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	Tyrtaeus
		A fanciful explanation of his lameness is that it alludes to the elegiac couplet, one verse of which is shorter than the other.
		629 A), the citizenship of Sparta was conferred upon Tyrtaeus, although Herodotus (ix.
		Busolt, who suggests that Tyrtaeus was a native of Aphidnae in Laconia, conjectures that the entire legend may have been concocted in connection with the expedition sent to the assistance of Sparta in her struggle with the revolted Helots at Ithome (464).
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Bios/Tyrtaeus.html (531 words)

	Tyrtaeus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tyrtaeus was a Greek elegiac poet who lived at Sparta about the middle of the 7th century BC.
		According to the older tradition he was a native of the Attic deme of Aphidnae, and was invited to Sparta at the suggestion of the Delphic oracle to assist the Spartans in the second Messenian war.
		Busolt, who suggests that Tyrtaeus was a native of Aphidnae in Laconia, conjectures that the entire legend may have been concocted in connection with the expedition sent to the assistance of Sparta in her struggle with the revolted Helots at Ithome (464).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tyrtaeus (455 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 1197 (v. 3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Of course, a mere floating apophthegm like this can have little weight; it may be a genuine tradition, or it may be the invention of some writer who wished to reconcile the common story about Tyrtaeus with the well-known repugnance of the Lacedaemonians to confer their franchise upon foreigners.
		The statement of Suidas, that Tyrtaeus was a Lacedaemonian, according to some, furnishes no additional evidence, but must be interpreted according to the conclusion which may be arrived at respecting the whole question.
		For although Sparta was not at this period a stranger to the efforts of the other Greeks in poetry and music, yet the Spartans, with their peculiar modes of thinking, would not have been very ready to appropriate the new invention of the lonians/'f (Hist, of Lit.
	ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/3531.html (682 words)

	TYRTAEUS - LoveToKnow Article on TYRTAEUS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		They are mainly elegiac and in the Ionic dialect, written partly in praise of the Spartan constitution and'King Theopompus (Ewoyiiia,), partly to stimulate this Spartan soldiers to deeds of heroism in the field ("FiroBrJKai- the title is, however, later than Tyrtaeus).
		The interest of the fragments preserved from the Ewoyuia is mainly historical, and connected with the first Messenian war.
		Verrall (Classical Review, July 1896, May 1897) definitely places the lifetime of Tyrtaeus in the middle of the 5th century B.C., while Schwartz (Hermes, 1899, xxxiv.) disputes the existence of the poet altogether; see also Macan in Classical Review (February 1897); H. Weil, Etudessurl'antiquitegrecque (1900), and C. Giarratani, Tirteo e i suoi carmi (1905).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TY/TYRTAEUS.htm (499 words)

	Gresens: Preserving Tradition: Tyrtaean Martial Poetry and Spartan Society
		Tyrtaeus could be sung whenever the drive to preserve the status quo was aroused, a drive constantly evoked within the confines of the agôgê.
		Even if the performance of Tyrtaeus continued past this point, the poetry no longer functioned as it did in the Archaic and Classical periods as a living tradition.
		Because of the fragmentary state of Tyrtaeus’ poetry and our uncertain knowledge of Archaic Spartan history, there seems little that can be known about the origins of the Tyrtaean corpus.
	www.camws.org /meeting/2004/abstracts2004/gresens.html (587 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 1196 (v. 3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		At the time when his name first appears in history, he is represented, according to the prevalent account, as living at Aphidnae in Attica; but the whole tradition, of which this statement forms a part, has the same mythical complexion by which all the accounts of the early Greek poets are more or less pervaded.
		In attempting to trace the tradition to its source, Ave find in Plato the brief statement, that Tyrtaeus was by birth an Athenian, but became a citizen of Lacedaemon (De Legg.
		Perhaps the explanation may be found in the comparison of the tradition with the facts, that Tyrtaeus was an elegiac poet, and that the elegy had its origin in Tonia, and also with another tradition, preserved by Suidas (s.
	ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/3530.html (458 words)

	sehepunkte - Rezensionsjournal für die Geschichtswissenschaften - 5 (2005), Nr. 9
		Secondly, and most startlingly, Tyrtaeus' work tells us nothing about archaic Sparta either, because he was not an early poet but active in the second half of the Peloponnesian War (66-79).
		In speaking of the conquest of Messenia, Tyrtaeus used the first person plural on one occasion ('We captured Messenia thanks to our king Theopompus...', F 5.1-2 West), and the third person plural on another ('The fathers of our fathers fought over it for nineteen years...', F 5.4-8 West).
		The discrepancy between the 20 years of ancestral war in Tyrtaeus and the 10 years for the Messenian revolt in Thucydides is casually dismissed ('only rough indications of time', 77).
	www.sehepunkte.historicum.net /2005/09/7037.html (1534 words)

	Rainer Kattel. Summary of the M.A. Thesis
		Only through this emerging basic character of human life is it possible to understand the change brought about in the concept of aretê by Tyrtaeus for the thus-percieved world, where the guarantee of survival becomes the shoulder of the other, rather than personal abilities.
		Tyrtaeus’ aretê of a warrior becomes the highest and most valuable good for the polis which enables it to prosper, enables the common good.
		Tyrtaeus speaks for the first time in Greek history in the name of that common good of the polis.
	www.ut.ee /teaduskond/Filosoofia/KlassikalineFilol/isikud/mag/kattel_mag.html (919 words)

	98.2.12
		This approach, therefore, allows T. to establish a basic hypothesis, to be developed in the rest of the book: The Spartan constitution cannot be considered as the work of a single reformer but has to be explained as the result of a long historical process.
		T.'s method includes a comparison between the most ancient traditions (Tyrtaeus, Alcman) and the subsequent ones (Herodotus, Thucydides) in order to provide understanding of what happened in Sparta during the seventh century, when Sparta established a solid control over southern Peloponnese, as well as the relationship between Sparta and the Peloponnesian League.
		The second part of the chapter is devoted to the analysis of Tyrtaeus and Alcman.
	omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu /mailing_lists/BMCR-L/Mirror/1998/98.2.12.html (2845 words)

	TYRTAEUS - Online Information article about TYRTAEUS
		Busolt, who suggests that Tyrtaeus was a native of Aphidnae in See also:
		However this may be, it is generally admitted that Tyrtaeus flourished during the second Messenian war (c.
		July 1896, May 1897) definitely places the lifetime of Tyrtaeus in the middle of the 5th century B.c., while Schwartz (See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /TUM_VAN/TYRTAEUS.html (728 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 04.02.14
		II the rest, i.e., according to the sub-title, "Callinus Mimnermus Semonides Solon Tyrtaeus Minora Adespota." Here is a second edition of vol.
		II, "aucta atque emendata." The sub-title remains the same, but in one respect is no longer an accurate representation of the contents, for what we find now occupying more pages than any other poet except Solon, and obviously deserving better than subsumption under Minora, are the elegiac remains of Simonides.
		The new fragment of Tyrtaeus, published in 1980, was an interesting but hardly riveting piece, and less important than it would have been if we did not already have the Berlin fragments.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1993/04.02.14.html (1745 words)

	Harvard University Press: Greek Elegiac Poetry : From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC by Douglas E. Gerber
		Together they offer an interesting picture of an aristocratic man's views about life, friendship, fate, and daily concerns.
		Also notable in this volume is the martial verse of the Spartan Tyrtaeus and the poetry of Solon, Athens' famous lawmaker.
		Greek Elegy and Iambus, Volume I: Elegiac Poets from Callinus to Critias (including Tyrtaeus, Mimnermus, Solon, Phocylides, Xenophanes, Theognis)
	www.hup.harvard.edu /catalog/L258N.html (290 words)

	What is Elegy?
		Which of these was the earliest is a question which exercised the ancients; it seems likely that none of them was the 'inventor' of the couplet, but that they were all working within a tradition of elegiac poetry, and that they owe their survival to the development of writing.
		Archilochus, Callinus and Tyrtaeus use them to exhort troops to battle; Tyrtaeus uses them also for wider political purposes, probably to inspire the Spartans with pride in the achievements and institutions of their country.
		In Archilochus we find pithy epigrams on military topics-- the use of his spear, the loss of his shield; a witty couplet (if it is authentic) on the easily accessible girl whom they called Pasiphile; two proud lines of autobiography; and a poem or poems of consolation written after a shipwreck.
	classics.rutgers.edu /Lat327/def.html (2040 words)

	AllRefer.com - Tyrtaeus (Classical Literature, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > Classical Literature, Biographies > Tyrtaeus
		Fragments of his martial elegies in Dorian Greek, which were written to spur Spartan soldiers to victory, are extant.
		An Athenian legend relates that Athens sent Tyrtaeus, a lame schoolmaster, to Sparta when Sparta needed help in war.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/Tyrtaeus.html (151 words)

	00-36hod (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The Great Rhetra is one of the oldest of Spartan chestnuts, symbolic of the futility of traditional scholarship, and it is to Hans van Wees' credit that he suggests new ideas by approaching the Rhetra through the medium of Tyrtaeus ('Tyrtaeus' Eunomia: Nothing to do with the Great Rhetra', pp.
		Van Wees argues that Tyrtaeus' poem Eunomia preceded the Rhetra, and that his eunomia which envisaged obedience to Kings and Gerousia was different from the Rhetra's eunomia which was based on limited powers for a people's assembly.
		Van Wees also suggests a new interpretation for the oracle embedded in Tyrtaeus' Eunomia, where lines 3-6 are ambiguous and corrupt: eu)qei/ais r(h/trais a)ntapameibome/nous // Muqei=sqai/ te ta\ kala\ kai\ e)/rdein pa/nta di/kaia, // mhde/ ti bouleu/ein th=ide po/lei [2skolio/n]2: // Dh/mou te plh/qei ni/khn kai\ ka/rtos e(/pesqai.
	www.classics.und.ac.za /reviews/0036hod.htm (2325 words)

	SUNOIKISIS ICAGR 394 Fall 2001 Syllabus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Students will participate in a weekly webcast lecture, an on-line discussion moderated by faculty members from participating institutions from the Associated Colleges of the South, and weekly tutorials with faculty members at their home institutions.
		Define arete based on a study of the word as it appears in Tyrtaeus and in the works of Homer and Hesiod.
		Compare Xenophanes 2 with Tyrtaeus 9, particularly with regard to the value of success in athletic competitions.
	www.sunoikisis.org /sunoikgreek/icagr3942001fall/syllabus.html (2383 words)

	HighBeam Research: Library Search: Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		the stirring lyric poems of Tyrtaeus roused the Spartans and united...
		The Spartan poet-general Tyrtaeus, who lived at roughly the same time as Archilochus, wrote the famous line that Horace later imitated: It is a beautiful thing...
		emphasis which he places on the immortality conferred by such commemoration echoes similar sentiments voiced by the poet Tyrtaeus at the very beginning of the hoplite era.
	www.highbeam.com /library/search.asp?FN=SS&search_newspapers=on&search_magazines=on&q=Tyrtaeus&refid=ency_botnm (507 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		A selection of poems (usually fragments) of Tyrtaeus, Archilochus, and Theognis for background in discussing the challenge mounted to the aristocratic ideal by the new style of fighting, the hoplite formation.
		Tyrtaeus is an elegiac poet of the seventh century B. He was probably a Spartan, since he was a general.
		He led the Spartains in the second Messenian War and helped take Messene.
	www.msu.edu /~tyrrell/hoplite.htm (391 words)

	Archaic Sparta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		How does the poetry of Tyrtaeus (in the Fornara readings) inform us about the Spartan political structure and its development?
		12 Tyrtaeus**, the Messenian Wars, and the Spartan Constitution
		**Tyrtaeus is a lyric poet -- you have a selection from him in that packet I gave you.
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /gretaham/Teaching/gkhist/sg6.htm (138 words)

	Imperium News SEXTILIS DLXII
		Immediately Tyrtaeus Lysiacius from Narona and Matules Iapos from Burnum marched to Salonae to take possesion of the palace.
		Marcus Fulvius Sesquiculum has made public the last will of king Pleuratus and, showing to be the regent of the kingdom, has ordered to the king guard to arrest both the two pretendants.
		Matules and Tyrtaeus joined in alliance refusing to recognize the Roman Usurper, declaring the indipendance of their cities.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/474013 (1521 words)

	Dove Booksellers New Books
		Tyrtaeus, ; Solon, Theognis, Mimnermus; Douglas Gerber, tr
		Greek Elegiac Poetry from the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries B.C.: Tyrtaeus, Theognis, Mimnermus (L258N)
		All trademarks are owned by their respective companies, or Dove Booksellers.
	www.dovebook.com /new/product.asp?code=like'63174' (54 words)

	Dr. Weevil: Ancient War Poetry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Tyrtaeus was a Spartan who wrote in the mid-7th century, three or four generations after Homer, and that is nearly all we know about him, except that his poems were still being recited by Spartan soldiers 300 years later.
		The Greek lyric, iambic, and elegiac poets are mostly forgotten today except for Sappho of Lesbos and perhaps Archilochus of Paros, soldier and poet, now remembered mostly for fragment 201:
		One problem with these works is that they survive only in fragments, though some of these, like Tyrtaeus 10, are quite substantial.
	www.doctorweevil.org /archives/000683.html (415 words)

	Written Sources Item - Tyrtaeus writing in about 650 BC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Written Sources Item - Tyrtaeus writing in about 650 BC - Tyrtaeus writing in about 650 BC If there are small pictures in this box, click on them to make them larger and to see captions.
		Tyrtaeus writing in about 650 BC The Spartan poet Tyrtaeus wrote, in about 650 BC:
		Do not flee and leave them, those who are old.
	intranet.lissjunior.hants.sch.uk /greece/ancientgreece/content/html/portal/pg000955.htm (159 words)

	Lyc.Reforms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Tyrtaeus (7th century BC): mentions the Lycurgus and the reforms in his poem Eunomia
		Scholion to Pindar (date uncertain, but very late): says that Lycurgus was 11th in descent from Heracles (which would place him at about 870 BC)
		From Tyrtaeus we may at the least conclude that Lycurgus, fact or fiction, existed by the 7th century B.C. If fictional, cf.
	ccwf.cc.utexas.edu /~perlman/history/dsoutline_4.html (342 words)

	Tyrtaeus -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Greek elegiac poet, author of stirring poetry on military themes supposedly composed to help Sparta win the Second Messenian War.
		Greek tradition after Tyrtaeus' time claimed that he was an Athenian or Milesian schoolmaster, sent to Sparta in reluctant compliance with an oracle, to strengthen Spartan morale.
		"Tyrtaeus." Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9074028 (64 words)

	Thriambos to Tyrtaeus * People, Places, & Things * Greek Mythology: From the Iliad to the Fall of the Last Tyrant
		Thriambos to Tyrtaeus * People, Places, and Things * Greek Mythology: From the Iliad to the Fall of the Last Tyrant
		T to Theban Plays Thebe to Thrasymedes Thriambos to Tyrtaeus
		See Tyrtaeus by itself with citation tips (best for bookmarking).
	www.messagenet.com /myths/ppt/_t1003.html (3146 words)

	Hudson-Williams (1987) Early Greek elegy: The elegiac fragments of Callinus, Archilochus, Mimnermus, Tyrtaeus, Solon, ...
		Hudson-Williams (1987) Early Greek elegy: The elegiac fragments of Callinus, Archilochus, Mimnermus, Tyrtaeus, Solon, Xenophanes, and others
		Early Greek elegy: The elegiac fragments of Callinus, Archilochus, Mimnermus, Tyrtaeus, Solon, Xenophanes, and others
		To view the the latter's ratings, click on Chapters/Papers/Articles in the STATISTICS box, select a publication from the list that appears, and then click on either Quality or Interest in that publication's STATISTICS box.
	www.getcited.org /?PUB=102622004&showStat=Ratings (97 words)

	Sparta Pages:
		There was a certain flowering of the arts, as fine as any in Greece, before the sternness of the Lycurgan system and its attendant conservatism wilted Sparta's native creativity and discouraged wandering poets seeking patronage.
		And even so, the Spartans learned their Homer, cherished Tyrtaeus' soldierly verses, and were praised by contemporaries for the beauty of their religious hymns and choral songs.
		If more of these survived, our view of the Spartans might be softened considerably.
	uts.cc.utexas.edu /~sparta/topics/articles/academic/poetry.htm (1929 words)

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