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Topic: UN Protective Force

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	Beyond Legal Reforms:Culture and Capacity in the Eradication of Violence Against Women and Girls
		As the international community struggles to implement laws to protect women and girls, it is evident that a massive divide still separates the legal apparatus and the culture - embodied in our values, behaviors and institutions - required to stem the epidemic.
		The individual, her family and community environment are ultimately under the protection of the state; it is at this level that enlightened and responsible leadership is desperately required.
		In 2003, the failure to act was highlighted at the meetings of the 47th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women which, for the first time in the history of the Commission, proved unable to arrive at a set of agreed conclusions regarding violence against women.
	www.bic-un.bahai.org /06-0702.htm (2348 words)

	Legitimacy of NATO bombing of Yugoslavia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The use of force by NATO would not be inconsistent with UN resolutions on the matter, including Resolution 1160 and Resolution 1199.
		The UN Resolution 819 and 836 had designated Srebrenica a "safe area" to be protected using "all necessary means, including the use of force".
		The UN also did little to stop the mass flight of almost the entire population of Krajina in the Croatian Operation Storm of 1995.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia (1979 words)

	UN 2
		This UN mission was begun in December 1992 to oversee the political, military, humanitarian and electoral provisions of this treaty.
		As the goals of the first UN force were achieved, it was terminated in June 1996 and a smaller UN deployment, the United Nations Support Mission in Haiti (UNSMIH) was formed on 1 July 1996 to continue to aid in rebuilding the country's infrastructure.
		Even though this is the smallest UN observer force ever deployed for which an individual medal was authorized, their mission was an important contribution to the normalization and stability of the region.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-medals/un2.htm (2577 words)

	Greater Syracuse Economic Growth Council Resource Center
		Syracuse possède un éventail de qualités qui favorisent un développement économique constant.
		Que se soit une résidence huppée en plein centre-ville, une résidence traditionnelle, un chalet à la campagne enfoui sous les bois, un domaine historique, une propriété en bord de lac, un appartement moderne ou une maison en ville, Syracuse et ses banlieues offrent une varieté de choix très abordables.
		Un éventail varié d’excellentes écoles publiques et privées offre de solides possibilités de formation pour atteindre ses objectifs personnels et professionnels.
	syracusecentral.com /international/french.htm (733 words)

	The Psychological Demands Of Peacekeeping For Military Personnel // National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Multinational Force And Observers In The Sinai (MFO)
		Subsequently, Israel accepted the terms of a UN agreement (initially) and withdrew from Lebanon under the supervision of the UNIFIL which was created to monitor the activity in southern Lebanon and to restore peace and security during the civil war which ensued after Israel's formal withdrawal.
		UN forces, mostly from France and the United Kingdom to ensure these areas are safe from Serb aggression.
	www.ncptsd.va.gov /publications/cq/v6/n1/litz.html (4764 words)

	Military of Nepal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In November 2001, the Nepalese armed forces began military operations against the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).
		UNOSOMII the UN Protective Force (UNPROFOR), UN Operational Mission Somalia II,
		The Gurkhas remained loyal during the Indian Mutiny of 1858 and were kept on in the Indian Army thereafter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_of_Nepal (744 words)

	Crisis in Lebanon: Is Peacekeeping Possible? \| The Middle East Institute
		This is the use of armed force in the aftermath of a conflict to promote a series of economic and political reforms that allow a strengthened government to secure its own territory.
		The UN chain of command is formally quite clear; it runs from the force commander to the civilian representative of the Secretary General in place to the Secretary General.
		Headquarters there is led by a force commander a two-star known Italian major general; the force commander is appointed by the director general, with approval of the parties.
	www.mideasti.org /transcript/crisis-lebanon-peacekeeping-possible (6961 words)

	Chapter 3 OPERATIONAL-LEVEL CONSIDERATION (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Within UN Protective Force (UNPROFOR) in Bosnia-Herzegovina, the UK is the lead nation for vehicle recovery support to all nations along certain critical main supply routes (MSRs).
		Army ADA protects forces and selected geopolitical assets from aerial attack, missile attack, and surveillance during war and throughout the full range of military operations, to include the transition from war to peace.
		Protective and decontamination assets should be shared, and NBC reconnaissance assets centralized or at least coordinated to cover all forces and important areas.
	www.armedforces.net /Detailed/19143.html (5820 words)

	The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - World
		The new force would be created as a separate unit, but under the overall command of the US-led multinational force now seeking to maintain security in Iraq, US Ambassador John Negroponte told the UN Security Council.
		A specific mandate for the new UN protective force would be defined in a new UN Security Council resolution that the USA and Britain had begun working on in anticipation of the transition, he said.
		British Ambassador Emyr Jones Parry told the council in a closed session that a new resolution was needed to recognise the end of occupation, bless the new interim government, define the UN role for the post-June 30 era and approve a continuing international military presence, diplomats said.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2004/20040418/world.htm (3809 words)

	Health concerns of peacekeeping: a survey of the current situation
		The UN mission of 2,500 members, under the command of Canadian Maj.-Gen. Romeo Dallaire, was established to monitor a power-sharing agreement between Hutu and Tutsi factions.
		Peacekeeping forces are “predominantly young and sexually active, are often away from home and family, are governed by peer pressure than by established social norms, are specifically trained in risk taking and in self-perceptions of invincibility,” (ibid) and are usually surrounded by opportunities for sexual encounters.
		UN operations have since been perceived as biased, missions have often entered into countries where consent by the parties to the conflict was not established, and force was often used other than in self-defence.
	www.jha.ac /articles/a067.htm (9310 words)

	War and Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia
		While the Serb forces had the JNA arsenals at their disposal and could additionally stock the Serb militias in the Krajina, Croatia had to rely on its meager national defense forces to defend itself.
		It should be noted that while Serb forces in both Bosnia and the Krajina tried to present themselves as independent entities with separate armies and separate governments and leadership, there is no question that they got most of their support from Belgrade and Milosevic.
		The UN high commissioner had the power to dismiss officials or veto laws that might be contrary to the peace process, making the high representative a sort of UN-appointed president.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/war/yugo-hist4.htm (2688 words)

	Tailrank - An International Force?
		Almost seven years after UN forces separated the two warring factions within Kosovo -- ethnic Albanians and ethnic Serbs -- the status of the territory is no closer to resolution than the day the UN marched into Kosovo.
		Tony Blair and Kofi Annan think the answer is a UN peacekeeping force for the southern part of the country, but Captain Ed dispatches with that inanity in short order.
		Par for the course: the UN wouldn’t be a sword against the jihadis, they’d be a shield.
	tailrank.com /posts/562949953736976/An_International_Force_ (2353 words)

	Sanctions Against Al Qaeda and the Taliban - UN Security Council - Global Policy Forum
		The UN Security Council first imposed sanctions on Afghanistan in October 1999, to force the Taliban, the de facto government of Afghanistan, to hand over the terrorist Osama bin Laden to the “appropriate authorities.” Bin Laden has been indicted by the United States.
		The new sanctions were imposed despite an August 2000 report from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), which highlighted the “tangible negative effect” on Afghanistan’s populace of the existing sanctions.
		The current UN sanctions regime against the Taliban is ineffective: it has succeeded only in impoverishing the Afghani people and further radicalising the ruling militia.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/sanction/indexafg.htm (1468 words)

	Innovation from the grassroots up » Protective force needed, despite UN and Sudanese government announcement
		Protective force needed, despite UN and Sudanese government announcement
		The UN and the Sudanese government have jointly issued a statement saying they have agreed as to how the violence in Darfur can be halted.
		This is the routine cruelty of a security cabal, its humanity withered by years in power: it is genocide by force of habit.
	blogs.law.harvard.edu /jim/2004/08/05/protective-force-needed-despite-un-and-sudanese-government-announcement (678 words)

	The Role of the Non-governmental Organizations in Afghanistan's Recovery - Council on Foreign Relations
		According to a spokesperson for the UN Special Envoy on Afghanistan, Lakhdar Brahimi, the Afghan interim administration is in danger of failing unless there is an immediate injection of $100 million to pay back salaries and salaries for the next six months for the civil services and the police.
		However, recognizing that this is an unrealistic hope, at least in the near term, an extension of the UN protective force beyond Kabul is increasingly viewed as an absolute necessity.
		UN and Afghan agencies as well as donor country representatives should be encouraged to participate.
	www.cfr.org /publication.html?id=4511 (1955 words)

	[No title]
		The Royal Nepalese Army has served with distinction in numerous UN peacekeeping missions and currently has contingents deployed with the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), the UN Protective Force (UNPROFOR), and in Somalia with UNOSOM II.
		The country also participates in a number of UN specialized agencies and is a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Colombo Plan, and the Asian Development Bank.
		Protection against polio, typhus, and meningitis is suggested.
	www.umsl.edu /services/govdocs/backgroundnotes/nepal.txt (3404 words)

	AIJAC
		Arafat asked Clinton to support a UN protective force in the West Bank and Gaza, an idea Clinton had already rejected.
		Beg and demand a UN protection force as the first step toward turning all the West Bank, Gaza, and east Jerusalem over to a Palestinian state.
		Any UN intervention would be one-sided against Israel in practice — but that’s not the real problem.
	www.aijac.org.au /updates/Nov-00/171100.html (2647 words)

	Palestine-UN.org (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thus the conflicts among the Palestinian national forces are secondary, and should be ended for the sake of the basic conflict that exists between the forces of Zionism and of colonialism on the one hand, and the Palestinian Arab people on the other.
		That is why the Palestinian people look to the progressive and peaceful forces and urge them all, irrespective of their affiliations and beliefs, to offer the Palestinian people all aid and support in their just struggle for the liberation of their homeland.
		Article 23: The demand of security and peace, as well as the demand of right and justice, require all states to consider Zionism an illegitimate movement, to outlaw its existence, and to ban its operations, in order that friendly relations among peoples may be preserved, and the loyalty of citizens to their respective homelands safeguarded.
	www.palestine-un.org /plo/pna_three.html (1684 words)

	SudanTribune article : US consider UN component in Darfur peace force : official (Site not responding. Last check: )
		China, Russia and Algeria have blocked UN attempts to impose effective sanctions either on Sudan or the Khartoum-backed proxy Arab militia Janjaweed, which is accused of staging killings in Darfur.
		Task force member Michael O’Hanlon of the Brookings Institution, in an addition to the report, said "NATO should help the AU in Darfur, with a stated willingness to forcibly protect civilians and use much tougher rules of engagement should the violence not be substantially abated within six months."
		The UN has warned Darfur is falling into chaos, with murder, robbery and rape on the increase.
	www.sudantribune.com /article.php3?id_article=12904 (730 words)

	INTER-AMERICAN DEFENSE COLLEGE
		This is an outgrowth of the UN debacle in Rwanda.
		This is to say that unless human rights protections and sustainable development strategies are not established in the area of conflict, peacekeeping missions cannot end.
		The second UN mission in Haiti was tasked to assist the Government of Haiti in the professionalization of the police and in the maintenance of a secure and stable environment conducive to the success of the effort to establish and train an effective national police force.
	library.jid.org /en/mono40/Newmeyer.htm (9986 words)

	28 April 1999 Opinion from the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals
		The United Nations [hereinafter UN) established a UN Protective Force [hereinafter UNPROFOR.) in the Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia [hereinafter FYROM) in 1992.
		The President determined that the deployment was pursuant to Chapter Vi of the UN Charter and complied with troop limitations for Chapter Vi, UN Charter, deployments established by Section 7 of the United Nations Participation Act.
		The law affords protection to those who obey all but the most patently illegal orders, i.e., orders the accused knows to be unlawful, or a person of ordinary sense and understanding would have known the orders to be unlawful.
	www.mikenew.com /courtopinion.html (7384 words)

	Background Notes on Selective South Asian Countries from the Department of State
		Under UN auspices, Bangladeshi troops have served or are serving in Somalia, Rwanda, Mozambique, Kuwait, Bosnia, and Haiti.
		The air force has enhanced the capability of its fighter force with the addition of the multi-role Sukhoi 30, and it hopes to replace much of its Mig-21 fleet with the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft currently under development.
		One year later, the UN arranged a cease-fire along a line dividing Kashmir, but leaving the northern end of the line undemarcated and the vale of Kashmir (with the majority of the population) under Indian control.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/SAsiaBN.html (21057 words)

	Guardian \| UN Secretary General's speech
		Just as, within a country, respect for the law depends on the sense that all have a say in making and implementing it, so it is in our global community.
		And it is by rigorously upholding international law that we can, and must, fulfil our responsibility to protect innocent civilians from genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.
		The African Union has nobly taken the lead and the responsibility in providing monitors and a protective force in Darfur - as well as seeking a political settlement, which alone can bring 4 lasting security.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,5021413-110878,00.html (1612 words)

	United Nations Medals
		UNPROFOR United Nations (UN) Protective Force In Former Yugoslavia Medal
		UNTAC United Nations (UN) Transition Authority in Cambodia Medal
		MIH United Nations (UN) Mission in Haiti Medal
	www.dtic.mil /dpmo/images/medals/un_medals.htm (140 words)

	UN Ready To Back French-Led Force To Halt Congo Carnage
		Thousands of terrified civilians huddled under plastic shelters in the UN compound, manned by a deployment of about 700 peace-keepers, the majority of whom are Uruguayan.
		But the UN says that it is patrolling an area bigger than Sierra Leone or Kosovo, peace-keeping missions that are the responsibility of tens of thousands of troops.
		Despite the presence of the 700 UN peacekeepers already in Bunia to monitor the withdrawal, rival Hema and Lendu tribesmen fought viciously for supremacy in the town.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/919870/posts (2018 words)

	Military Aviation Terms and Definitions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A measure of acceleration equal to the force of gravity at sea level, 9.8 meters/sec (32.2 ft/sec).
		One Newton is the force required to move one kilogram a distance of one meter.
		An area adjacent to a runway or taxiway, surrounded by a protective wall or mound of earth where aircraft may be dispersed for temporary shelter, refueling or rearming.
	www.danshistory.com /glossary.shtml (8841 words)

	US invites UN members to help expand security forces for Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: )
		"We must expand international security forces to support the return of United Nations international personnel to Iraq," the US Deputy Permanent Representative to the UN, Ambassador James Cunningham, told the Security Council in the last periodic briefing on Iraq by the US-led coalition before sovereignty is returned at the end of June.
		More than 210,000 Iraqis already serve in the Iraqi security force, but their response has been uneven and their quality and leadership are being improved, he said.
		UN food aid agency starts land crossing point for relief shipments into Lebanon
	www.un.org /apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=10800&Cr=iraq&Cr1= (530 words)

	Big Kim a sturdy bridge to the US - Peter Hartcher - www.smh.com.au
		But its real force was in the speech that Latham gave on the same day.
		And on the UN, Latham promised to help rebuild Iraq, offering to contribute 20 to 30 non-combatant personnel to a UN protective force in Iraq.
		He promised to leave in place the Australian forces protecting Iraq's oil terminals at the head of the Persian Gulf, the long-running, Operation Slipper.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2004/07/15/1089694486144.html?oneclick=true (1117 words)

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