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Topic: UNAMIR

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	UNAMIR - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		UNAMIR's purpose was to aid the implementation of the Arusha Accords, signed August 4, 1993, aimed at easing tensions between the Hutu-dominated Rwandese government and the Tutsi rebels (for the most part centered in the RPF).
		UNAMIR thus contributed support to the military and civilian authorities in Rwanda, while the UN continued to place pressure on Habyarimana and the RPF to return to the ideas set forth in the Accords.
		On April 5 1994, the UN voted to extend the mandate of UNAMIR to 29 July 1994, after expressing "deep concern at the delay in the establishment of the broad-based transitional Government and the Transitional National Assembly" and "concern at the deterioration in security in the country, particularly in Kigali."
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/UNAMIR (1344 words)

	presenta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The recognition that UNAMIR troops did manage to save some lives,and that there are examples of individual soldiers who acted with tremendous courage or compassion, cannot prevent the conclusion that their mission was a disaster.
		UNAMIR peacekeepers were overwhelmed by the scale of the disaster; they lacked understanding of the political situation; they were constrained by their mandate; and they had little time to consider.
		The background to UNAMIR’s pullout from ETO is examined in The Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda which was commissioned by the Secretary General and published on 15 December 1999.
	www.africanrights.unimondo.org /html/report002.html (5619 words)

	frontline: the triumph of evil: un warning: early premonitions and the warning of what was to come
		Distrust of UNAMIR was the one thing which Hutu Power and those it wanted dead shared as deeply as their distrust of one another.
		On October 3, 1993, five weeks before UNAMIR arrived in Kigali, eighteen American Rangers serving alongside the UN force in Somalia were killed, and television images of their bodies being dragged through the streets of Mogadishu were beamed around the world.
		UNAMIR had a much more limited mandate than the Somalian mission: it was prohibited from using force except in self-defense, and even for that it was poorly equipped.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/warning/premonitions.html (1911 words)

	Genocide excerpted from the book Deliver Us from Evil by William Shawcross
		UNAMIR's command was consumed by the daily logistics of sustaining both itself and the rebel battalion which arrived in the capital at the end of 1993.
		UNAMIR was not planned, dimensioned, deployed or instructed in a way which would have enabled the mission to stop the genocide.
		UNAMIR was also the victim of a lack of political will in the Security Council and on the part of Member States." The inquiry described errors of judgment on the part of officials, including Boutros-Ghali, Kofi Annan, and UNAMIR personnel.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Genocide/Genocide_DUFE.html (7168 words)

	REPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT INQUIRY INTO THE ACTIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS DURING THE 1994 GENOCIDE IN RWANDA
		UNAMIR, the main component of the United Nations presence in Rwanda, was not planned, dimensioned, deployed or instructed in a way which provided for a proactive and assertive role in dealing with a peace process in serious trouble.
		UNAMIR was viewed as a traditional peacekeeping operation under Chapter VI, established at the request of the parties to a two-sided conflict to assist them in the implemention of a peace agreement.
		UNAMIR was tasked with the protection of a number of politicians who were of key importance to the implementation of the Arusha Agreement.
	www.ukuli.org /raponu.html (20127 words)

	theamsterdampost.info Rwanda Report Annex I
		The UNAMIR patrol had been sent to investigate the crash, but was stopped on the way by the Presidential Guards.
		The first option was to retain a reduced UNAMIR after departure of the Belgian battalion, while the second was an immediate reduction of UNAMIR, simultaneously with the Belgian withdrawal, to a functional political nucleus with some protection for troops (a total of 200-250 all ranks and civilian staff).
		Their special mission was to move the warring parties towards a cease-fire, to ascertain from them their views on and intentions towards the implementation of resolution 918, and to review with the UNAMIR the modalities of the concept of operations outlined in the Secretary-General's report of 13 May 1994.
	www.xs4all.nl /~adampost/Archive/RR/rr_006.htm (5119 words)

	UNAMIR
		UNAMIR reported strong evidence of preparations for further massacres of civilians in the city, while massacres continued on a large scale in the countryside, especially in the south.
		UNAMIR began deploying troops in the zone on 10 August 1994 and on 21 August it assumed responsibility from Operation Turquoise.
		UNAMIR was currently working with the humanitarian agencies and the Government of Rwanda to develop and implement a strategy to close the displaced persons camps in Rwanda gradually by ensuring the voluntary return of the occupants to their homes.
	www.gmu.edu /departments/t-po/peace/unamir.html (15326 words)

	theamsterdampost.info Rwanda Report ch II
		Provided UNAMIR felt the informant was absolutely reliable, Booh Booh and Dallaire instead were instructed to request an urgent meeting with President Habyarimana and inform him that they had received apparently reliable information concerning the activities of the Interahamwe which represented a clear threat to the peace process.
		Efforts by UNAMIR to reach the crash site were blocked, with the patrol which had been sent to investigate it being stopped, disarmed and held at the airport during the early hours of 7 April.
		The two primary tasks of UNAMIR II were described as (a) To attempt to assure the security of as many assemblies as possible of civilians who are under threat and (b) To provide security, as required, to humanitarian relief operations.
	www.xs4all.nl /~adampost/Archive/RR/rr_003.htm (10518 words)

	Refugees and Security in the Great Lakes Region of Africa
		UNAMIR’s mandate authorized traditional peace-keeping missions, including monitoring borders for the shipment of weapons, observing and reporting on the status of the cease-fire and so on.
		UNAMIR was not intended nor equipped to engage in wide-ranging, conventional military combat with other military or even paramilitary forces.
		UNAMIR secured the airfield and provided a safe haven for as many as 14,000 Rwandans, until the Belgians were recalled.
	homepage.mac.com /vicfalls/civilwars.html (10450 words)

	UNAMIR
		UNAMIR's demilitarized zone sector headquarters was established upon the arrival of the advance party and became operational on 1 November 1993, when the NMOG II elements were absorbed into UNAMIR.
		Deployment of the UNAMIR battalion in Kigali, composed of contingents from Belgium and Bangladesh, was completed in the first part of December 1993, and the Kigali weapons-secure area was established on 24 December.
		A Commission of Experts established by the Security Council reported in September that "overwhelming evidence" proved that Hutu elements had perpetrated acts of genocide against the Tutsi group in a "concerted, planned, systematic and methodical way." The final report of the Commission was presented to the Council in December 1994.
	www.un.org /Depts/dpko/dpko/co_mission/unamirS.htm (1354 words)

	THE EIGHT STAGES OF GENOCIDE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		On January 21-22, UNAMIR seized a planeload of Belgian arms (shipped on a French plane) purchased by the Rwandan Armed Forces, which were then kept in joint UNAMIR/Rwandan government custody.
		The major problem from the beginning of UNAMIR was that all but one of the Western powers were unwilling to send troops to intervene, or even to provide airlift and financing for an international force.
		UNAMIR was perceived as too weak and undersupplied to stop the rapidly spreading killing.
	www.genocidewatch.org /rwandangenocideprevention.htm (7951 words)

	UNAMIR
		UNAMIR's mandate and strength were adjusted on a number of occasions in the face of the tragic events of the genocide and the changing situation in the country.
		UNAMIR's mandate came to an end on 8 March 1996
		Not an official document of the United Nations.
	www.un.org /Depts/dpko/dpko/co_mission/unamir.htm (96 words)

	The Role of the International Community in the 1994 Rwanda Genocide - United Nations
		Initially (Oct. 1993), UNAMIR's mandate was to help implement the Arusha Peace Agreement between the government in Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF).
		One week after ten Belgian soldiers were murdered, Belgium withdrew its troops from UNAMIR on April 14, 1994.
		On May 6, 1994 UNAMIR's mandate was expanded to providing protection to civilians and an increased contingent of the troops was approved by Security Council Resolution 918.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~racata/rwanda/un.htm (395 words)

	1-611/7 -1997/1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Finally, the commission notes that the decision to participate in the UNAMIR operation was not communicated by the government to the parliament, nor was it debated in parliament.
		The decision to withdraw Belgian troops from UNAMIR was taken by the government after the latter had contacted the United Nations authorities, in particular the secretary-general, the deputy secretary-general (DPKO) and the members of the Security Council.
		Although it appeared, on many occasions, that UNAMIR, in particular its Belgian component, was in difficulty on the ground, the pooling of all of West’s military forces available in Kigali or in neighbouring countries would have made it possible to avoid the scope of the genocide.
	www.senate.be /english/rwanda.html (11104 words)

	The U.S. and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994: Evidence of Inaction
		The UN mission (UNAMIR), created in October 1993 to keep the peace and assist the governmental transition in Rwanda, sought to intervene between the killers and civilians.
		UNAMIR II, as it was to be known, would be a more robust force of 5,500 troops.
		On April 7, the day after the shoot down of the President’s plane, members of the Presidential Guard carry out this plan, torturing, killing, and mutilating 10 Belgian soldiers in the UN contingent protecting the Prime Minister, who was also their target.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53 (2915 words)

	DHA-Geneva Daily Information Report No. 47
		This situation in Rwanda is described by UNAMIR as calm, although it reports that recent explosions in Kigali which wounded a woman were from newly laid mines.
		An assessment mission is in the region to examine the fate of the Batwa pygmies during the war.
		The new UNAMIR spokesperson is Captain Stephane Grenier.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Urgent_Action/DHA_47.html (978 words)

	DHA-Geneva Sitrep No. 52
		UNAMIR reported that the general military situation in Rwanda is calm.
		UNAMIR reported that in Sector 3 (Gitarama Prefecture), the RPA is denying UNAMIR access to some areas.
		UNAMIR reported that unknown numbers of people are returning to IDP camps from their communes in the Butare Prefecture.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Newsletters/DHA_52.html (1110 words)

	GU - SFS - ISD: Rwanda Report
		With UNAMIR weakened by national capitals unwilling to risk their forces already on the ground, and by the withdrawal the Belgian contingent, the situation quickly spun out of control.
		Within three months, UNAMIR was reduced to a rump force of 450 personnel; roughly 500,000 to 800,000 Rwandans, mostly Tutsi, were dead; and over two-million Rwandans, mostly Hutu, had fled to surrounding countries.
		In contrast, UNAMIR's communications were provided by contractors; it never had more than three to five days of supplies on hand; and its twelve APCs lacked spare parts, mechanics, tools, or operator training.
	www.georgetown.edu /sfs/programs/isd/files/rwanda.htm (3267 words)

	Book's allegations called 'ridiculous' (UN alert) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Jacques-Roger Booh Booh, a former career diplomat from Cameroon and the leader of the United Nations Mission for Assistance to Rwanda (UNAMIR) in 1993 and 1994, also accuses General Dallaire of aiding the rebels of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), the Tutsi-dominated group that toppled the Hutu regime in July, 1994.
		UNAMIR was established on 5 October 1993 by Security Council resolution 872 (1993), and soon entered service in the capital, Kigali.
		Despite the failure of UNAMIR in its main mission, its humanitarian services during the 1994 genocide are recognized to this day as having saved the lives of thousands or tens of thousands of Rwandan Tutsis and Hutu moderates who would have been otherwise killed.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1374822/posts (2319 words)

	Rwanda - Other Reports
		The responsibility for the failings to prevent and stop the genocide was said to lie with a number of different actors, in particular the S-G, the Secretariat, the SC, UNAMIR and the broader UN membership.
		implementation of UNAMIR's mandate in such a way as to preserve a neutral role under a traditional peacekeeping mandate, noting that despite facing a deteriorating security situation which would have motivated a more assertive and preventive role, no steps were taken to adjust the mandate to the reality of the needs in Rwanda;
		The Inquiry stated that, faced in Rwanda with the risk of genocide, and later the systematic implementation of a genocide, the UN had an obligation to act which transcended traditional principles of peacekeeping.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord1999/vol2/rwandaor.htm (1231 words)

	Rwanda, U.N. Doc. S/RES/1029 (1995).
		Requests the Secretary-General to initiate planning for the complete withdrawal of UNAMIR after the expiry of the present mandate, that withdrawal to take place within a period of six weeks after the expiry of the mandate;
		Requests the Secretary-General to examine, in the context of existing United Nations regulations, the feasibility of transferring UNAMIR non- lethal equipment, as elements of UNAMIR withdraw, for use in Rwanda;
		Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council by 1 February 1996 on the discharge by UNAMIR of its mandate and progress towards repatriation of refugees;
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/resolutions/SC95/1029SC95.html (838 words)

	- The United Nations - Resolution 918 (1994)
		Desiring in this context to expand the mandate of UNAMIR for humanitarian purposes, and stressing the importance it attaches to the support and cooperation of the parties for the successful implementation of all aspects of that mandate,
		Recognizes that UNAMIR may be required to take action in self-defence against persons or groups who threaten protected sites and populations, United Nations and other humanitarian personnel or the means of delivery and distribution of humanitarian relief;
		Strongly urges all parties in Rwanda to cooperate fully with UNAMIR in the implementation of its mandate and in particular in ensuring its freedom of movement and the unimpeded delivery of humanitarian assistance, and further calls upon them to treat Kigali airport as a neutral zone under the control of UNAMIR;
	www.sipri.org /contents/expcon/unsc918.html (1389 words)

	Rwanda, U.N. Doc. S/RES/997 (1995).
		Reaffirming the need for a long-term solution to the refugee and related problems in the Great Lakes States, and welcoming, therefore, the intention of the Secretary-General to appoint a special envoy to carry out consultations on the preparation and convening, at the earliest possible time, of the regional Conference on Security, Stability and Development,
		Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMIR until 8 December 1995 and authorizes a reduction of the force level to 2,330 troops within three months of the adoption of this resolution and to 1,800 troops within four months;
		Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council by 9 August 1995 and 9 October 1995 on the discharge by UNAMIR of its mandate, the humanitarian situation and progress towards repatriation of refugees;
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/resolutions/SC95/997SC95.html (661 words)

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