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Topic: USAir Flight 427

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	USAir Flight 427 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		US Airways Flight 427 was a flight that flew from Chicago, Illinois's O'Hare International Airport to Pittsburgh International Airport near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with a final destination of West Palm Beach, Florida.
		The NTSB said a similar problem caused the March 3, 1991 crash of United Flight 585, which was also a Boeing 737.
		As a result of the crash of USAir Flight 427, Boeing redesigned the rudder system on 737s and Congress required airlines to do a better job dealing with families of crash victims.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/USAir_Flight_427 (309 words)

	NATIONAL TRANSPORATION SAFETY BOARDPublic Meeting of March 23
		Flight 427 was operating under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 121 as a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Chicago-O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, to Pittsburgh.
		The flight crew of USAir flight 427 could not be expected to have assessed the flight control problem and then devised and executed the appropriate recovery procedure for a rudder reversal under the circumstances of the flight.
		The flight crew of United flight 585 could not be expected to have assessed the flight control problem and then devised and executed the appropriate recovery procedure for a rudder reversal under the circumstances of the flight.
	safety.alpa.org /submissions/ntsb427.htm (1621 words)

	ALPA Report on USAir Flight 427
		USAir 427 was below the crossover speed and, due to the specific flight characteristics of a Boeing 737, lacked lateral control to return to wings level flight.
		The flight crew of USAir 427 had no way of determining what was wrong with their aircraft and why they could not regain or maintain control of their aircraft during the upset.
		USAir 427 flight profile is consistent with a rudder reversal due to secondary valve jam and primary valve failure and mis-positioning of the primary valve.
	www.avweb.com /other/us427alp.html (11671 words)

	Interesting Engineering Event (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		USAir Flight 427, with Captain Peter Germano and First Officer Charles Emmett at the controls, was on a flight from Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport to the Pittsburgh International Airport.
		Flight 427 was flying at this speed when it passed through the wake vortex of the Boeing 727.
		Flight 427 crossed the wake vortex of the Boeing 727 that was approximately 4.2 miles ahead of it.
	www.pitt.edu /~njf4/engineeringevent.html (2235 words)

	The Crash that very eventually made air travel safer for millions - USAIR Flight 427 at Pittsburgh
		Flight 427's greatest contribution may be the revelation of a flaw in the rudder mechanism of the Boeing 737.
		Flight 427, USAir's fifth crash in five years, strongly resembled the 1991 crash of United Flight 585 in Colorado Springs, also a Boeing 737.
		Concluding what had been the longest aviation accident investigation in its history, the NTSB announced March 24, 1999, that the crash of Flight 427 was likely because of loss of control of the plane because of the movement of the rudder to its maximum limit.
	www.iasa.com.au /folders/Safety_Issues/FAA_Inaction/usair427.html (2734 words)

	Flight 427 probe ends this week
		The final report on Flight 427 has been widely anticipated in the aviation industry because the 737 is the most popular passenger aircraft in the world.
		Just before Flight 427 rolled to its left, it was jostled by the wake vortex from a Delta Airlines 727 that was flying four miles - 70 seconds - ahead of it.
		The recorder on Flight 427 measured only 11 parameters, and while it met FAA standards at the time, it did not record critical functions like the movement of the plane's rudder or rudder pedals.
	www.post-gazette.com /regionstate/19990321ntsb1.asp (2506 words)

	[No title]
		USAir Flight 427 went down Sept. 8, 1994, near Pittsburgh, killing all 132 people on board.
		In April, a blue-ribbon group of scientists and engineers recommended that the 737 rudder system be redesigned to make it safer, and the FAA said at the time that it was likely to go along with the recommendation, even though the panel had not identified any immediate safety problems with the 737.
		After the longest investigation in its history, the NTSB said a jammed rudder probably caused the crash of Flight 427 near Pittsburgh that killed all 132 people on the 737.
	www.geocities.com /pegasusair_tr/week238.htm (3099 words)

	427 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Ford 427 concept is a showpiece of the possible...
		USAir Flight 427 was on a routine hop from Chicago to Pittsburgh...
		When USAir Flight 427 plunged from the sky on Sept. 8, none of...
	hallencyclopedia.com /427 (357 words)

	United Airlines Flight 93 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Had the flight departed on time, it would likely have been hijacked around the same time as the other flights, and there is little chance the passengers would have had time to organize a revolt.
		A flight attendant was held in the cockpit and may have been stabbed and killed - she was most likely the chief flight attendant, Debra Welsh.
		The (additional info and facts about flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder) flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder were recovered on the afternoon of September 13, and have yielded additional information about the final half hour of the flight.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/u/un/united_airlines_flight_93.htm (2382 words)

	US AIR FLIGHT 427
		Boeing is studying the probability of rudder hardovers in flight, and the FAA has called for a probe into how sensitive the 737's flight controls are to dirty fluid.
		Flight 427's flight data recorder, which charts the aircraft's trajectory, shows the jet fell from the sky in a way that can only be explained by a sudden, acute movement of the rudder.
		Similar thumps turned up on flight tests in which a 737 was purposely flown back and forth into the wingtip turbulence of a 727 trijet flying a few miles ahead.
	www.fortunecity.com /marina/invincible/249/usair427.htm (3276 words)

	USAir 427: One Accident, Three Views
		Transport pilot training widely used in the 1994 time frame did not prepare flight crews for recovery from the highly unusual roll rates and roll and pitch attitudes encountered by the crew of Flight 427.
		The flight data recorder infor mation from this accident was inadequate to prove definitive events.
		The data demonstrates, and all parties seem to agree, that USAir Flight 427's rudder moved to a full-left position shortly after the aircraft encountered wake vortices generated by a preceding aircraft.
	www.avweb.com /other/us427vue.html (1453 words)

	NTSB FINDS
		During the Simulation Studies presentation, a video simulation for an uncommanded rudder reversal hardover was applied to the USAir Flight 427 accident, as well as UAL 585 Colorado Springs accident in March 1991 and the Eastwind Flight 517 incident in June 1996.
		The staff further stated that the pilots of Flight 427 and UAL 585 could not have been aware of the rudder reversal malfunction, since it was only discovered during the accident investigation.
		The Board determined "that the probable cause of the USAir Flight 427 accident was a loss of control of the airplane resulting from the movement of the rudder surface to its blowdown limit.
	www.afausairways.org /427.html (948 words)

	NTSB blames rudder in USAir crash
		Investigators believe that special flight training, ongoing installation of redesigned rudder equipment ordered two years ago, and new flying techniques learned in the aftermath of Flight 427 have provided pilots with the tools they need to avert a repeat of the crash, the circumstances of which are incredibly rare, according to investigators.
		Investigators were stymied in their efforts to solve the crash because Flight 427 carried a primitive flight data recorder that monitored only 11 pieces of information about the plane's operation.
		They had piloted Flight 427 from Chicago and were descending into Pittsburgh International Airport on a calm, clear evening when the plane was jostled by turbulence called a wake vortex, caused by tightly wound coils of air streaming off the wings of an airplane four miles ahead.
	www.post-gazette.com /regionstate/19990325ntsb2.asp (1448 words)

	Behind crash of Flight 427 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Since the flight of the first 737 model in 1967 there have been 61 crashes, accounting for 2.3 percent of a fleet of 2,600 planes.
		In any case, Flight 427 had contamination levels 128 times that of clean fluid and 16 times that of the upper limit of the safety margin.
		This indicates that one-fifth to a quarter of the world's 737s are flying with hydraulic fluids which are as contaminated as those of Flight 427.
	www.wsws.org /public_html/prioriss/iwb1-29/air.htm (1038 words)

	Abstract of NTSB Final USAir 427 Accident Report
		Amend 14 CFR Section 25.671(c)(3) to require that transport-category airplanes be shown to be capable of continued safe flight and landing after jamming of a flight control at any deflection possible, up to and including its full deflection, unless such a jam is shown to be extremely improbable.
		Require all 14 CFR Part 121 air carrier operators of the Boeing 737 to provide their flight crews with initial and recurrent flight simulator training in the "Uncommanded Yaw or Roll" and "Jammed or Restricted Rudder" procedures in Boeing’s 737 Operations Manual.
		Require Boeing to update its Boeing 737 simulator package to reflect flight test data on crossover speed; then require all operators of the Boeing 737 to incorporate these changes in their simulators used for Boeing 737 pilot training.
	cf.alpa.org /mec/aaa/docs/newmectoday/arc/airwaves/aw9904/9904ntsb.htm (1676 words)

	PG Graphic: Flight 427 update
		A rudder failure has long been suspected of causing the crash of USAir Flight 427, and have also been suspected of the crash of a United Airlines 737 in 1991 and the temporary loss of control of an Eastwind Airlines 737 in 1996.
		It is not used in normal flight, except for minute adjustments made by automatically by a device that prevents the plane from fishtailing.
		Under that scenario, when the plane started to roll to the left, a pilot would have pushed on the right rudder pedal to point the nose to the right, but instead of turning right, the rudder turned left in the opposite direction, making the problem even worse and leading to a loss of control.
	www.post-gazette.com /headlines/19990324ruddergraphic4.asp (339 words)

	Atlas Aviation - ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION DOCKET USAir Flight 427, March 23, 1999
		This movie illustrates how the airplane’s flight control surfaces are used to control motion about the airplane’s vertical, longitudinal, and lateral axes.
		This airplane was flying at a slower airspeed than the 427 flight, and there is a greater motion of the rudder and the rudder pedal due to the lower aerodynamic forces opposing rudder motion.
		This airplane was flying at a faster airspeed than both the 427 and 585 flights, and there is less motion of the rudder and the rudder pedal due to the higher aerodynamic forces opposing rudder motion.
	www.atlasaviation.com /videos/flight427.htm (1089 words)

	Directory - Society: Issues: Transportation: Aviation: Accidents: Specific Crashes: USAir Flight 427 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		USAir 427: One Accident, Three Views · cached · Presents analysis from the Airline Pilots Association, the Boeing Company, and US Airways.
		Flight 427 Air Disaster Support League · cached · Organization of surviving family members and friends of the passengers lost on Flight 427, which crashed in 1994 outside of Pittsburgh.
		NTSB: USAir 427 Exhibit List · cached · Archive of reports and items from public hearings on the September 1994 crash in Pennsylvania.
	www.incywincy.com /default?p=1167173 (97 words)

	Schaden Law Home
		From the outset of litigation arising from the crash of United 585-prior to the USAir flight 427 crash Boeing denied that its 737 could cause a rudder hard-over in a maneuver not commanded by the pilot.
		By the time USAir 427 crashed, the Firm had the benefit of almost three years of testing and analysis of the 737's tail and rudder systems, and extensive discovery against Boeing.
		All of the cases arising from United Airlines flight 585 pending in Colorado and those arising from USAir flight 427 pending in federal court in Pittsburgh were resolved.
	www.schadenlaw.com /cases_02.aspx (373 words)

	MANAGING DISASTER: USAIR FLIGHT 427.
		This paper provides a case analysis of USAir's (now US Airways) response to the crash of USAir Flight 427.
		Following a synopsis of the accident and a summary of the major facts of the case, the analysis examines USAir's initial and longer-term strategic approach to dealing with the disaster, considering the company's plans for minimizing future risks, organizational goals, and the influence of external factors.
		The financial impact of the disaster is considered, both in terms of the direct financial impact from the 1994 crash and the projected costs for implementing the recommended controls.
	www.academicresearchpapers.com /abstracts/15000/15758.html (115 words)

	Society Issues Transportation Aviation Accidents Specific Crashes USAir Flight 427 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Flight 427 Air Disaster Support League - Organization of surviving family members and friends of the passengers lost on Flight 427, which crashed in 1994 outside of Pittsburgh.
		NTSB: USAir 427 Exhibit List - Archive of reports and items from public hearings on the September 1994 crash in Pennsylvania.
		USAir 427: One Accident, Three Views - Presents analysis from the Airline Pilots Association, the Boeing Company, and US Airways.
	www.iper1.com /iper1-odp/scat/id/Society/Issues/Transportation/Aviation/Accidents/Specific_Crashes/USAir_Flight_427 (120 words)

	28 Seconds: Zulu -- text only
		USAir workers filled the belly of the plane with 1,700 pounds of luggage and a ton of BusinessWeek magazines bound for subscribers in the Carolinas.
		The USAir agents could say if other flights had landed safely, but they were not allowed to say a word about Flight 427.
		USAir – already reeling from the previous crashes – could be doomed if the public thought its pilots were at fault.
	www.sptimes.com /28-seconds/zulu-text-only.html (4603 words)

	[No title]
		FILE: UFO2624 BY NICK MANN for WWN WASHINGTON - Federal investigatiors are looking into the possibility that the crash fo USAir Flight 427 was caused by a collision with a UFO - a possibility supported by the discovery of a passenger's hastily scribbled note that says, "Massive, glowing, as big as a house.
		Early speculation that a pilot or computer accidentally deployed the airliner's thrust reversers, a braking device, proved to be false, for example.
		As the investigation into the crash fo Flight 427 continues, some experts are vehemently denying UFO involvement.
	www.textfiles.com /ufo/UFOBBS/2000/2624.ufo (621 words)

	usair flight 427 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
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	usair-flight-427.b2.getherbalifeonline.com (514 words)

	USAir Flight 427, June/July 1999, Page 24
		Investigators eventually concluded, through newly developed computer simulations, that the flight path was congruent with the airplane's rudder moving to the blowdown limits (the limit of travel of the rudder at a given airspeed, dictated by air pressure working against hydraulic pressure) and staying there, though the reason for the rudder movement remained a mystery.
		ALPA pilots participated in flight tests of the B-737's "crossover speeds"--i.e., the minimum speed for a given flap configuration and bank angle at which a real or simulated rudder hardover could be countered by full opposite application of the control yoke.
		The Safety Board eventually determined that "the probable cause of the USAir Flight 427 accident was a loss of control of the airplane resulting from the movement of the rudder surface to its blowdown limit.
	cf.alpa.org /internet/alp/1999/Junflt427.htm (3232 words)

	Amazon.com: Flight 427: Anatomy of an Air Disaster: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Other than that though, Flight 427 is one of the best books on air crash investigation around.
		The book then covers the US Air flight 427 accident that crashed in a way very similar to United 585.
		Even though this book is non-fiction and at times very technical it is written in a way that is comfortable to read and you really understand the detail in context with what is very complex story.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/038795256X?v=glance (1547 words)

	Travel Weekly: Agents report cancellations, inquiries in wake of USAir crash. (USAir Flight 427 plane crash in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		(USAir Flight 427 plane crash in September, 1994, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
		Couch Mollica Travel, Pittsburgh, PA, reported numerous USAir flight cancellations after USAir's Flight 427 crashed near Pittsburgh, PA, during the second week in Sep 1994.
		However, travel agencies throughout the rest of the country reported few cancellations on USAir flights.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:15841716&refid=holomed_1 (234 words)

	November 3, 1999 \| Corboy & Demetrio
		Four settlements totaling more than $ 48 million, including one for a record $ 25.2 million, have been reached in lawsuits arising from the 1994 crash of a USAir flight near Pittsburgh, plaintiff attorneys said Wednesday.
		They were among the 132 people killed on USAir Flight 427, en route from Chicago to Pittsburgh when the Boeing 737 aircraft crashed on Sept. 8, 1994.
		Local attorneys for Boeing and USAir could not be reached for comment early Wednesday afternoon.
	www.corboydemetrio.com /news/press/01_12_00.html (689 words)

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