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Topic: UN Security Council Resolution 678

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	Security Council Resolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It follows UN Security Council Resolution 1373 which was adopted as a response to the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States.
		UN Security Council Resolution 338 - The three-line UN Security Council Resolution 338, adopted on October 22, 1973, called for the ceasefire in the Yom Kippur War in article 1 and for implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 242 in article 2.
		Security Council Resolution 101 - Security Council Resolution 101 Censure of Israel for its violation of its ceasefire with Lebanon, in the context of the massacre at Qibya.
	www.miamibrew.com /Security-Council-Resolution.html (1346 words)

	Encyclopedia: UN Security Council Resolution 678
		A United Nations Security Council Resolution is voted on by the fifteen members of the UN Security Council.
		The resolution was adopted on November 29, 1990, at the 2963
		Security Council Resolutions A United Nations resolution (or UN resolution) is a decision of a United Nations (UN) bodies.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/UN-Security-Council-Resolution-678 (508 words)

	UN Security Council Resolution 1441 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Under furious debate was whether a further Security Council resolution (the so-called "second resolution") was necessary to authorize war, or whether 1441 and preceding resolutions sufficed to legitimize military enforcement of the UN's disarmament aims.
		Of the permanent, veto-holding members of the Security Council, France, Russia, and the People's Republic of China wished the inspection period to be extended, and for no military action to go ahead without a further UN resolution.
		On the other hand, the USA and Britain, while admitting that such a resolution was diplomatically desirable, insisted that Iraq had now been given enough time (noting also the time since the first disarmament resolutions of 1991) to disarm or provide evidence thereof, and that war was legitimized by 1441 and previous UN resolutions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_1441 (1097 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Resolution 686 stated that the Security Council; “Noting the suspension of offensive combat operations by the forces of Kuwait and the Member States cooperating with Kuwait pursuant to resolution 678 (1990).
		Resolution 687 is clearly not one of the “subsequent” resolutions to which Resolution 678 referred because that was confined to the resolutions which had been passed up to that time.
		Paragraph 34 of Resolution 687 meanwhile expressly states that the Security Council decides to remain seized of the matter and to take such further steps as may be required for the implementation of the present resolution and to secure peace and security in the region.
	www.publicinterestlawyers.co.uk /legaldocs/OPINION3.doc (1836 words)

	Phyllis Bennis Response to Bush Proposed Use of Force Resolution on Iraq Institute for Policy Studies
		Resolution 687 ends with the words "the Security Council remains seized of the issue" which means that the item remains on the Security Council's agenda; no individual country or group of countries has the right to act unilaterally in claimed response to a Council resolution.
		Resolution 688 was not taken under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and does not call for military enforcement (as alleged by some White House officials of this and earlier administrations).
		Resolution 688 was not taken under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, and does not include a specific authorization for the use of force.
	www.ips-dc.org /comment/Bennis/replytobush.htm (3574 words)

	General Article - UN Security Council - Global Policy Forum
		The Security Council of the United Nations has primary responsibility under the UN Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security, and its resolutions are binding on all member states.
		Though the first UN peace-keeping force was established by the General Assembly, subsequent forces have been established by the Security Council, which exercises authority and command over them.
		The Council has delegated its Chapter VII powers to member States for the attainment of various objectives including to counter a use of force, to carry out a naval interdiction against a state, to achieve humanitarian objectives, to protect UN declared 'safe areas,' and to ensure implementation of a peace agreement.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/gensc.htm (1435 words)

	UN Security Council resolutions relating to Iraq
		Earlier drafts of this resolution are as follows: the US/UK drafts of 2 October 2002, 25 October 2002 and 5 November 2002; the Russian draft and the French draft of 23 October 2002.
		The subsequent exchange of letters between the UN and Iraq, agreeing to the continuation of the programme under the terms of this resolution, is dated 5 July 2001.
		In effect, this resolution reassigns some of the practical responsibility for monitoring compliance with sanctions away from the UN machinery, in the form of the 661 committee, and to the States imposing the naval blockade.
	www.casi.org.uk /info/scriraq.html (3547 words)

	Wikisource:UN Security Council Resolutions - Wikisource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		UN Security Council Resolution 10: The Spanish Question (4 Nov 1946) (removing the situation in Spain from the list of matters of which the Council is seized)
		UN Security Council Resolution 88 inviting a representative of the People's Republic of China to be present during discussions of the Korean situation
		UN Security Council Resolution 612 on the use of chemical weapons in the conflict between Iran and Iraq
	wikisource.org /wiki/Wikisource:UN_Security_Council_Resolutions (934 words)

	UN Security Council Resolution 1441 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Of the permanent, veto-holding members of the Security Council, France, Russia, and the People's Republic of China wished the inspection period to be extended, and for no military action to go ahead without a further UN resolution.
		On the other hand, the USA and Britain, while admitting that such a Resolution was diplomatically desirable, insisted that Iraq had now been given enough time (noting also the time since the first disarmament resolutions of 1991) to disarm or provide evidence thereof, and that war was legitimized by 1441 and previous UN resolutions.
		The Resolution text was drafted jointly by the United States and the UK, the result of eight weeks of tumultuous negotiations, particularly with Russia and France.
	un-security-council-resolution-1441.iqnaut.net (1071 words)

	Monthly Review: Behind the war on Iraq: research unit for political economy
		His invasion of Kuwait, a sovereign state and a member of the UN, provided the United States with the opportunity swiftly to mobilize the UN Security Council and form a worldwide coalition against Iraq.
		UN Security Council Resolution 661, passed in August 1990, demanded immediate and unconditional withdrawal from Kuwait, and imposed sanctions on Iraq.
		In November 1990, the United States got UN Security Council Resolution 678 passed, providing for the use of "all necessary means" to end the occupation of Kuwait.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1132/is_1_55/ai_101290781/pg_6 (1243 words)

	UT Law Faculty - Philip C Bobbitt - Is Regime Change in Iraq Necessary?
		Other UN resolutions ordered Iraq to return all prisoners of war and Kuwaiti property, to pay damages resulting from the war, and to comply with two no-fly zones negotiated as part of the ceasefire agreement.
		After the defection of the head of its biological weapons programme in 1995, the Iraqi government was compelled to acknowledge that it had produced no less-and possibly more-than 183 biological weapons, in violation of the ceasefire agreement and of UN resolutions.
		The security council was moved to pass a unanimous resolution again calling on Iraq to disarm.
	www.utexas.edu /law/faculty/pbobbitt/regime8.html (879 words)

	UN Security Council Resolution 1441
		The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1441 by a vote of 15-0 on November 8, requiring Iraq to admit inspectors from the UN Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
		UN inspectors now have the authority to prohibit the movement of vehicles and aircraft around sites they wish to inspect in order to prevent Iraq from moving weapons materials.
		The new resolution states that this is Iraq’s “final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations” and requires that reports from inspectors and member states about Iraqi noncompliance that could constitute “material breach” of the resolution be referred to the Security Council.
	www.edenbridgetown.com /ethics/reference/war/un_res_1441.shtml (2388 words)

	Center for Cooperative Research
		The UN Security Council adopts Resolution 660 condemning Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and demanding that Iraq “withdraw immediately and unconditionally all its forces to the positions in which they were located on 1 August 1990.”; [Sources: UN Resolution 660]
		UN military forces or those of a “member state” (presumably the US or Britain), would enforce “no-fly” and “no-drive” zones along the roads on the way to and around alleged weapons sites to be visited by the inspectors.
		The UN inspections teams would be authorized to remove anyone it wishes to a location outside out of Iraq, along with his or her family, for interrogation.
	www.cooperativeresearch.org /timeline_pf.jsp?timeline=complete_timeline_of_the_2003_invasion_of_iraq_legal_justification (6534 words)

	Bush Letter
		This is not simply the policy of the United States; it is the position of the world community as expressed in no less than twelve Security Council resolutions.
		However, anything less than full compliance with UN Security Council resolution 678 and its predecessors is unacceptable.
		Twelve Security Council resolutions, twenty-eight countries providing military units to enforce them, more than one hundred governments complying with sanctions—all highlight the fact that it is not Iraq against the United States, but Iraq against the world.
	www.wwnorton.com /internal/lenses/demo/dm_bush_letter.htm (612 words)

	Document: Security Council resolution 1441, 8 November 2002
		Resolution on the return of weapons inspectors to Iraq, adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council on 8 November 2002.
		In this regard, we register with satisfaction the declarations of the representatives of the United States and the United Kingdom confirming this understanding in their explanations of vote, and assuring that the goal of the resolution is the full implementation of the existing Security Council resolutions on Iraq's weapons of mass destruction disarmament.
		Therefore, this resolution fully respects the competences of the Security Council in the maintenance of international peace and security, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/docs/iraq/unscr1441.htm (1125 words)

	Institute for Policy Studies LINE-BY-LINE ANALYSIS OF RESOLUTION 1441 by Phyllis Bennis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		If the U.S. were serious about determining Iraqi compliance or non-compliance, it would ask the UN inspectors to return immediately to Iraq, and only after they finished their work and reported to the Security Council would the Council make a determination regarding compliance or breach.
		Deciding to disregard existing resolutions and agreements made between Iraq and the United Nations, without any determination as to why those earlier arrangements should not be respected, undermines the legitimacy, consistency and coherence of UN resolutions.
		However, given Bush administration officials' consistent claim that they need "no further" UN resolutions to authorize the use of force "to enforce" UN resolutions, it is highly doubtful that Washington intends to adhere to this language.
	www.ips-dc.org /comment/Bennis/res1441.htm (3491 words)

	UN Security Council Resolution 678 (1990)
		Adopted by the Security Council at its 2963rd meeting on 29 November 1990
		Noting that, despite all efforts by the United Nations, Iraq refuses to comply with its obligation to implement resolution 660 (1990) and the above-mentioned subsequent relevant resolutions, in flagrant contempt of the Security Council,
		Requests the States concerned to keep the Security Council regularly informed on the progress of actions undertaken pursuant to paragraphs 2 and 3 of the present resolution;
	www.iraqwatch.org /un/unscresolutions/s-res-678.htm (216 words)

	Dispatch, Vol 2, No 1, January 7, 1991 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He will say there are 12 UN Security Council resolutions calling upon you to do certain things, the primary one of which is to withdraw from Kuwait completely and unconditionally, and we and our coalition partners expect you to do that.
		The UN Security Council resolution authorizes the use of all necessary means but certainly does not require it.
		The resolution was adopted by a consensus of 26 of the 27 members present; Suriname did not join the consensus.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/briefing/dispatch/1991/html/Dispatchv2no01.html (8068 words)

	Welcome to MichaelMoore.com!
		It instead examined and gave support to the argument that resolution 1441 of November 2002 had revived the authority of UN security council Resolution 678 in 1990 to go to war with Saddam Hussein if he had not stuck to the 1991 ceasefire.
		Lord Goldsmith's full advice had concluded that the government would need "hard evidence" that Iraq was not cooperating with UN weapon inspectors if it was to argue it could go to war on the basis of past UN resolutions.
		The 13-page minute was sent to Mr Blair on the same day that the chief UN weapons inspector, Hans Blix, declared that Iraq had made "substantial" progress in destroying its long-range missiles, and he found no evidence of biological or chemical weapons.
	www.michaelmoore.com /words/latestnews/index.php?id=2426 (912 words)

	UN Security Council Resolution 687 -1991
		The resolution was passed under Chapter 7 of the UN Charter, meaning that military force could be used to enforce compliance.
		The UN inspectors were supposed to verify the Iraqi declarations and report their evaluations to the Security Council, which would then make decisions on sanctions.
		Despite numerous UN resolutions, inspectors were not allowed access to various "presidential" sites and in 1998, the inspections ceased entirely and the inspectors went home.
	www.mideastweb.org /687.htm (1832 words)

	An Analysis of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 -- Institute for Public Accuracy (IPA)
		The newresolution of the UN Security Council is a charade, a device to obscure.Nevertheless it is transparent enough that one can point out the trip wires,hoops and hurdles (combined with dangerous ambiguity) placed so that Iraq mustinevitably fail to avoid material breach.
		Recalling that its resolution 678 (1990) authorized Member States to use allnecessary means to uphold and implement its resolution 660 (1990) of 2 August1990 and all relevant resolutions subsequent to Resolution 660 (1990) and torestore international peace and security in the area,
		In 1998, when the UN Security Council passed aresolution endorsing Kofi Annan's negotiated stand-down with Iraq, theresolution called for 'severest consequences.' At that time, every Councilambassador except that of the U.S. said explicitly that use of the term did notconstitute an automatic authorization of the use of force for any country orgroup of countries.
	www.accuracy.org /un2 (6864 words)

	UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 678 FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		UN_Security_Council_Resolution 678 authorizes member states to use all necessary means to uphold and implement resolution 660 and all subsequent relevant resolutions (resolution 661, resolution 662, resolution 664, resolution 665, resolution 666, resolution 667, resolution 669, resolution 670, resolution 674 and resolution 667), and to restore international peace and security in the area Kuwait.
		In order to avoid intervention from the Security_Council members, Iraq was expected to withdraw from Kuwait no later than January_15, 1991.
		The resolution was adopted on November_29, 1990, at the 2963
	www.flowergods.com /UN_Security_Council_Resolution_678 (125 words)

	The Middle East 10e
		The United Nations Security Council shall be requested to endorse the peace treaties and ensure that their provisions shall not be violated.
		The permanent members of the Security Council shall be requested to underwrite the peace treaties and ensure respect for their provisions.
		Should the cabinet insist on the adopted resolution, or should the grace period pass without issuing and returning the decree, the decree of the resolution shall be valid and must be published.
	www.cqpress.com /docs/ME10eDocFinal.htm (9419 words)

	A Detailed Analysis of the Draft UN Security Council Resolution Proposed by the U.S. Government -- Institute for Public ...
		PP3 Recalling that its resolution 678 (1990) authorized member states to use all necessary means to uphold and implement its resolution 660 (1990) of 2 August 1990 and all relevant resolutions subsequent to Resolution 660 (1990) and to restore international peace and security in the area,
		Obviously, the intent of the language in 678 was to authorize use of 'all necessary means' to enforce resolution 660 and subsequent resolutions passed up to the time of passage of 678 [1990].
		The inclusion of the reference 'in order to restore international peace and security' is a code for proceeding immediately to using force, whether or not authorized by a new 'consideration of the situation.' It is certain the Bush administration will point to this reference if they choose to go to war without actual Council consent.
	www.accuracy.org /un (4597 words)

	The International Practice of the European Communities: Current Survey: II. Armed Conflict
		France and Belgium put a draft before the Security Council that was to become Resolution 688, and the idea of `safe havens' for the Kurds and the Shiites of Iraq was first launched by Prime Minister John Major at an extraordinary meeting of the European Council on 8 April.
		As indicated earlier, it was therefore from the standpoint of the cease-fire terms intended to lead eventually to peace with Iraq that the European Council examined all aspects of the brutal repression that the Kurdish and Shia populations are suffering at the hands of Saddam Hussein's troops.
		It involved making plans, on the basis of Resolutions 687 and 688 adopted by the UN Security Council, for creating one or more safe havens to enable the Kurdish and other Iraqi refugees to return to their country and protecting them from attack by Saddam Hussein's army.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol4/No1/sr1-01.html (3793 words)

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