaurus and ornithomimosaurs were faster than average meat-eaters of the same body size, and that (Jurassic Park notwithstanding) dromaeosaurs were slower (although probably very agile).
		This suggests that tyrannosaurids may have been built to run down their prey after a bit of a chase, while raptors may have been more ambushers.
	allaboutspace.com /dinotalk/holtzbrettsurman/questions/24cerato.shtml (346 words)

	Further review of the tyrannosaurids
		Well, I can update a bit of VERY current information, which may be confirmed or rejected based on some additional studies (to be conducted later this year, hopefully [ this article is from January 1997 -- ed.
		The primitive forms ("aublysodontsines" or "shanshanosaurines") may or may not form a monophyletic group: their monophyly is supported solely by lack of serrations on their premaxillary teeth.
		(Given that the immediate outgroup to tyrannosaurids ALSO lack serrations on their premaxillary teeth, there is some question as to the polarity of this character state).
	www.dinosauria.com /jdp/trex/tyranno2.html (742 words)

	Medullary Bone in Tyrannosaurids?
		I'll eventually make this look good, sorta like I'll eventually comment my code...
		“Well, remember how recently Schweitzer and Horner found some interesting bone matter pertaining to tyrannosaurids?
		Well, they held back a bit because there was something REALLY weird in there they wanted to go over.
	geekswithblogs.net /jfsblog/archive/2005/06/03/41826.aspx (161 words)

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