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Topic: UP complexity

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	Complexity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While this has led some fields to come up with specific definitions of complexity, there is a more recent movement to regroup observations from different fields to study complexity in itself, whether it appears in anthills, human brains, or stock markets.
		In computational complexity theory, the time complexity of a problem is the number of steps that it takes to solve an instance of the problem as a function of the size of the input (usually measured in bits), using the most efficient algorithm.
		Irreducible complexity is a term used in arguments against the generally accepted theory of biological evolution, being a concept popularized by the biochemist Michael Behe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Complexity (1136 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Computational complexity theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Complexity theory is part of the theory of computation dealing with the resources required during computation to solve a given problem.
		Complexity theory differs from computability theory, which deals with whether a problem can be solved at all, regardless of the resources required.
		The time complexity of a problem is the number of steps that it takes to solve an instance of the problem as a function of the size of the input (usually measured in bits), using the most efficient algorithm.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Computational_complexity_theory (1121 words)

	UP (complexity) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In complexity theory, UP ("Unambiguous Non-deterministic Polynomial-time") is the complexity class of decision problems solvable in polynomial time on a non-deterministic Turing machine with at most one accepting path for each input.
		It is considered likely that either P ≠ UP or UP ≠ NP (or both), since otherwise P = NP, which is widely believed to be false.
		Similarly, a language is in UP if a given answer can be verified in polynomial time, and the verifier machine only accepts at most one answer for each problem instance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/UP_(complexity) (206 words)

	Complexity
		Complexity is one of those terms for which it is difficult to give a precise definition.
		Complexity is often used to describe single sytems made of multiple interacting parts.
		This complexity is measured as the total complexity of encoding the realisation into a descriptive code and decoding it back into a realisation of that code.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Complexity (237 words)

	20th WCP: Computational Complexity and Philosophical Dualism
		For a given n there will be up to 2n different instances of the problem for that given size (because each digit can be one of two possibilities, 0 or 1, and there are n digits in all) and these have to be dealt with by the algorithm in N steps.
		Nonetheless, early writings on Complexity Theory by Bremermann (1977) which have been systematically overlooked by many authors (including Penrose) show that there are physical constraints for the design of computing machines and such constraints have a bearing on the time-length consumed by those machines no matter how improved their hardware may be.
		Since the growth of temporal complexity involved in the realization of transcomputable algorithms is exponential that means that the time-length required for running some transcomputable algorithms can be as long as the age of the universe.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Cogn/CognTeix.htm (3006 words)

	Complexity - Software Metrics
		A complexity metric can be used to identify the most highly complex code that is part of the current software project - and care can then be taken to inspect and test this code more thoroughly than would be possible if all the code received the same attention.
		Once again, complexity metrics are useful for an example: If several designs are being considered then it is generally worthwhile to choose the one that is the least complex - provided that it is not disqualified for other reasons.
		Complexity is a measure of the resources which must be expanded in developing, maintaining, or using a software product.
	sern.ucalgary.ca /courses/cpsc/451/W98/Complexity.html (1795 words)

	COMPLEXITY THEORY AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICE by JONATHAN ROSENHEAD
		Given that the key finding claimed for complexity theory is the effective unknowability of the future, the common assumption among managers that part of their job is to decide where the organisation is going, and to take decisions designed to get it there is seen as a dangerous delusion.
		Discoveries by the theorists of complexity and chaos show that even the natural world does not operate this way – and this revelation of the role of creative disorder in the universe needs to be taken to heart by managers.
		Krugman (1996), on the concluding page of his exploration of the relevance of complexity theory for economics, states "at this point I have no recommendations to offer." By contrast in the management complexity literature there is a tendency to make just such unwarranted statements – both generalisations and prescriptions.
	www.human-nature.com /science-as-culture/rosenhead.html (10599 words)

	Amazon.com: Complexity: Life at the Edge of Chaos: Books: Roger Lewin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Complexity, the nexus of theories forming at the edge of chaos theory and the boundaries of artificial life, may spark in life science a revolution equivalent to that wrought in physics by quantum mechanics.
		The science of complexity, a discipline unique to the computer age, was born of chaos and a growing sense that there is something amenable to scientific inquiry about complex systems that we are missing.
		Complexity is the "interesting" middle ground between order and the purely random, between the crystalized structure of ice and the Brownian motion of molecules.
	www.amazon.com /Complexity-Life-at-Edge-Chaos/dp/0226476553 (2934 words)

	Citations: Self-witnessing polynomial-time complexity and prime factorization - Fellows, Koblitz (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		UP is also low for many counting classes like PP, C=P and Mod k P for k 2.
		Since primality testing is in UP, it is easy to de ne an oracle L 1 in UP such that the prime factorization of a positive integer is computable in FP L1.
		By de nition UP is a subset of NP.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/214716/0 (3397 words)

	Complexity International
		One of the surprising results to come from models of multi-species communities is that the more complex a model system is (that is, more species), the more likely it is to be unstable [13].
		An important clue in resolving this paradox is the observation that simulations of randomly formed complex systems are rarely viable: usually at least some species become extinct very quickly [14].
		This result suggests that non-viable systems in nature disappear quickly and that the complex ecosystems we do see have persisted because they happen to be stable, not because they are complex.
	www.complexity.org.au /ci/vol01/green01/html (4113 words)

	UCLA - Earth and Space Sciences - Chaos, complexity, and disasters
		These concepts are pivotal for the prediction and, possibly, control of geological disasters, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides, which leave in their wake the massive collapse of construction as well as socioeconomic and environmental crises.
		The science of chaos and complexity considers large systems of elements, which interact in a complicated nonlinear fashion.
		With such an approach, it is sometimes possible to understand the underlying character of a complex system and to establish its collective behavior patterns.
	www.ess.ucla.edu /research/complexity.asp (388 words)

	Chemistry & Complexity 1
		One implication of fractal and self-similar geometry is that is is not possible to come up with an accurate measure of the length of the coastline of Great Britain because the answer is dependent upon the scale at which the measurement is taken.
		It is now recognised that the terms "complex" and "complexity" are actually more useful – and carry less cultural baggage – than the term "chaos", even though the terms are sometimes [confusing] used interchangeably.
		Post–Mandelbrot, coastlines are recognised as being complex, fractal and self-similar.
	www.meta-synthesis.com /webbook/24_complexity/complexity.html (2732 words)

	Complexity Theory: Actions for a Better World
		All complex systems have multiple dimensions or attributes which interrelate and cannot be treated in isolation.
		The nonlinear nature of complex interactions under feedback loops means that we cannot linearly add effects.
		Moving up to a higher level we have the more sophisticated needs associated with the emergence of mind and community in the middle and higher animals.
	www.calresco.org /action.htm (17740 words)

	Complexity Society
		It is a community that uses complexity science to rethink and reinterpret all aspects of the world in which we live and work.
		The society objectives are to promote the theory of complexity in education, government, the health service and business as well as the beneficial application of complexity in a wide variety of social, economic, scientific and technological contexts such as sources of competitive advantage, business clusters and knowledge management.
		Complexity includes ideas such as complex adaptive systems, self-organisation, co-evolution, agent based computer models, chaos, networks, emergence and fractals.
	www.complexity-society.com (294 words)

	Plexus Institute
		As Associates learn more about complexity and more about how complexity concepts contribute to their day to day work, they will find more ways to contribute to the work of Plexus and to shape its future directions.
		The article examines some implications of complexity science for leadership, pointing to the central role of everyday interaction, exploring diversity and self-organization, noting the coexistence of stability and instability in healthy systems, and the paradoxical nature of leadership.
		The report shows that ten out of fifteen federal departments are involved in complexity science research and identified three broad categories of complexity science activity overall: research, business and education.
	www.plexusinstitute.org /NewsEvents/News (1560 words)

	Peter Gabriel: Up - PopMatters Music Review
		Despite its title, Up is by far the mercurial Englishman's darkest album since the final part of his untitled trilogy, the 1980 release commonly known as Melt.
		Elsewhere, Up's sheer sonic density rewards repeat listenings, as tracks that seemed lifeless the first time around next to the hip-shaking energy of "Growing Up" reveal their quieter charms.
		Up doesn't quite measure up to past masterworks like So and Melt; nor, for all its sonic depth, does it really break any new ground -- Gabriel's signature sound really hasn't changed much since the early '80s, though that hardly matters since most other mainstream musicians are still trying to catch up to him.
	www.popmatters.com /music/reviews/g/gabrielpeter-up.shtml (1074 words)

	Evolution News & Views: Irreducible Complexity Stands Up To Biologist’s Research Efforts
		After several years of claiming that there is no debate about the theory of intelligent design (ID) researchers have published an article bringing the debate to the pages of the latest issue of Science.
		Three researchers, Jamie Bridgham, Sean Carroll and Joe Thornton claim to have shown how an irreducibly complex system, such as that described by Discovery senior fellow Michael Behe, might have arisen as the result of gene duplication and a few point mutational changes.
		Although in nature the receptor and ligand are part of a larger system that does have a biological function, the piece of that larger system they pick out does not do anything by itself.
	www.evolutionnews.org /2006/04/irreducible_complexity_stands.html (699 words)

	ITworld.com - SECURITY.ITWORLD.COM - Complexity is Security's Kryptonite
		Security hates the stuff that makes up complexity; it gets in the way of the form and function that security strives to posses, breaking things and confusing even the highest-level power user.
		Reducing complexity is paramount to climbing the tallest mountain or swimming the deepest seas.
		Complexity even comes to the aid of the attacker in some cases, providing fertile ground for misconfigurations and mistakes that lead to holes, vulnerabilities, and exploits.
	www.itworld.com /nl/security_strat/07242002 (506 words)

	Cisco - Understanding Codecs: Complexity, Hardware Support, MOS, and Negotiation
		Medium complexity allows the C549 DSPs to process up to four voice/fax-relay calls per DSP and the C5510 DSPs to process up to eight voice/fax-relay calls per DSP.
		To specify call density and codec complexity according to the codec standard that is used, use the codec complexity command in voice-card configuration mode.
		G.729 is a high complexity algorithm, and G.729A (also known as G.729 Annex-A) is a medium complexity variant of G.729 with slightly lower voice quality.
	www.cisco.com /warp/public/788/voip/codec_complexity.html (1777 words)

	Amazon.com: Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos: Books: Mitchell M. Waldrop (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Complexity theory most likely will receive other, more rigorous examinations than Waldrop's, but he provides a good grounding of what may indeed be the first flowering of a new science.
		This is a book about the science of complexity-a subject that's still so new and so wide-ranging that nobody knows quite how to define it, or even where its boundaries lie.
		One downside (or for some people a plus) is that the book goes to a great length to describe the complexity for an economist's point of view, while not spending that much time on complexity from a sociologist, anthropologist, or psychologist's point of view.
	www.amazon.com /Complexity-Emerging-Science-Order-Chaos/dp/0671872346 (1988 words)

	Computational Complexity; Problem Hierarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Problems of exponential complexity are "solved" using approximate methods that are of polynomial complexity.
		The solutions found are often such that they still could be improved and it is up to the problem solver to decide when enough is enough.
		Some problems are so complex and so far-reaching that their complete solution is unrealistic and partial solutions must be employed.
	cs.wwc.edu /~aabyan/Theory/complexity.html (1650 words)

	Complexity Clan - Forums - View topic - coL.DOD Week in Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Coming off of an unexpected loss last week, Complexity had their hardest match up of the season of the season ahead.
		With many Complexity fans at their side and some other DOD teams wanting to see them fail, coL.dod had their work cut out for them.
		Complexity tried to pull a last minute rush and cap out for the win, which would have made the game a matter of a few points.
	www.complexityclan.com /forums/viewtopic.php?t=6154 (791 words)

	Complexity - Software Metrics
		Complexity is a measure of the resources which must be expended in developing, maintaining, or using a software product.
		High cohesion is characterized by a module that performs one distinct procedural task; this fosters low relative structural complexity.
		Here, the program volume is defined to be the number of bits required to specify a program, and the program level is a measure of program complexity.
	sern.ucalgary.ca /courses/CPSC/451/W99/Complexity.html (1993 words)

	Complex Systems Laboratory - home
		Our group studies the behavior of complex systems as emerging from the interactions of their simple composing agents.
		Modelling technics include numerical experiments and analytical methods from statistical mechanics and other fields that might not be available in the original discipline to which the system belongs.
		In particular, we coordinate the Coordination Action GIACS which brings together a dozen complexity projects mobilizing among them the complexity research from about 100 European Universities.
	www.complexity-research.org (159 words)

	Divine Publishing
		Up to 3 pages of entry artwork for advertising page, 1 page being a contact form.
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	www.divinepublishing.com /web-design.html (339 words)

	VCU Complexity Research Group
		As time has allowed us, we have begun to understand Rosen's work more thoroughly, and, in particular, his definition of complexity which is closely captured by the quote above.
		This can be followed up by the bibliography we supply here.
		These are here to provide easy access to definitions, current works, etc. which interact with the complexity line of research.
	www.vcu.edu /complex (1131 words)

	Complexity and Education
		This website is intended as a meeting place for educators and educational researchers whose work is informed and/or orientated by complexity.
		a list of references, including general complexity references which address the issue of complexity per se, or complexity as it relates to fields other than education, and more specific complexity-in-education references.
		The site itself was conceived and developed at the University of Alberta by a group of professors and graduate students in the Faculty of Education.
	www.complexityandeducation.ualberta.ca (244 words)

	Serendip: Complex Systems
		A door like this has cracked open five or six times since we got up on our hind legs.
		And the earth is rolling cheerfully around the sun, and the fishwives, merchants, princes, and cardinals, and even the Pope are rolling with it...
		The universe has lost its centre overnight, and woken up to find it has countless centres.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /complexity (578 words)

	Complexity Society Digest 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Excerpts: In complex biological systems, entities that are conceptually distinct but empirically related - such as sunlight and plant growth or antigene and immune response - are being explicitly linked through the identification of highly specific uninterrupted interaction sequences that take place between their macromolecular system components.
		Here we use a simple, but realistic model to explain how the combination of the local and global interactions of the spectators produces a breaking of the symmetry resulting in the replacement of the symmetric solution -- containing two propagating waves -- by a single wave moving in one of the two possible directions.
		By recasting the problem of finding quantum circuits as a geometric problem, we open up the possibility of using the mathematical techniques of Riemannian geometry to suggest new quantum algorithms or to prove limitations on the power of quantum computers.
	www.complexity-society.com /digest.htm (6626 words)

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