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Topic: UN peacekeeping

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	Better World Campaign : Price of Peace Campaign
		Today, the UN oversees a record 18 peacekeeping missions around the world, including in some of the world's most dangerous places - such as Sudan, Lebanon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Haiti, all of which are critical to our national and international security, and the U.S. votes to approve.
		The UN's lifesaving peace missions are in jeopardy because donor countries are not living up to their commitments to support UN peacekeeping - particularly the U.S. Growing shortfalls in U.S. contributions, policy restrictions, and long-standing unpaid bills threaten to put the United States more than $1 billion behind in peacekeeping obligations.
		Shortchanging UN peacekeeping has real impacts, forcing the UN to cobble together the necessary means for deployment and discouraging other countries from contributing their fair share of resources.
	www.democracyinaction.org /dia/organizationsORG/betterworldcampaign/petition.jsp?petition_KEY=544&t=PriceofPeace.dwt (309 words)

	UNA-Canada Fact Sheets
		Traditionally, peacekeepers supervise cease-fires and observe the movements of the opposing forces in an attempt to bring calm to an area and to facilitate a negotiated settlement to disputes.
		Peacekeepers must be effective negotiators, be capable of standing firm in the face of hostile forces, and be prepared to endure privation.
		Peacekeeping has evolved to the point where demands placed on peacekeepers transcend their traditional role, rendering it virtually unrecognizable to its founders.
	www.unac.org /en/link_learn/fact_sheets/peacekeeping.asp (976 words)

	UN peacekeeping - SmartyBrain Encyclopedia and Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Peacekeeping operations by the United Nations are operations designed to restore or protect the peace in certain areas of conflict.
		UN peacekeeping initiatives have ranged from small, diplomatic or political delegations to large mobilizations.
		Peacekeeping has also been found to be extremely stressful, and there are higher rates of mental problems, suicide, and substance abuse among former peacekeepers than the general population.
	smartybrain.com /index.php/UN_peacekeeping (1509 words)

	UN Peacekeeping: Answers at Your Finger Tips
		UN peacekeeping is not based on the principle of dispatching a fighting force to put out a conflict that is raging.
		On the military side, peacekeepers are usually regular soldiers whose units are assigned to serve with a UN peacekeeping operation for a specified period, the standard tour of duty being six months.
		UN troops carry light arms and are allowed to use them only in self-defence, or if armed persons try to stop them from carrying out the orders of their commanders.
	learning.turner.com /efts/un/unpeace.htm (2449 words)

	UN Peacekeeping - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council
		Major new UN PKO missions in East Timor and in various African states brought another surge in international peacekeeping, even though the UN remained under-funded and ill-equipped for this task, as the Brahimi Report of 2000 made very clear.
		Looks at past UN peacekeeping missions, including those that have been accused of being failures, and what lessons can be drawn from them.
		Peacekeeping finance is the backbone of UN peacekeeping but it faces perpetual difficulties.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/peacekpg (483 words)

	USIA, U.S. Foreign Policy Agenda, April 1998 -- Edmund Hull on UN Peacekeeping
		UN peacekeeping continues to offer the United States a valuable option for dealing with threats to international peace and security before they affect our interests so directly that we would consider unilateral U.S. military action.
		UN operations are helping prevent a flare-up of violence in Cyprus between two NATO allies, Turkey and Greece; between India and Pakistan over Kashmir; and between Israel and her neighbors in the Middle East.
		Peacekeeping has the capacity, under the right circumstances, to separate adversaries, maintain cease-fires, facilitate the delivery of humanitarian relief, enable refugees and displaced persons to return home, demobilize combatants, and create conditions under which political reconciliation may occur and free elections may be held.
	usinfo.state.gov /journals/itps/0498/ijpe/pj28hull.htm (2452 words)

	Peacekeeping in Africa: Special Reports: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Clearly these feelings are shared by the UN general secretary, Kofi Annan, who quickly responded to the report's recommendations with his October 20 "Report of the Secretary General on the Implementation of the Report of the Panel on UN Peace Operations." In it, the secretary general characterizes the panel's findings as "frank yet fair,.
		UN police forces faced a similar situation: a staff of only nine police officers working out of UN headquarters were called upon to support 8,000 UN police in the field.
		During this period, 16 UN peacekeeping missions were sent to Africa.
	www.usip.org /pubs/specialreports/sr66.html (2271 words)

	afrol News - Advanced plans for UN peacekeeping mission in Côte d'Ivoire
		The current UN mission in Côte d'Ivoire (MINUCI) - comprising 34 military officers and a small number of civilian employees - is criticised for not being able to assure peace in the country.
		If the UN Security Council decided to place peacekeepers in Côte d'Ivoire, assessments levied on UN member states would be credited to a special account for that purpose, Mr Annan said in his letter.
		A discontinuation of the UN's presence in Côte d'Ivoire is not on the agenda.
	www.afrol.com /articles/11396 (441 words)

	un peacekeeping in a post-cold war world
		During the UN general debate of 19 November 1993 on strengthening the coordination of humanitarian assistance by the UN, a number of representives expressed the view that peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance should be part of the continuum to rehabilitation and development.
		Peacekeeping operations (now called "traditional" peacekeeping) were the responsibility of the Security Council to be implemented by the Secretary-General and his subordinates in the political departments of the central Secretariat, always on a case-by-case basis.
		The expansion of UN peacekeeping operations to include economic and social programs is not dependent upon the expansion of the UN's peacekeeping operations to include enforcement and intervention.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/McNair/mcnair26/m026ch01.html (5023 words)

	UN Peacekeeping Missions
		Cost of 11 UN peacekeeping missions extimated at $2.3 billion for 2003-2004, Fifth Committee told, as resumed session opens; Scheduled to end 30 May, Budget Committee deliberations to focus primarily on peacekeeping financing (page one of three).
		Cost of 11 UN peacekeeping missions extimated at $2.3 billion for 2003-2004, Fifth Committee told, as resumed session opens; Scheduled to end 30 May, Budget Committee deliberations to focus primarily on peacekeeping financing (page three of three).
		Cost of 11 UN peacekeeping missions extimated at $2.3 billion for 2003-2004, Fifth Committee told, as resumed session opens; Scheduled to end 30 May, Budget Committee deliberations to focus primarily on peacekeeping financing (page two of three).
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0862135.html (366 words)

	Representative Christopher H. Smith - (NJ04) - Solutions to UN Peacekeeping Problems Investigated (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		“Yet even as the use of UN peacekeepers is expanding, the UN and the United States have not fully come to terms with the peacekeeping failures of the mid-1990s, with some of the worst of those failures, from a humanitarian perspective, occurring in Rwanda and at Srebrenica in Bosnia.
		Smith noted that U.N. peacekeepers are fighting and dying in East Timor, and struggling to protect a cease fire in Sierra Leone where violence against civilians continues, where hundreds of peacekeepers have been held hostage by rebel groups, and where open dissent has erupted between various commanders of the peacekeeping force.
		Peacekeepers will also be embarking soon on a mission to protect the international observers being sent to monitor the cease-fire between Ethiopia and Eritrea.
	www.house.gov /chrissmith/news/press2001/092000.html (764 words)

	UN Peacekeeping Missions
		For the UN mission in Cambodia to succeed, it was vital that the Cambodians understand why the UN soldiers were there, see a prospect of their lives changing for the better, and believe that their participation as voters was worth the risk they took in going to the polls.
		The UN emphasized that the choice was real and the ballot would be secret; officials spread that message by radio, which remains the key source of information in Cambodia due to minimal literacy, limited print circulation, and the very small area reached by television transmissions.
		This challenge was faced down by the UN peacekeepers who refused to leave those provinces and by international pressure that solidly maintained that the election had been free and fair.
	www.seasite.niu.edu /khmer/Ledgerwood/PDFAsiaPacific.htm (5400 words)

	"The UN: PEACEKEEPING or WARMAKING?" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In Bosnia, however, UN peacekeepers were powerless to stop the killing and ethnic cleansing, often unable just to deliver food supplies to besieged civilians.
		But the length of the UN peacekeeping operation there also testifies to the political failure of the Greek and Turkish Cypriots to use the time to resolve their conflict.
		UN peacekeepers have helped Namibia become an independent nation, and monitored elections and the disarma-ment of combatants in the civil war in El Salvador.
	www.cdi.org /adm/Transcripts/709 (3649 words)

	Peacekeeping Watch
		In recent years, UN- and NATO -led international peacekeeping missions stationed in post-conflict zones have been targeted by the media and human rights watch groups for their failure to adequately confront the issue of trafficking in their assigned countries.
		The Department for Peacekeeping Operations officially presented a compilation of “Guidance and Directives of Disciplinary Issues for All Categories of Personnel Serving in UN Peacekeeping and Other Field Missions,” in the form of a CD-ROM, to all peacekeeping-contributing countries during this briefing.
		It is vital that the UN system at global level, from DPKO as well as at country level engage in dialogue with troop contributing countries to advocate for and uphold the same standards of behavior being adopted by the international humanitarian community.
	www.peacewomen.org /un/pkwatch/pkwatch.html (4820 words)

	Need for greater UN peacekeeping role stressed -DAWN - National; 08 January, 2004
		Peacekeeping, the UN official emphasized, was a reflection of the international system, which had changed its scope and nature over the decades.
		While the UN was still fulfilling its commitments to issues of peace and security in Africa, which had claimed over seven million lives in 1990s, he regretted, the world allowed its attention to be focused only on terrorism, Middle East and Balkans.
		Stressing the need for looking at the broader picture, he noted that commitment to the ideal of the UN Charter had led Pakistan and India (their political differences notwithstanding) to serving jointly on a number of missions and provide a platform for common action under the UN auspices.
	www.dawn.com /2004/01/08/nat13.htm (547 words)

	United Nations (UN) : Peacekeeping Documentation
		An overview of UN peacekeeping activities is provided by the listings of past and current operations posted on the website of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.
		As a rule, peacekeeping operations are established by the Security Council, the organ designated by the Charter as primarily responsible for the maintenance of peace and security; the financial aspects of peacekeeping, on the other hand, are considered by the General Assembly.
		The Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations was established by General Assembly resolution 2006 (XIX) of 18 February 1965 with the mandate to conduct a comprehensive review of all issues relating to peacekeeping.
	www.un.org /Depts/dhl/resguide/specpk.htm (3048 words)

	US drops opposition to UN peacekeeping force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The UN Security Council is expected to vote on the dispatch of a peacekeeping force to Cote d'Ivoire on 27 February when the present mandate of the small UN military observer mission in the country expires.
		Congressional approval is important because Washington foots 27 percent of the bill for all UN peacekeeping operation and the president relies on congressional approval for expenditure.
		Negroponte did not say how many troops Washington would like to see in the proposed peacekeeping force, whose mission would be to oversee the disarmament of rebels occupying the north of Cote d'Ivoire and guarantee security during the run-up to elections planned for October 2005.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=39595 (734 words)

	Ambassador Holliday: Statement on UN Peacekeeping Operations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The United States views the peacekeeping operations and activities of the United Nations as most significant in furthering the purposes and principles of the UN Charter.
		While it is tempting to expand U.N. peacekeeping mandates to respond to all aspects of complex crises, we must be careful not to assign tasks to peacekeepers that they are not prepared for or not adept at doing.
		After a uniformed peacekeeper receives surrendered arms from combatants and registers them, it is usually humanitarian workers, who begin the long and complex task of helping the new ex-combatant find a place in the civilian population.
	www.un.int /usa/04_082.htm (1115 words)

	Better World Campaign : Congress and the United Nations
		Currently, the U.S. is assessed 22% of the UN regular budget and 26% for UN peacekeeping appropriations.
		A mission-by-mission account of UN peacekeeping missions that were underfunded in the Administration's FY 2008 budget request, including Sudan/Darfur, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, and others.
		The House passes HR 2764 voting to increase funding for UN peacekeeping by $195 million, bringing the U.S. a step closer to closing it debt to the organization, June 21, 2007.
	www.betterworldcampaign.org /congress_un (302 words)

	Pakistan tops in UN peacekeeping -DAWN - National; August 4, 2003
		Pakistani peacekeeping record is considered to be best in the world, UN Secretary-General Kofi Anan had told Pakistan’s Foreign Minister Khurshid Mehmood Kasuri sometime back.
		“Countries volunteering uniformed personnel to peacekeeping operations are reimbursed by the United Nations at a flat rate of about $1,000 per soldier per month,” a UN report says, adding the peacekeeping soldiers were paid by their own governments according to their national rank and salary scale.
		UN peacekeepers, referred to as “blue helmets” or “blue berets” have patrolled buffer zones between hostile parties, monitored ceasefires and helped defuse local conflicts, allowing the quest for durable, political settlements to continue.
	www.dawn.com /2003/08/04/nat15.htm (419 words)

	Luanda withdraws from UN peacekeeping mission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Angola's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Joao Bernardo de Miranda, announced on Tuesday that his government was going to decline a UN invitation to send peacekeepers, in what would have been Angola's first UN mission.
		The UN peacekeeping force in Cote d'Ivoire will be deployed on 4 April, for an initial period of a year.
		IRIN is a project of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
	www.irinnews.org /print.asp?ReportID=40343 (352 words)

	Peacekeeping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The author, Erwin A. Schmidl, a historian with the Austrian Ministry of Defense, is presently a senior fellow at the U.S. Institute of Peace in Washington, D.C. Published in Austrian Information, vol.
		International Peacekeeping News, DFAX and the University of Bradford
		OAS directories, press references, speeches and statements, and publications and videos are included, in addition to basic documents such as the charter, treaties and conventions, and resolutions.
	www.library.yale.edu /un/un3b7.htm (272 words)

	Peacekeeping Web Links: Library and Links: Jeannette Rankin Library Program: U.S. Institute of Peace
		The web site for this UN peacekeeping mission describes the mission's mandate, background information, news and press releases, documents which include Security Council Resolutions and reports; maps and fact sheet.
		Provides information for correspondence courses on United Nations peacekeeping, including enrollment information; programs, resources and course details; interactive resources for students (a chat room and daily updates on the UN and peacekeeping through the UN wire), as well as links to additional resources.
		The web page describes the UN peacekeeping operation, United Nations Protection Force, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, from February 1992 - March 1995, including the strength of the armed forces, estimated fatalities, and function of the mission.
	www.usip.org /library/topics/peacekeeping.html (1779 words)

	UN PEACEKEEPING: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		But while many consider UN peacekeeping a linchpin to world peace, there are some who see it as a dangerous illusion.
		The Peacekeeping Institute was created by the Army to better prepare its commanders and their staffs to deal with their increased involvement in peace operations.
		Peacekeeping is a response to conflict, is a response to situations in which often it is not the business of any one particular country to get into.
	www.cdi.org /adm/transcripts/823 (3576 words)

	Human Rights Watch: United Nations
		The new African Union-United Nations hybrid peacekeeping force must have military and civilian components, including police, that are experienced, well-trained and well-equipped if it is to deliver on its promise to protect civilians in Darfur.
		This testimony responds to the two crucial questions of why the UN Human Rights Council has disappointed in its first year and what the prospects are for improving its performance.
		Following its investigation into alleged gold smuggling and arms trading by UN peacekeepers in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the United Nations should ensure accountability for those involved.
	www.hrw.org /un (1261 words)

	UN Peacekeeping Seminar Readings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Culligan, Joseph P. "United Nations peacekeeping: relations between civilian and military components," In Peacemaking, Peacekeeping and Coalition Warfare: The Future Role of the United Nations, F.L. Mokhtari (ed.).
		Diehl, Paul F. "Institutional alternatives to traditional U.N. peacekeeping: an assessment of regional and multinational options," Armed Forces and Society, 19(2): 209-230.
		Each student will give an oral report summarizing the experiences and lessons to be drawn from a memoir written by a participant (or participants) in peacekeeping operations.
	www.maxwell.syr.edu /IR/GlobalProgramsPages/readings-unpk.asp (755 words)

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