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MSN Encarta - National Debt Public debts tend to be large-scale credit operations and are contracted on a national scale by central governments and on a lesser scale by provincial, regional, district, and municipal administrative bodies. Debt, National, also public debt, sum total of governmental financial obligations, the result of a state's borrowing from its population, from foreign governments, or from international institutions such as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. That was the lowest point ever reached by the public debt of the U.S. After 1840 it rose to a peak, in the last year of the Civil War, of almost $2.68 billion and a per capita figure of $75.01. encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562370/National_Debt.html   (1055 words)

U.S. public debt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia U.S. Treasury statistics indicate that, at the end of 2004, foreigners held 44 percent of federal debt held by the public. The U.S. public debt, commonly called the national debt or the gross federal debt, is the amount of money owed by the United States federal government. The debt slowly fluctuated for the rest of the century, finally growing steadily in the 1910s and early 1920s to roughly $22 billion as the country paid for involvement in World War I. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/U.S._national_debt   (2938 words)

Debt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Debt as a whole is a sign of optimism, a society believes in its future (earnings especially), and of lack of work ethic, a society postpones the solution to present problems (when it compensates a fall in revenues, perceived as short term, by an increase in debt for instance) Debt from a religious view point is condemned because by tying past and future it cuts from the present where God is to be found. This leverage, the proportion of debt to equity, is considered important in determining the riskiness of an investment; the higher more debt per equity, the riskier. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Debt   (1723 words)

Government debt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Public debt clearing standards are set by the Bank for International Settlements, but defaults are governed by extremely complex laws which vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Accordingly, investment in American cities continued, but, U.S. public debt grew while Canada's began to shrink (as of the end of 2003 it was still larger per capita than the U.S. debt but falling, and the U.S. debt was widely expected to pass it and become the fifth-highest among the G8 nations). Government debt ("public debt", "national debt") is money owed by government, at any level (central government or federal government, municipal government, local government). en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refinancing_the_public_debt   (2794 words)

Debt - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch This leverage, the proportion of debt to equity, is considered important in determining the riskiness of an investment; the higher more debt per equity, the riskier. Debt of countries as well as private corporations is rated by rating agencies, s.a. International Third World debt has reached the scale that many economists and Christians are convinced that debt cancellation is the only way to restore global equity in relations with the developing nations. encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /debt.htm   (2794 words)

List of public debt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is a list of the public debt as a percentage of the GDP according to 2004 CIA factbook. The data consist of both into internal debt, owed to lenders within the country, and external debt, owed to foreign countries. Industrialized countries with a remarkably high debt are Japan, Israel, Italy and Belgium. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_government_debt   (2794 words)

Public ownership - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch Public sector institutions have access to finance at government interest rates, which are (almost) always lower than even the most financially secure private sector firms, because the government cannot go bankrupt, which means less risk to the lender. Public ownership can protect consumer interests in sectors where competition is low, where choices are important but made infrequently, and/or where consumers do not have the expertise to make good decisions (such as in health care). Public ownership (also called government ownership or state ownership) is government ownership of any asset, industry, or corporation at any level, national, regional or local (municipal). encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /government_ownership.htm   (1000 words)

Sustainable Public Debt While fiscal deficits and the public debt and have always been contentious political issues, most economists recognize that a government should be able to safely and reasonably finance at least some part of its spending through the issuance of debt in lieu of taxation. A reasonable argument can be made that the level of public debt becomes excessive when its growth in nominal terms (both passively through interest accrual and actively through structural primary budget deficits) exceeds the long-term growth of the economy (and thus its tax revenue base) that the debt was ultimately intended to promote. Static partial-equilibrium sustainable debt analysis, however, does indeed appear to be a simple and useful way to assess the economic impact of public debt and fiscal deficits. mywebpages.comcast.net /mzobian/staticmodel   (2692 words)

U.S. Public Debt vs. GDP It is more meaningful to measure the public debt in relation to an economy's GDP than to measure the public debt along. The main sources of the U.S. public debt are: (1) Wars; (2) Recessions; (3) Tax-rate cuts. Public Debt Data (1929 - 2003), Bureau of Public Debt, http://www.publicdebt.treas.gov/. faculty.hacc.edu /jhuang/econdata/htm/debtgdp/debtgdp.htm   (81 words)

ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS The U.S. public debt was smaller in percentage terms in 2000 than it was in 1990. A significant decline in the Federal debt should reduce the sale of government bonds in the financial markets, which means that interest rates would decline. An internally held debt is one in which the bondholders live in the nation having the debt; an externally held debt is one in which the bondholders are citizens of other nations. www.mvhs.fuhsd.org /erik_walukiewicz/apecon/ch18review.htm   (1696 words)

Year-End Ecnonomic Review 2002 But the public debt now is estimated to fall to 55% of GDP in 2003, owing in part to higher state revenues as well as savings gained from the refinancing of foreign debt. Dr Somchai said the budget deficit and public debt had already passed its peak, as the government was now committed towards fiscal consolidation and a return to a balanced budget position by 2007 or 2008. The debt service projections are based on an assumption that in addition to the 305 billion baht in savings bonds issued for the FIDF in 2002, an additional 200 billion in bonds will be issued by 2004 and 275 billion in 2006. www.bangkokpost.com /yearend2002/fiscal.html   (1568 words)

Guidelines for Public Debt Management Public debt management problems often find their origins in the lack of attention paid by policymakers to the benefits of having a prudent debt management strategy and the costs of weak macroeconomic management. Ratios of debt to GDP and to tax revenue, for example, would seem to be very relevant for public debt management, as would indicators such as the debt service ratio, the average interest rate, various maturity indicators, and indicators of the composition of the debt. Debt managers who seek to manage actively the debt portfolio to profit from expectations of movements in interest rates and exchange rates, which differ from those implicit in current market prices, should be aware of the risks involved and accountable for their actions. www.imf.org /external/np/mae/pdebt/2000/eng   (1568 words)

Public affairs Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com Public affairs is a catch-all term that includes public policy as well as public administration, both of which are closely related to and draw upon the fields of political science as well as economics. Public policy discussions are generally and consciously partisan, and we assume that participants in public policy discussion have a specific point of view which they seek to advance in the discussion. Public affairs can be defined as "the management of institutional relations at a profit" (Jeremy Kane, co-founder of EPPA, pan-European public affairs advisers). www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/p/pu/public_affairs_1.html   (1568 words)

Public debt - free-definition Public debt is divided into internal debt, owed to lenders within the country, and external debt, owed to foreign lenders. Public debt clearing standards are set by the Bank for International Settlements, but defaults are governed by extremely complex laws which vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Public debt or national debt is money owed by government, at any level (municipal government, regional government, national government), which will indirectly be considered a debt of the citizens. www.free-definition.com /Public-debt.html   (1568 words)

Bureau of the Public Debt : U.S. Savings Bonds Online U.S. Department of the Treasury, Bureau of the Public Debt Public Debt will expedite replacement of missing or destroyed bonds for people in affected areas. If the area in which you live was affected by Hurricane Katrina, you may be eligible to cash your savings bonds within their minimum 12-month holding period, including those held electronically in TreasuryDirect. www.treasuryscams.gov /sav/sav.htm   (170 words)

U.S. Senate: Reference Home > Glossary > public debt The total public debt is subject to a statutory limit. The public debt does not include agency debt (amounts borrowed by other agencies of the Federal Government). public debt - Cumulative amounts borrowed by the Treasury Department or the Federal Financing Bank from the public or from another fund or account. www.senate.gov /reference/glossary_term/public_debt.htm   (182 words)

National Debt UPDATE Your concern about the national debt, currency in circulation, interest on the public debt, foreign holdings of federal debt, and debt monetization is greatly appreciated. The Public Debt is the financial liability for the Government's borrowing. Debt held by the Public = Debt issued by the Federal government and held by non-federal investors (including the Federal Reserve System). members.cox.net /linarison/debt.html   (347 words)

National Debt In addition to providing a useful table called “Revenues, Outlays, Deficits and Debt Held by the Public, Fiscal Years 1962-1993 (In billions of dollars),” it also analyses the spending and revenue options of the government during the fiscal years 1995-1999. There are several publications for the budget from the Executive Branch, including the actual budget, analytical perspectives (referred to as "special analyses" in previous years), historical tables, a citizen's guide, and an economic report from the President. Although the site uses budget publications for 2001 as examples, the government is fairly consistent in naming its publications and these titles can be used to find the appropriate fiscal year in most cases. www.geocities.com /j_milojevic/debt.html   (3612 words)

Chapter 14: Deficit spending and the public debt Note that public debt is the total of all outstanding debt owed by the treasury to its individuals and institutional lenders. The amount of debt to foreigners is the public debt owned by foreigners (16% of the total debt). The gross public debt is all Federal government debt. www.gsu.edu /~ecomaa/chap14.htm   (615 words)

U.S. Public and Private Debt 1790-2000 After 200 years of debt money, total public and private debt has grown to about $20,000,000,000,000. Debt in all categories of the economy has been growing explosively - the debt for state and local governments, farmers, consumers, home buyers and, largest portion of all, debt for corporations. Fewer people know that the debt of the US Federal government is the tip of a debt iceberg. www.siue.edu /~rblain/usdebt.htm   (1915 words)

Africa’s Debt: Statement by U.S. Public Officials Much of this debt was incurred at the urging of Western governments, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund for failed and misguided projects. The debt is owed to Western governments, including our own (bilateral debt) and international institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (multilateral debt). The statement comes as Congress is considering the level of funding for bilateral debt cancellation and multilateral debt relief through the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. richardknight.homestead.com /files/adac.htm   (863 words)

Online Learning Center The U.S. public debt as a percentage of GDP is less than it was in 1950 and is in the lower range of such debt among major industrial nations. The borrowing and interest payments associated with the public debt (a) increase income inequality (b) require higher taxes which dampen incentives (c) curb the use of antirecessionaryfiscal policy and (d) impede the growth of the nation's capital stock through crowding out of private investment. Usually the public debt is not a means of shifting economic burdens to future generations. www.mhhe.com /economics/mcconnell/student/olc/review19.htm   (331 words)

Instituto Cultural Minerva The burgeoning growth of the Brazilian public debt, was mainly recorded during 60s and 70s, under the rule of the military government that contracted loans, mostly from the international market, for investing in public corporations according to the fashionable economic model followed at the time. As established by the law of Argentinean Reform of the Public Sector in 1989, operations of debt conversion became to be accept in the second phase of the Argentinean privatization. Public sector debt in Brazil consists of the internal and external debt of the Federal Government, state and local governments as well as public sector enterprises. www.gwu.edu /~ibi/minerva/Spring1998/Cosme.Freitas.html   (4669 words)

Definition Of Refinancing Refinancing the public debt (184 bytes) 1: '''Refinancing the public debt''' involves paying owners of maturing [[governmen... refinancing the public debt - Definition of refinancing the public... Refinancing refers to applying for a secured loan intended to replace an existing loan secured by the same assets. www.best-in-refinance.com /OPG/refinance315.html   (458 words)

Executive Summary Conservative debt management practices and strong, consistent financial management have resulted in the Commonwealth being recognized as a national leader in public financial management. A number of new programs and enhancements to existing programs have been implemented in recent years to reduce the Commonwealth’s cost of borrowing, ease administrative burdens and time-consuming practices, expand the array of bond financing vehicles, and eliminate unfunded mandates on local governments in refinancing their public debt. As a result of the 1997 moratorium on new tax-supported debt authorizations, increased general fund revenue, and lower than anticipated interest rates, it is expected that the next report of the DCAC will confirm a substantial increase in the Commonwealth’s debt capacity. www.vipnet.org /debt/exsum.htm   (267 words)

Debt Management The main objective of public debt management is to ensure that the government's financing needs and its payment obligations are met at the lowest possible cost over the medium to long run, consistent with a prudent degree of risk. This involves establishing a framework for the debt managers to identify and manage trade-offs between expected cost and risk in the government debt portfolio." At the basic level, sovereign debt management addresses the structure and composition of the public debt portfolio, including the desired mix in terms of currency, interest rate and maturity profile. Governments are continuing to enhance their debt management capacity by ensuring the debt managers are more accountable, their activities are more transparent, and performance measures are established often on a risk-adjusted basis. www.storkeyandco.com /Library/Debt_Management/debt_management.html   (2561 words)

The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act A debt collector may not engage in any conduct the natural consequence of which is to harass, oppress, or abuse any person in connection with the collection of a debt. If any consumer owes multiple debts and makes any single payment to any debt collector with respect to such debts, such debt collector may not apply such payment to any debt which is disputed by the consumer and, where applicable, shall apply such payment in accordance with the consumer's directions. (c) A debt collector may not be held liable in any action brought under this title if the debt collector shows by a preponderance of evidence that the violation was not intentional and resulted from a bona fide error notwithstanding the maintenance of procedures reasonably adapted to avoid any such error. www.ftc.gov /os/statutes/fdcpa/fdcpact.htm   (2561 words)

The Federal Budget and National Debt List the amount of the debt held by the public. What is meant by "debt held by the public." Click on "debt held by the public" above the table at the Public Debt Online website. List the amount of the debt held by the Social Security trust fund and other governmental entities (this figure is in the "Intragovernmental Holdings" column). www.obu.edu /business/arye/WebUpdatesandApplications/fedbudgetandnationaldebt.htm   (2561 words)

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